ch 6 part 2

Question 1

nutrient artery

Answer 1

supply diaphysis

Question 2

metaphyseal vessels

Answer 2

supply epiphyseal cartilages

Question 3

periosteal vessels

Answer 3

supply superficial osteons and secondary ossification centers

Question 4

minerals important for bone growth

Answer 4

calcium and phosphorus
magnesium
fluoride

Question 5

hormones that stimulate bone growth

Answer 5

growth hormone and thyroxine

Question 6

what hormones stimulate the synthesis of bone matrix

Answer 6

sex hormones - estrogen + testosterone

Question 7

hormone that control bone remodeling

Answer 7

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Question 8

when is calcitonin released

Answer 8

when theres high levels of calcium in your blood
- promotes bone deposition/osteoblasts
- tells body to build more bone

Question 9

when is parathyroid hormone released

Answer 9

when body is need of calcium
- causes resorption where osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood

Question 10

what does calcitonin do

Answer 10

• promotes bone deposition (osteoblasts)
• increases uptake of calcium in bone
• decreases calcium in blood

Question 11

what does PTH do

Answer 11

-promotes bone resorption (osteoclasts)
- decreases calcium in bone
- increases calcium in blood

Question 12

osteoporosis

Answer 12

loss of bone mass sufficient to compromise normal bone function
- creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with removal of old bone

Question 13

osteopenia

Answer 13

inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)

Question 14

fractures

Answer 14

cracks or breaks in bones due to physicals tress

Question 15

open (compound) fracture

Answer 15

projects through the skin

Question 16

closed (simple) fracture

Answer 16

completely internal

Question 17

pituitary growth failure

Answer 17

inadequate production of growth hormone resulting in abnormally short bones

Question 18

gigantism

Answer 18

overproduction of growth hormone before puberty

Question 19

acromegaly

Answer 19

overproduction of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure resulting in thicker bones and changes in physical features

Question 20

steps of bone repair

Answer 20

1. formation of hematoma
2. fibrocartilagous callus formation
3. spongy bone formation replaces callus
4. compact bone formation

Question 21

Which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?

Answer 21

foramen

Question 22

Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate

Answer 22

where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones

Question 23

The thyroid regulates bone growth and maintenance through its production of what hormone?

Answer 23

thyroxine

Question 24

A fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a

Answer 24

greenstick fracture

Question 25

What are the major steps in intramembranous ossification?

Answer 25

aggregation of mesenchymal cells
spicule formation
enclosure of blood vessels between spicules
and remodeling and formation of periosteum

Question 26

Facet

Answer 26

Small, flat articulate surface

Question 27

Tubercle

Answer 27

Small, rounded projection

Question 28

Pott’s fracture

Answer 28

The break is in both bones of the lower leg at the ankle

Question 29

Comminuted fracture

Answer 29

The bone shatters into many fragments

Question 30

transverse fracture

Answer 30

The break is in the shaft of a bone across its long axis.

Question 31

Which vitamins have significant effects on bone growth?

Answer 31

vitamin A, K, and B12

Question 32

What are the two areas where ossification centers are formed?

Answer 32

epiphysis and marrow cavity

Question 33

steps of intramembranous ossification

Answer 33

1. development of ossification center by mesenchymal cells
2. calcification - osteblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix they secrete where they differentiate into mature osteocycte cells. from there bne matrix begins to calcify
3. formation of trabeculae
4. development of the periossteum