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A And P 1 > ch 3 - cellular level of organization > Flashcards

ch 3 - cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer which a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic head

  • Also contains steroids, proteins, and carbs
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2
Q

function of plasma membrane

A
  • controls entry and exit of materials
  • isolation (separates the inside of the cell from the outside)
  • structural support
  • sensitivity to environment
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3
Q

glycocalyx

A

The sticky sugar coat made up of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

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4
Q

glycocalyx function

A
  • lubrication and protection
  • anchoring and locomotion
  • specificity in binding and recognition
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5
Q

what are the 6 types of membrane proteins (IPARRC)

A

integral
peripheral
anchoring
recognition (identifiers)
receptor
carrier

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins permanently attached in the membrane

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7
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins temporarily bound to inner or outer surface
- they attach and detach from the cell membrane at different times

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8
Q

anchoring proteins

A

attach to inside or outside structures and stabilize membrane position

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9
Q

recognition proteins (identifiers)

A

label cells as normal or abnormal

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10
Q

receptor proteins

A

binds and responds to ligands

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11
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind and transport specific solutes through the membrane

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12
Q

selective permeability

A

Allowing only some substances to get in and out of the cell

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13
Q

what is a nonmembranous organelle

A

not completely enclosed by a membrane

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14
Q

what is a membranous organelle?

A

an organelle thats surrounded by its own plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are the 7 main nonmembranous organelles?

A

cytoskeleton
ribosomes
proteasomes
microvilli
cilia
flagella
centrosomes + centrioles

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

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17
Q

what are the 3 cytoskeletal components

A

-Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- microtubules

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18
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of cyndrical structures that helps to organize cell division

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19
Q

ribosomes

A

responsible for making proteins

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20
Q

proteasomes

A

remove and break down damaged or abnormal proteins that have been tagged with ubiquitin

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21
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area to help absorb extracellular materials

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22
Q

cilia

A

long slender hair like extensions of the plasma membrane

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of cilia + their fucntions

A

primary cilia: acts as a sensor

motile cilia: move materials over cell surfaces

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24
Q

flagella

A

long, whiplike extension of the cytoplasm
ex: found on the tail of sperm

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25
Q

centrosomes

A

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division

26
Q

what are the 6 main membranous organelles?

A

ER
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
nucleus

27
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of intracellular membranes that function in TRANSPORTING materials, as well as synthesis and storage,

28
Q

golgi apparatus

A

storage, packaging and delivers proteins and lysosomal enzymes

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that are responsible for the autolysis of injured cells

30
Q

peroxisomes

A

carry enzymes that neutralize potentially dangerous free radicals

31
Q

mitochondria

A

responsible for ATP production

32
Q

nucleus

A

stores and processes genetic information

33
Q

active cellular process

A
  • requires energy
  • moves substances against the concentration gradient
34
Q

passive cellular process

A
  • doesn’t require energy
  • moves with the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
35
Q

examples of passive processes

A

osmosis
diffusion - simple and faciliated

36
Q

examples of active processes

A

endocytosis
exocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

37
Q

osmosis

A

net flow of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane in responses to differences in solute concentration

38
Q

diffusion

A

movement of PARTICLES from an area of high to low concentration

39
Q

tonicity

A

describes how the concentration of solutes in a solution affects cells

40
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentration of solute as the cell

41
Q

hypotonic

A

solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell, water ENTERS the cell

42
Q

hypertonic

A

solution has higher solute concentration than the cell, water rushes out the cell

43
Q

endocytosis

A

imports extracellular materials packaged INTO vesicles

44
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of extracellular fluid

44
Q

what are 2 examples of endocytosis

A

pino and phagocytosis

45
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of solid particles

46
Q

exocytosis

A

EXPORTS intracellular materials packaged into vesicles

47
Q

transcytosis

A

endocytosis on one side of the cell and exocytosis on the opposite side allows substances to pass through the cell

48
Q

What are the three components of a cell cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments: smallest filaments composed of the protein actin
  • Intermediate filaments: midsize insoluble filaments
  • Microtubules: largest of the cytoskeletal filaments, hollow tubes composed of the protein tubulin
49
Q

histone function

A

Vital for DNA packaging and regulation within the cell nucleus, ensuring that genetic material is efficiently organized and accessible when needed

50
Q

mitosis

A

creates 2 identical daughter cells from 1 cell

51
Q

meiosis

A

produces 4 genetically different cells for reproduction

52
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

53
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

54
Q

metaphase

A

nucleus dissolves and the chromosomes condense and meet in in the center of the cell

55
Q

Anaphase

A

the sister chromatids break apart and move to opposite ends of the cell

56
Q

telophase

A

the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, and two new nuclear membranes form around them, creating two separate nucleus

56
Q

protein synthesis steps

A
  • It involves the production of mRNA from a gene on DNA, which then attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis
  • The newly synthesized protein is then modified within the RER and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging
57
Q

DNA replication

A

the process of duplicating the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell accurately

58
Q

dna replication 5 steps

A
  1. unwinding dna strands
  2. Binding of DNA polymerase to exposed nitrogenous bases
  3. Adding nucleotides to make a complementary strand aka the leading strand
  4. Assembling a complimentary copy
  5. Splicing together the 2 dna segments into a strand called the lagging strand
59
Q
A

A And P 1 (14 decks)

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