Ch. 13 Lower GI System Pathology Flashcards
obstruction of the small intestine
ileus
common birth defect caused by the persistance of the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle), resulting in a saclike outpouching of the intestinal wall. Outpouching is seen in the ileum of the small bowel. may measure 4-4.5” in diameter and 1.5-3 ft proximal to the ileocecal valve found incidentally in approx. 3% of adults
meckel diverticulum
common benign tumors of the small intestine
adenomas and leiomyomas
a twisting of a portion of the intestine on its own mesentery. blood supply to the twisted portion is compromised leading to obstruction and necrosis. most commonly found in the cecum and sigmoid colon
volvulus
death of tissue
necrosis
due to cessation of peristalsis - without these wave-like contractions the bowel is unable to propel its contents forward. causes may be due to infections (peritonitis, appendicitis) presences of certain drugs or a post-surgical complication
paralytic/adynamic ileus
a stoma is surgically created to the abdominal wall to allow drainage of the bowel contents into closed pouch hung outside the body
colostomy
a common infection of the lumen of the small intestine. often spread by contaminated food and water, but also contact. symptoms include nonspecific gastrointestinal discomfort, mild-profuse diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, and weight loss
giardiasis
a form of sprue or malabsorption disease that affects the proximal small bowel, especially the proximal duodenum. commonly involves the insoluble protein (gluten) found in cereal grain
celiac disease
inflammation of the small bowel, may be caused by bacterial or protozoan organisms and other environmental factors
enteritis
the condition of having numerous diverticula
diverticulosis
inflammation of the stomach and small bowel
gastroenteritis
the diverticula (outpouching of the mucosal wall resulting from a herniation of the inner wall of the colon) have become infected - may develop peritonitis if the diverticulum perforates through the mucosal wall
diverticulitis
the opening (mouth) from the bowel to the outside of the body
stoma
inflammatory condition of the large intestine - may be caused by many factors including bacterial infection, diet, stress and other environmental conditions
colitis
saclike projections similar to diverticula except that they project inward into the lumen rather than outward. can become inflamed and may be a source of bleeding
polyps
inflammation of the vermiform process
appendicitis
chronic inflammatory disease, typically located in the lower ileum by may be anywhere in the bowel - “string sign”
Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)
physical blockage of the bowel - may be due to a tumor, adhesions, or hernias
mechanical ileus
black tarry stool
melena
the most common tumors of the small bowel, have a benign appearance although they have the potential to become malignant. these small lesions tend to grow submucosally and frequently are missed radiographically
carcinoid tumors
“new growth” a tumor that may be either benign or malignant
neoplasm
conditions where the patient’s GI tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients
malabsorption syndrome
what is it called when the stomach is also involved with inflammation of the intestine (small intestine)
gastroenteritis
the telescoping of one part of the bowel into another, often seen with infants
intussusception
malignant tumors of the small intestine
lymphoma and adenocarcinoma
appears as small, barium-filled circular defects that project outward from the colon wall during a barium enema
diverticula
an outpouching of the mucosal wall that may result from herniation of the inner wall of the colon. may become widespread throughout the colon. specifically the sigmoid colon. most common among adults older than 40 years of age
diverticulum
conditions in which the GI tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients
sprue or malabsorption syndromes
a severe form of colitis - chronic condition often leading to coin-like ulcers developing within the mucosal wall
ulcerative colitis
rare disorder of the proximal small bowel whose cause is unknown. symptoms include dilation of the intestine, edema, malabsorption, deposits of fat in the bowel and wall and mesenteric nodules
whipple disease
describes the ascending colon and the cecum as having a long mesentery which makes them more susceptible to a volvulus
cecal volvulus
a form of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, involving any part of the GI tract, but commonly involving the terminal ileum, leads to scarring and thickening of the bowel wall; scarring produces cobblestone appearance
regional enteritis (crohn disease)
one of the most typical forms of colon cancer may form an “apple-core” or “napkin-ring” appearance as the tumor grows and infiltrates the bowel walls, frequently results in large bowel obstruction
annular carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
produce a short and sharp “napkin-ring” defects within the lumen, may lead to complete obstruction
adenocarcinoma
demonstrated during a small bowel series as the “stacked coin” sign, caused by thickening, coarsening, and possible hemorrhage of the mucosal wall
lymphomas
the absence of neurons in the bowel wall prevents the normal relaxation of the colon and subsequent peristalsis which results in gross dilation to the point of narrowing and constriction
congenital megacolon (Hirshsprung’s)
