ch 3 pt 2 - dna + cell cycle

Question 1

Protein synthesis

Answer 1

process of creating new proteins from DNA

Question 2

protein synthesis steps

Answer 2

• It involves the production of mRNA from a gene on DNA, which then attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis

-The newly synthesized protein is then modified within the RER and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging

Question 3

dna replication

Answer 3

the process of duplicating the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell accurately

Question 4

dna replication 5 steps

Answer 4

• Unwinding DNA strands

-Binding of DNA polymerase to exposed nitrogenous bases

-Adding nucleotides to make a complementary strand aka the leading strand

-Assembling a complimentary copy

-Splicing together the 2 dna segments into a strand called the lagging strand

Question 5

dna transcription

Answer 5

DNA to RNA

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Question 6

what enzyme is used in transcription

Answer 6

RNA polymerase is used to to transcribe DNA

Question 7

what are the steps of transcription

Answer 7

initiation: RNA polymerase binding
elongation: RNA polymerase nucleotide linking
termination: detachment of mRNA

Question 8

initiation - rna polymerase binding

Answer 8

RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter
- This signals the DNA to unwind

Question 9

Elongation - RNA polymerase nucleotide linking

Answer 9

RNA polymerase reads DNA code and builds complementary mRNA by binding nucleotides (contains U instead of T)

Question 10

Termination - detachment of mRNA

Answer 10

the enzyme and the mRNA strand detach from DNA at the “stop” signal

Question 11

translation

Answer 11

RNA to protein

synthesis of a polypeptide (chain of amino acids) based on the instructions in mRNA

Question 12

initiation in translation

Answer 12

mRNA binds to ribosome and mRNA codon translates to one amino acid

Question 13

elongation in translation

Answer 13

• amino acids are delivered by transfer RNA (tRNA)
• anticodons on tRNA bind to a complementary codons on mRNA

Question 14

termination in translation

Answer 14

polypeptide chain releases when a stop codon enters the ribosome

Question 15

where does translation occur

Answer 15

at ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 16

introns

Answer 16

noncoding sequences

Question 17

mRNA splicing

Answer 17

pre-MRNA transcript is transformed into a mature MRNA. It removes all the introns and splicing back together exons

Question 18

exons

Answer 18

coding segments

Question 19

membrane potential

Answer 19

results from unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the plasma membrane

Question 20

sodium potassium pump

Answer 20

a protein in the cell membrane that moves sodium and potassium ions in and out of cells, helping to maintain the cell’s osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential

Question 20

potential difference

Answer 20

occurs when positive and negative charges are separated,

Question 21

genetic code

Answer 21

Sequence of bases that are a chemical language of DNA instructions of how to build proteins

Question 22

what are the stages of cell cycle

Answer 22

G1, S, G2, and M

Question 23

G1 phase

Answer 23

stage where the cell is preparing to divide

Question 24

S phase

Answer 24

dna replication

Question 25

G2 phase

Answer 25

organizes and condenses the genetic material

protein synthesis

Question 26

m phase

Answer 26

mitosis
- the cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material into the two daughter cells