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A And P 1 > ch 13.1-13.4 > Flashcards

ch 13.1-13.4 Flashcards

1
Q

spinal reflex

A

rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli that is controlled in the spinal cord

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

organ made up of nervous tissue, housed within protective membranes and vertebral column

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3
Q

4 regions of spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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4
Q

distal end of spinal cord includes

A

conus medullaris
cauda equina
filum terminale

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5
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapered, conical end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement

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6
Q

cauda equina

A

nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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7
Q

filum terminale

A

thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of the conus medullaris

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8
Q

spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves that contain both afferent and efferent motors

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9
Q

pns spinal nerve

A

contains:
- dorsal root (for sensory neurons)
- ventral root (for motor commands)
- dorsal ganglion

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10
Q

dorsal root function

A

carries sensory info to CNS

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11
Q

ventral root function

A

caries motor commands

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12
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 covering that surrounds spinal cord and brain
- provide physical stability, shock absorption, and pathway for blood vessels supplying the spinal cord

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13
Q

layers of spinal meninges

A

-Dura mater – outer layer
-Arachnoid mater – middle layer
-Pia mater – inner layer

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14
Q

meningitis

A

– viral or bacterial infection of meninges

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15
Q

dura mater

A
  • tough, outer most layer fibrous meninx
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16
Q

epidural space

A

between the vertebrae and the dura mater
- made of adipose tissue

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17
Q

subdural space

A

deep to the dura mater
- between dura mater and arachnoid
- contains csf

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18
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • middle meningeal layer
  • includes the arachnoid membrane and trabeculae
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19
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

lumbar puncture/spinal tap

A

withdraws CSF from the subarachnoid space

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21
Q

spinal anesthesia

A

local anesthetics introduced into the subarachnoid space

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22
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

triangle shaped extensions of pia mater
– that anchor the pia mater to arachnoid mater and the dura mater to prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord/holds spinal cord in place

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23
Q

anterior median fissure

A

deep, wide groove on front of spinal cord

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24
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

shallow, narrow groove on back

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25
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons
– butterfly shape in the spinal cord

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26
Q

gray matter function

A

Integrates information and initiates commands

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27
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons
- surrounds gray amtter

28
Q

white matter function

A

Carries information from place to place

29
Q

masses of gray matter within CNS are called _____ and organized into regions called ________

A

nuclei

regions called HORNS

30
Q

organization of gray matter

A

-posterior horns
-anterior horns
- lateral horns

31
Q

posterior horns

A

contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei (processes sensory info)

32
Q

anterior horns

A

contain somatic motor nuclei which is responsible for voluntary muscle contractions

33
Q

lateral horns

A

found in the thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei

34
Q

gray commissure

A

narrow band of gray matter around central canal

35
Q

organization of white matter

A

posterior, anterior, and lateral white columns

36
Q

posterior white columns

A

– between the posterior horns and the posterior median sulcus

37
Q

anterior white columns

A

between the anterior horns and the anterior median fissure

38
Q

anterior white commissure

A

interconnects anterior white columns and where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

39
Q

lateral white columns

A

on each side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns

40
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

41
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory information up toward the brain

42
Q

descending tracts

A

motor commands down to the spinal cord

43
Q

3 connective tissue layers around spinal nerves

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

44
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer covering nerve; network of collagen fibers

45
Q

perineurium

A

middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles (bundles of axons)

46
Q

endoneurium

A

innermost layer; surrounds individual axons

47
Q

spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves
- Form by the junction of the anterior and posterior roots

48
Q

peripheral distribution of spinal nerves

A

-dermatome
- peripheral neuropathies
- shingles

49
Q

dermatome

A

areas of skin that connect to a specific nerve root on your spine

50
Q

peripheral neuropathies

A

– regional losses of sensory and motor function, often resulting from trauma or compression

51
Q

shingles

A

the varicella-zoster virus (V Z V) attacks spinal nerves and produce painful rash along the corresponding dermatomes

52
Q

nerve plexus

A

complex, interwoven network of nerve fibers

53
Q

nerve plexus function

A

Allows multiple spinal nerves to supply the same structures

54
Q

4 major nerve plexuses

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

55
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • includes anterior rami or spinal nerves C1 - C5
    – Innervates the scalp behind the ear, the neck, and the diaphragm
56
Q

phrenic

A

controls the diaphragm

57
Q

brachial plexus

A

innervates the pectoral girdle, upper back, and upper limbs

58
Q

major brachial plexus nerves (4)

A

musculocutaneous
radial
median
ulnar

59
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

arm flexors; skin of lateral forearm

60
Q

radial nerve

A

extensors of the arm and forearm; skin of posterolateral surface

61
Q

median nerve

A

forearm flexor and digital flexors; skin anterolateral surface of the hand

62
Q

ulnar nerve

A

flexors of wrist and small digital muscles; skin of medial surface of hand

63
Q

lumbar plexus

A

– includes the anterior rami of spinal nerves T12 - L4

64
Q

sacral plexus

A

includes the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

65
Q

major lumbar nerves (6)

A
  • Iliohypogastric
  • ilio-inguinal nerve
  • genitofemoral
  • lateral femoral cutaneous
    -femoral nerve
  • obturator nerve
66
Q

pairs in the spinal cord

A

31
- 8 cervical pairs
- 12 thoracic pairs
- 5 lumbar pairs
- 5 sacral pairs
- 1 coccygeal nerve

A And P 1 (39 decks)

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