Ch. 2 Chest Flashcards
excess of blood that results in part from relaxation of the distal small blood vessels or arterioles
hyperemia
lungs made of a light spongy highly elastic substance called
parenchyma
primary muscle of inspiration
diagphragm
two fused platelike structures that form the anterior wall of the larynx; largest and least mobile of the larynx cartilage
thyroid cartilage
why is the right lung smaller than the left lung and the right hemidiaphragm is positioned higher than the left
presence of liver on right side
in the upper neck just below the tongue or floor of mouth; holds the laynx
hyoid bone
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood through the thin walls of these
alveoli
where is the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage located
C4-5
attached to part of the thyroid cartilage, posterior to the hyoid bone; acts as a lid to the laryngeal opening during swallowing
epiglottis
accumulation of fluid within the cavity is referred to as
pleural effusion
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity creates a condition called
hemothorax
how far down is T7 from vertebral prominens, both male and female patients
male - 8” (20 cm)
female - 7” (18 cm)
where is the pharynx located and how big is it
posterior between nose and mouth above and the larynx and esophagus below; 5” (13 cm)
on an average adult T7 is how low from the jugular notch
3-4” (8-10 cm)
where exactly in reference to vertebra is the larynx located
C3-C6
superior portion of sternum
manubrium
where is the trachea located in reference to vertebra
C6-T4-5
how big is the larynx
1.5-2” (4-5 cm)
separates the superior and middle lobes of right lung
horizontal fissure
separates the inferior and middle lobe of the right lung
oblique fissure
the left and right primary bronchi/main stem bronchi divide into what
right bronchus -> 3 secondary
bronchi
left bronchus -> 2 secondary bronchi
secondary bronchi in each lobe of a lung subdivide into smaller bronchus called
bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles
gland located inferior to the thyroid gland and anterior and superior to the heart
thymus gland
stimulates bone breakdown to increase calcium in the blood
parathyroid glands
stimulates increased deposition of calcium in the bone lowering blood calcium levels
thyroid gland
located anteriorly in the neck region just below the thyroid cartilage, right and left lobes lying on each side of the trachea
thyroid gland
last tracheal cartilage that provides the trachea into right and left primary bronchi
carina
small, round glands embedded in the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland; usually 2 to each lobe, 4 total
parathyroid glands
ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx; attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea
cricoid cartilage
make up the roof of the oral cavity, separates nasal cavity from the mouth
hard palate and soft palate
portion of pharynx posterior to the mouth with tongue creating anterior wall; contains the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
connects the larynx to the main bronchi, also known as windpipe; fibrous muscular tube
trachea
inferior portion of pharynx that lies above and posterior to the larynx, extending from upper border of epiglottis to where pharynx narrows to join esophagus
laryngopharynx
connects the pharynx with the stomach; posterior to the larynx and trachea
esophagus
smaller, inferior portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
large, center portion of sternum
body
part of the skeleton system that provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation
bony thorax
cagelike cartilaginous structure which serves as the organ of voice
larynx
separates superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
single deep oblique fissure
lower posterior aspect of soft palate, marks the boundary between nasopharynx and oropharynx
uvula
superior portion of pharynx, located posterior to the nose
nasopharynx
passageway for food and fluids as well as air; common to digestive and respiratory systems
pharynx
where is the CR placed for a lateral projection of the upper airway
C6-C7 between thyroid cartilage and jugular notch
the carina is approximately at what vertebra
T4-5
how much separation of the posterior ribs on a lateral chest projection indicates excessive rotation from a true lateral
1/2-3/4” (1 cm)
the 4 divisions of the respiratory system
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
another name for condition known as visceral inversion
situs inversus
chest radiographs of adult patients use kVp ranges between
110-125 kVp
outer layer of pleural sac adhering to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm is the
parietal pleura
delicate, double walled sac or membrane that contains the lungs is called
pleura
which of the following types of body habitus may cause the costaphrenic angles to be out off if careful vertical collimation is not used
hyposthenic or asthenic
which body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax
hypersthenic
term for small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood
alveoli
what position/projection would be used for a patient who is too ill or weak to stand for an AP lordotic projection
semiaxial 15-20 degrees cephalad
what circumstances or clinical indications suggest that an AP lordotic projection should be ordered
calcifications or masses in the clavicle region, under them
what specific position would be used if a patient were unable to stand but the physician suspected that the patient had fluid in the left lung
left lateral decub
what is the name of the condition characterized by fluid entering the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
3 parts of aorta
ascending, descending, arch
common radiographic sign seen on a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
air bronchogram sign
prominence or ridge seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into right and left bronchi
carina
inflammation of pleura
pleurisy
the heart is enclosed in a double walled membrane called
pericardial sac/pericardium
if someone accidentally inhales a food particle which bronchus is it most likely to enter
Right due to being wider in diameter and more verticle
bone seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth
hyoid bone
collapse of all or a portion of a lung
atelectasis
acute or chronic irritation of bronchi
bronchitis
most common form is emphysema
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
irreversible dilation of bronchioles
bronchiectasis
a contagious disease caused by an airborne bacterium
tuberculosis (TB)
accumulation of pus in pleural cavity
empyema
the trachea is _____ to the esophagus
anterior
what is the name of the structure that acts as a lid over the larynx to prevent foreign objects such as food particles from entering the respiratory system
epiglottis
3 divisions of the structure located proximally to the larynx that serve as a common passageway for both food and air
Pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage, known as Adam’s apple
laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage
what is the voice box anatomic name
larynx
accumulation of air in pleural cavity
pneumothorax
shortness of breath
dyspnea
4 important structures located in the mediastinum
- thymus gland
- heart and great vessels
- trachea
- esophagus
what is the extreme outermost lower corner of the lungs called
costophrenic angle
condition most frequently associated with congestive heart failure
pulmonary edema
one of the most common inherited diseases
cystic fibrosis
what is the breast bones anatomic name
sternum
traditional CR centering technique for the chest is to place the top of the IR how far above the shoulders
1 1/2-2” (5 cm)
what is the shoulder’s anatomic name
scapula
what is the collarbones anatomic name
clavicle
3 reasons chest projections should be taken with patient in erect position
- see air and fluid lines
- prevent engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels
- allow diaphragm to move down further
4 possible pathological conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest projections
- pneumothorax
- lack of normal diaphragm movement
presence of foreign body
distinguishing between opacity in rib and lung
what CR location would you use on geriatric patients for chest x-ray
higher CR - T6-7
recommended exposure factors for a chest radiograph of a young pediatric
70-85 kVp
potential space between the two pleura layers is called
pleural cavity
the inner layer of pleural sac adhering to the surface of the lung is the
pulmonary/visceral pleura
what is the upper rounded portion of the lungs above the level of the clavicles called
apex (apices)
two important bony landmarks of the thorax used for locating the CR on a PA and AP chest projection
- vertebra prominens
- jugular notch
what does the bony thorax consist of
- sternum
- 2 calvicles
- 2 scapulae
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
what is the central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs called
hilum (hilus)
what is the lower concave portion of the lungs called which rest on the diaphragm
base of lungs
air or gas that enters the pleural cavity results in a condition called
pneumothorax
another name for visceral inversion
situs inversus
