Ch. 12 Biliary Tract and Upper Gastrointestinal System Pathology Flashcards
found at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus
Zencker’s diverticula
a pouch or sac of variable size occurring normally or created by herniation of a mucous membrane through a defect in its muscular coat
diverticula
involves all layers of the esophagus and results from adjacent scar tissue that pulls the esophagus toward the area of involvement. occurs most frequently in the middle third of the esophagus
traction diverticulum
abnormally dilated veins in the distal esophagus - often seen with acute liver disease. best demonstrated recumbent for more complete filling of the veins
esophageal varices
gastric contents return back through the gastric orifice and irritate the lining of the esophagus
esophageal reflux
congenital anomaly where the roof of the mouth is open which allows food and fluid to pass into the nose
cleft palate
congenital abnormality where the esophagus fails to fully develop - symptoms seen soon after birth (choking, gagging, dyspnea, cyanosis) - surgery done to correct the defect
esophageal atresia
congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter
pyloric stenosis
protrusion of any structure (especially some portion of the stomach) into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach - may be severe enough to cause a perforation of the wall resulting in severe bleeding. mild cases controlled by diet - chronic may require surgery
gastric/peptic ulcer
inflammation of the stomach mucosa
gastritis
complete reversal of the viscera of the thorax and/or abdomen
situs inversus/transposition
mass of indigested material that gets trapped in the stomach - usually made up of hair, vegetable fibers or wood products. material builds up and may form an obstruction in time
bezoar
small mass growing from the mucosal wall - may be either cancerous or benign
polyp
a neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus which results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. results in dilation of the esophagus
achalasia
a type of hiatal hernia where the esophagogastric junction has herniated through the diaphragmatic opening
Schatzke’s ring
a substance that attenuates (absorbs) the x-ray beam to a different degree than the surrounding tissue. radiolucent (negative) means that x-rays are easily transmitted through it and appear dark on radiographs. radiopaque (positive) means that the x-rays are absorbed by them and appear light on radiographs. both positive and negative contrast agents may be used together so that the lumen of organs can be visualized or so that anatomic structures within a space (such as the menisci of the knee) can be visualized
contrast media
factors of a patient’s history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication should not be given
contraindications
a dosage form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier. usually rapidly absorbed and may be administered orally or parenterally (injection of the drug with a needle and syringe beneath the surface of the skin)
solution
a dosage form in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. most are administered orally and should be shaken thoroughly just before being given. they should never be administered intravenously
suspension
device used for examining deep structures by means of x-rays. it consists of a screen covered with crystals on which are projected the shadows of x-rays passing through the body situated between the scree and the source of irradiation
fluoroscope
examination by means of the fluoroscope
fluoroscopy
equipment that permits the radiologist to obtain static radiographs during a dynamic fluoroscopic examination
spot film device
surgical removal of part or all of the stomach
gastrectomy
