Ch. 6 Lower Limb Pathology Flashcards
benign, neoplastic bone lesions filled with clear fluid that most often occur near the knee joint in children and adolescents, generally not detected on radiographs until pathologic fracture occurs
bone cysts
appear as lucent areas with a thin cortex and sharp boundaries
bone cysts
involves softening of the cartilage under the patella, which results in erosion of this cartilage, causing pain and tenderness in this area; cyclists and runners are vulnerable to this
chondromalacia patellae (runner’s knee)
malignant tumors of the cartilage that usually occur in the pelvis and long bones of men older than 45 years
chondrosarcomas
slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumors that most often are found in small bones of the hands and feet in adolescents and young adults
enchondroma
well-defined radiolucent-appearing tumors with a thin cortex, often lead to pathologic fracture with only minimal trauma
enchondroma
common primary malignant bone tumor that arises from bone marrow in children and young adults, symptoms are similar to osteomyelitis - low grade fever and pain, generally occurs in diaphysis of long bones
Ewing sarcoma
appears as an onion peel due to stratified new bone formation
Ewing sarcoma
benign, neoplastic bone lesion that is caused by consolidated overproduction of bone at a joint, usually the knee; the tumor grows parallel to the bone and away from the adjacent joint, tumor growth stops after epiphyseal plates close
exostosis (osteochondroma)
form of arthritis that may be hereditary in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and may be deposited in the joints and other tissues; common initial attacks occur in the first MTP joint of the foot. Later attacks may occur in other joints, such as the first MCP joint of the hand, but generally these are not evident radiographically; most cases occur in men, and first attacks rarely occur before the age of 30
gout
accumulated fluid in the joint cavity, synovial or hemorrhagic; signs of an underlying condition
joint effusion
large band that spans the articulation of the medial cuneiform and the 1st and 2nd metatarsal base
Lisfranc ligament
range from sprain to fracture-dislocations of the bases of the 1st and 2nd metatarsals
Lisfranc joint injury
characterized by an abnormal separation between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals
moderate sprain of the Lisfranc ligament
what projection must be performed in order to see a Lisfranc joint injury
weight-bearing AP and lateral foot projections
most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor, highly malignant, generally affecting those between 40-70 years old. Occur in various parts of the body, but arises from bone marrow or marrow plasma cells.
multiple myeloma
radiographically appears as punched out osteolytic lesions scattered throughout the affected bone
multiple myeloma
involves inflammation of the bone and cartilage of the anterior proximal tibia, most common in boys 10-15 years old. occurs when large patellar tendon detaches part of the tibial tuberosity to which it is attached
Osgood-Schlatter diease
noninflammatory joint disease that is characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic (enlargement or overgrown) bone formation. Most common type of arthritis
osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
benign lesions that typically occur in the long bones of young adults; usually occur in the proximal tibia or distal femur after epiphyseal closure
osteoclastomas (giant cell tumors)
appear on radiographs as large bubbles separated by thin strips of bone
osteoclastomas (giant cell tumors)
highly malignant primary bone tumors that occur from childhood to young adulthood (peak 20 years); neoplasm usually is seen in long bones adn may cause gross destruction of bone
osteogenic sarcomas (osteosarcomas)
benign bone lesions that usually occur in teenagers or young adults; symptoms include localized pain that typically worsens at night but is relieved by OTC anti-inflammatory or pain medications. Tibia and fibula most likely locations of these lesions
osteoid osteomas
caused by lack of bone mineralization secondary to a deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D in the diet or an inability to absorb these minerals. This softening of bones may cause bowing defects in weight-bearing parts
osteomalacia (Rickets in children)
one of the most common disease of the skeletal system, most common in midlife and twice as common in men than women; nonneoplastic bone disease that disrupts new bone growth, resulting in overproduction of very dense yet soft bone. Lesions typically occur in skull, pelvis, femurs, tibias, vertebra, clavicles, and ribs
paget disease (osteitis deformans)
most common initial site for paget disease
pelvis
affects the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, radiographic hallmark is a specific area of bony erosion at the Achilles tendon insertion on the posterosuperior margin of calcaneus, involvement is usually bilateral; caused by previous infection of the GI tract such as salmonella or by an STI
Reiter syndrome
exposure adjustment for osteoarthritis
slight decrease
exposure adjustment for osteomalacia
decrease
exposure adjustment for paget disease
increase
the result of repeated stresses to a bone that would not be injured by isolated forces of the same magnitude
stress fracture (fatigue/march)
fracture that extends along the length of the bone
linear/longitudinal fracture
involves both malleoli with dislocation of the ankle joint
pott’s fracture
a transverse fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal, avulsion injury that results from plantar flexion and inversion of the foot
jones’ fracture
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infectious organisms that reach the bone
osteomyelitis
