Ch. 14 Urinary System and Venipuncture Pathology Flashcards
loss of consciousness caused by reduced cerebral blood flow; also known as fainting
syncope
the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate
retention
brand name for a diuretic
lasix
an agent that increases excretion or urine
diuretic
fecal matter in the urine
fecaluria
excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 mL/24 hours
oliguria (hypouresis/oligouresis)
complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys
anuria (anuresis)
the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake
renal failure (acute or chronic)
malignant condition of plasma cells of the bone marrow
multiple myeloma
blood in the urine
hematuria
an abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction. the UPJ may be seen lateral to the kidney, usually doesn’t produce major complications
malrotation
an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the 5th decade of life; although it is a benign condition, it may cause urethral compression and obstruction. the obstruction often produces painful and frequent urination and possible vesicoureteral reflux
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine
pneumouria
a tumor of the adrenal gland
pheochromocytoma
occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. Almost 95% of cases involve fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys; typically situated in lower abdomen and usually doesn’t affect function
horseshoe kidney
an eruption of wheals (hives) often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs
urticaria
regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling (in the lips, other parts of the mouth, eyelids, hands, and feet) caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs
angioedema
increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to atherosclerosis; results from increased excretion of renin, which results in excessive vasoconstriction
renal hypertension
backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and kidney; a common cause of pyelonephritis, in which the backflow of urine may carry bacteria that can produce infection in the kidney
urinary reflux (vesicoureteral reflux)
the presence of excessive serum protein levels in the urine
proteinuria (albuminuria)
an inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys; also known as what
glomerulonephritis (Bright disease)
formally known as acute renal failure (ARF); sudden kidney failure
acute kidney injury (AKI)
slowness of heartbeat, usually <60 beats/min
bradycardia
stones that form in the urinary bladder, not as common as renal calculi but they can grow large in the bladder and may be radiolucent or radiopaque
bladder calculi
what are the 3 major types of polycystic kidney disease
- infantile
- childhood
- adult
glucose in the urine
glucosuria
passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period; a common symptom of diabetes
polyuria
what are the radiolucent stones of the bladder most often
uric acid stones
involuntary passage of urine through the urethra; commonly caused by failure of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters
urinary incontinence
a therapeutic technique that uses acoustic (sound) waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed
lithotripsy
a tumor that is 3x more common in males than in females, usually diagnosed after age of 50. symptoms include hematuria and frequency in urination. often a solid or papillary mass with mucosal involvement
bladder carcinoma
absence of formation of a kidney
renal agenesis
excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect
nephroptosis
results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation
chronic renal failure
the act of voiding or urination
micturition
a large stone that grows and fills the renal pelvis completely, blocking the flow of urine, most commonly is associated with chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs)
staghorn calculus
a fistula that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon, may be due to trauma, tumor, or congenital defect
vesicorectal (vesicocolonic) fistula
marked by uremia, oliguria, or anuria with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema; IVU demonstrates little or no contrast medium filtering through the kidneys; possible exacerbation of patients condition following use of iodinated contrast media; ultrasound considered a safe alternative for evaluation of signs of renal failure
acute renal failure
most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidneys. 3x more frequent in males than females, symptoms include flank pain, hematuria, tumor is typically a large irregular mass with internal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
what percent of fistulas result from diverticulosis
60%
calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract; often lead to renal obstruction. calcifications also occur in the renal parenchyma
renal calculi
presence of bacteria in the urine
bacteriuria
contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages
bronchospasm
rapid heartbeat, usually >100 beats/min
tachycardia
a disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys, most common cause of enlarged kidneys
polycystic kidney disease
infection that frequently occurs in adults and children caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or certain parasites; commonly caused by vesicoureteral reflux
urinary tract infection (UTI)
describes a normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but remains in the pelvis, this type of kidney has a shorter than normal ureter, does not pose a health concern but may interfere with birth process in females
ectopic kidney
an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; often present with chronic renal failure
uremia (azotemia)
below normal arterial blood pressure
hypotension
the second most common malignancy in males over the age of 50, often a slow growing tumor and may not be detected for years
prostate carcinoma
involves 2 ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney; most common type of congenital anomaly of the urinary system, usually doesn’t cause a health concern and IVU confirms this condition
duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria; primarily affects the interstitial tissue between the tubules
pyelonephritis
a distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction of the ureters or renal pelvis. may be present in both kidneys in a women when the ureters are compressed by the fetus. other more common causes are calculi in the renal pelvis or ureter tumors and structural or congenital abnormality
hydronephrosis
closure of the glottic aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx
laryngospasm
inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection, seen most often in females due to shorter urethra that more readily permits retrograde passage of bacteria into the bladder
cystitis
