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A And P 1 > ch 12 - nervous tissue > Flashcards

ch 12 - nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system include?

A

brain
spinal cord
receptors
nerves

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2
Q

basic functional units of the nervous system are called

A

neurons

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3
Q

cells in the nervous tissue

A

neurons: for intercellular communication

neuroglia: support and protect neurons

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

CNS function

A
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system

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7
Q

PNS function

A

delivers sensory info to the CNS

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8
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons w/ associated connective tissues and blood vessels

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9
Q

cranial nerves

A

connect to brain

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10
Q

spinal nerves

A

connect to spinal cord

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11
Q

subdivisons of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

functional divisions of nervous system

A

afferent and efferent

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13
Q

afferent (to bring toward) division

A

carries sensory info to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS

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14
Q

receptors

A

structures that detect stimuli

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15
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors

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16
Q

effectors

A

muscles, glands, and adipose tissue which respond to motor comands

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17
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

controls skeletal muscle ontractions

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18
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands
- involuntary

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19
Q

enteric nervous system

A

-part of ANS
- initiates and coordinates local visceral reflexes

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20
Q

4 general regions of neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axon
telodendria

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21
Q

perikayron

A

cytoplasm of neuron

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22
Q

cytoskeleton contains

A

neurofilaments
neurotibules
neurofibrils

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23
Q

axolemma

A

plasma membrane of axon

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24
Q

initial segment

A

1st segment of axon

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25
Q

axon hillock

A

thick region that attachs the initial segment to the cell body

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26
Q

collaterals

A

branches of the axon

27
Q

telodendria

A

fine branches of distal axon or collaterals

28
Q

axon terminals

A

expanded tips of the telodendria

29
Q

axonal transport

A

movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals

30
Q

structural classification of neurons

A

anaxonix, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar

31
Q

anaxonic neurons

A

small, with many dendrites and no obvious axon

32
Q

bipolar neurons

A

have one dendrite and one axon

33
Q

unipolar neurons

A

the axon and the dendrites are continuous, and the soma is off to the side

34
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have one long axon and 2 or more dendrites

35
Q

functional classifications of neurons

A

sensory/afferent
motor neurons
interneurons

36
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

carry info from receptors to CNS
- somatic sensory neurons
- visceral sensory neurons

37
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

interoceptors - give information about the internal organs
exteroceptors - detecting information from outside the body (5 senses)
proprioceptors - awareness of joints

38
Q

motor neurons

A

carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers
- somatic and visceral motor neurons

39
Q

interneurons

A

neurons located between sensory and motor neurons which integrate the sensory information and coordinate motor commands

40
Q

types of neuroglia in CNS

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
microglia

41
Q

types of neuroglia in PNS

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

42
Q

astrocytes

A
  • most numerous neuroglia in the CNS

maintain blood brain barrier
create 3D framework
repair damaged tissue

43
Q

microglia

A

Phagocytosis of cell debris and wastes

44
Q

ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles and produces CSF

45
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • produces myelin/myelinates CNS axons
46
Q

white matter vs gray matter

A

W: regions of CNS w/ many myelinated axons
G: regions of CNS that contains unmyelinated axons

47
Q

microglia

A

smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes
- remove debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis?

48
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia and regulate interstitial fluid

49
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath or indented folds of plasma membrane

50
Q

demyelination

A

progressive destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS or PNS

51
Q

diptheria

A

a bacterial disease that damages Schwann cells and destroys myelin sheaths in the PNS.

52
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease that destroys myelin in the CNS and leads to problems w/ speech etc

53
Q

membrane threshold

A

the membrane potential value at which an action potential is triggered

54
Q

Exocytosis and the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft are triggered by

A

calcium ions flooding into the synaptic terminal

55
Q

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is

A

a graded depolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter

56
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a

A

graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

57
Q

the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and functions in learning and memory?

A

glutamate

58
Q

interneurons are responsible for

A

analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor outputs

59
Q

Schwann cells are glial cells responsible for

A

producing a neurilemma around peripheral axons

60
Q

what are 2 ways that a neuron will hyperpolarize?

A
  1. allow more potassium to leave the cell
  2. allow more chloride ions in
61
Q

electrochemical gradient for potassium?

A

The chemical gradient moves potassium out of the cell, while the electrical gradient keeps potassium in the cell.

62
Q

absolute refractory period

A

absolute: the period when the voltage-gated sodium channels are open and the membrane cannot respond to a new stimulus, even a strong one

63
Q

relative refractory period

A

enough ions have redistributed across the membrane that a BIG stimulus will cause another action potential to be generated.

A And P 1 (39 decks)

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