Ch. 14 Urinary System and Venipuncture Pathology

Question 1

loss of consciousness caused by reduced cerebral blood flow; also known as fainting

Answer 1

syncope

Question 2

the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate

Answer 2

retention

Question 3

brand name for a diuretic

Answer 3

lasix

Question 4

an agent that increases excretion or urine

Answer 4

diuretic

Question 5

fecal matter in the urine

Answer 5

fecaluria

Question 6

excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 mL/24 hours

Answer 6

oliguria (hypouresis/oligouresis)

Question 7

complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys

Answer 7

anuria (anuresis)

Question 8

the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake

Answer 8

renal failure (acute or chronic)

Question 9

malignant condition of plasma cells of the bone marrow

Answer 9

multiple myeloma

Question 10

blood in the urine

Answer 10

hematuria

Question 11

an abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction. the UPJ may be seen lateral to the kidney, usually doesn’t produce major complications

Answer 11

malrotation

Question 12

an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the 5th decade of life; although it is a benign condition, it may cause urethral compression and obstruction. the obstruction often produces painful and frequent urination and possible vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 12

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 13

presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine

Answer 13

pneumouria

Question 14

a tumor of the adrenal gland

Answer 14

pheochromocytoma

Question 15

occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. Almost 95% of cases involve fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys; typically situated in lower abdomen and usually doesn’t affect function

Answer 15

horseshoe kidney

Question 16

an eruption of wheals (hives) often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs

Answer 16

urticaria

Question 17

regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling (in the lips, other parts of the mouth, eyelids, hands, and feet) caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs

Answer 17

angioedema

Question 18

increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to atherosclerosis; results from increased excretion of renin, which results in excessive vasoconstriction

Answer 18

renal hypertension

Question 19

backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and kidney; a common cause of pyelonephritis, in which the backflow of urine may carry bacteria that can produce infection in the kidney

Answer 19

urinary reflux (vesicoureteral reflux)

Question 20

the presence of excessive serum protein levels in the urine

Answer 20

proteinuria (albuminuria)

Question 21

an inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys; also known as what

Answer 21

glomerulonephritis (Bright disease)

Question 22

formally known as acute renal failure (ARF); sudden kidney failure

Answer 22

acute kidney injury (AKI)

Question 23

slowness of heartbeat, usually <60 beats/min

Answer 23

bradycardia

Question 24

stones that form in the urinary bladder, not as common as renal calculi but they can grow large in the bladder and may be radiolucent or radiopaque

Answer 24

bladder calculi

Question 25

what are the 3 major types of polycystic kidney disease

Answer 25

- infantile - childhood - adult

Question 26

glucose in the urine

Answer 26

glucosuria

Question 27

passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period; a common symptom of diabetes

Answer 27

polyuria

Question 28

what are the radiolucent stones of the bladder most often

Answer 28

uric acid stones

Question 29

involuntary passage of urine through the urethra; commonly caused by failure of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters

Answer 29

urinary incontinence

Question 30

a therapeutic technique that uses acoustic (sound) waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed

Answer 30

lithotripsy

Question 31

a tumor that is 3x more common in males than in females, usually diagnosed after age of 50. symptoms include hematuria and frequency in urination. often a solid or papillary mass with mucosal involvement

Answer 31

bladder carcinoma

Question 32

absence of formation of a kidney

Answer 32

renal agenesis

Question 33

excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect

Answer 33

nephroptosis

Question 34

results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation

Answer 34

chronic renal failure

Question 35

the act of voiding or urination

Answer 35

micturition

Question 36

a large stone that grows and fills the renal pelvis completely, blocking the flow of urine, most commonly is associated with chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Answer 36

staghorn calculus

Question 37

a fistula that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon, may be due to trauma, tumor, or congenital defect

Answer 37

vesicorectal (vesicocolonic) fistula

Question 38

marked by uremia, oliguria, or anuria with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema; IVU demonstrates little or no contrast medium filtering through the kidneys; possible exacerbation of patients condition following use of iodinated contrast media; ultrasound considered a safe alternative for evaluation of signs of renal failure

Answer 38

acute renal failure

Question 39

most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidneys. 3x more frequent in males than females, symptoms include flank pain, hematuria, tumor is typically a large irregular mass with internal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

Answer 39

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Question 40

what percent of fistulas result from diverticulosis

Answer 40

60%

Question 41

calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract; often lead to renal obstruction. calcifications also occur in the renal parenchyma

Answer 41

renal calculi

Question 42

presence of bacteria in the urine

Answer 42

bacteriuria

Question 43

contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages

Answer 43

bronchospasm

Question 44

rapid heartbeat, usually >100 beats/min

Answer 44

tachycardia

Question 45

a disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys, most common cause of enlarged kidneys

Answer 45

polycystic kidney disease

Question 46

infection that frequently occurs in adults and children caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or certain parasites; commonly caused by vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 46

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Question 47

describes a normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but remains in the pelvis, this type of kidney has a shorter than normal ureter, does not pose a health concern but may interfere with birth process in females

Answer 47

ectopic kidney

Question 48

an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; often present with chronic renal failure

Answer 48

uremia (azotemia)

Question 49

below normal arterial blood pressure

Answer 49

hypotension

Question 50

the second most common malignancy in males over the age of 50, often a slow growing tumor and may not be detected for years

Answer 50

prostate carcinoma

Question 51

involves 2 ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney; most common type of congenital anomaly of the urinary system, usually doesn't cause a health concern and IVU confirms this condition

Answer 51

duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis

Question 52

inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria; primarily affects the interstitial tissue between the tubules

Answer 52

pyelonephritis

Question 53

a distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction of the ureters or renal pelvis. may be present in both kidneys in a women when the ureters are compressed by the fetus. other more common causes are calculi in the renal pelvis or ureter tumors and structural or congenital abnormality

Answer 53

hydronephrosis

Question 54

closure of the glottic aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx

Answer 54

laryngospasm

Question 55

inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection, seen most often in females due to shorter urethra that more readily permits retrograde passage of bacteria into the bladder

Answer 55

cystitis