ch 6 part 2 Flashcards
nutrient artery
supply diaphysis
metaphyseal vessels
supply epiphyseal cartilages
periosteal vessels
supply superficial osteons and secondary ossification centers
minerals important for bone growth
calcium and phosphorus
magnesium
fluoride
hormones that stimulate bone growth
growth hormone and thyroxine
what hormones stimulate the synthesis of bone matrix
sex hormones - estrogen + testosterone
hormone that control bone remodeling
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
when is calcitonin released
when theres high levels of calcium in your blood
- promotes bone deposition/osteoblasts
- tells body to build more bone
when is parathyroid hormone released
when body is need of calcium
- causes resorption where osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood
what does calcitonin do
- promotes bone deposition (osteoblasts)
- increases uptake of calcium in bone
- decreases calcium in blood
what does PTH do
-promotes bone resorption (osteoclasts)
- decreases calcium in bone
- increases calcium in blood
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass sufficient to compromise normal bone function
- creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with removal of old bone
osteopenia
inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)
fractures
cracks or breaks in bones due to physicals tress
open (compound) fracture
projects through the skin
closed (simple) fracture
completely internal
pituitary growth failure
inadequate production of growth hormone resulting in abnormally short bones
gigantism
overproduction of growth hormone before puberty
acromegaly
overproduction of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure resulting in thicker bones and changes in physical features
steps of bone repair
- formation of hematoma
- fibrocartilagous callus formation
- spongy bone formation replaces callus
- compact bone formation
Which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?
foramen
Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate
where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones
The thyroid regulates bone growth and maintenance through its production of what hormone?
thyroxine
A fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a
greenstick fracture
What are the major steps in intramembranous ossification?
aggregation of mesenchymal cells
spicule formation
enclosure of blood vessels between spicules
and remodeling and formation of periosteum
Facet
Small, flat articulate surface
Tubercle
Small, rounded projection
Pott’s fracture
The break is in both bones of the lower leg at the ankle
Comminuted fracture
The bone shatters into many fragments
transverse fracture
The break is in the shaft of a bone across its long axis.
Which vitamins have significant effects on bone growth?
vitamin A, K, and B12
What are the two areas where ossification centers are formed?
epiphysis and marrow cavity
steps of intramembranous ossification
- development of ossification center by mesenchymal cells
- calcification - osteblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix they secrete where they differentiate into mature osteocycte cells. from there bne matrix begins to calcify
- formation of trabeculae
- development of the periossteum
