- tough, outer most layer fibrous meninx

- middle meningeal layer - includes the arachnoid membrane and trabeculae

ch 13.1-13.4 Flashcards by Jane D.

spinal reflex

rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli that is controlled in the spinal cord

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spinal cord

organ made up of nervous tissue, housed within protective membranes and vertebral column

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4 regions of spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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distal end of spinal cord includes

conus medullaris
cauda equina
filum terminale

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conus medullaris

tapered, conical end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement

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cauda equina

nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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filum terminale

thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of the conus medullaris

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spinal nerves

mixed nerves that contain both afferent and efferent motors

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pns spinal nerve

contains:
- dorsal root (for sensory neurons)
- ventral root (for motor commands)
- dorsal ganglion

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dorsal root function

carries sensory info to CNS

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ventral root function

caries motor commands

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spinal meninges

3 covering that surrounds spinal cord and brain
- provide physical stability, shock absorption, and pathway for blood vessels supplying the spinal cord

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layers of spinal meninges

-Dura mater – outer layer
-Arachnoid mater – middle layer
-Pia mater – inner layer

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meningitis

– viral or bacterial infection of meninges

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dura mater

tough, outer most layer fibrous meninx

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epidural space

between the vertebrae and the dura mater
- made of adipose tissue

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subdural space

deep to the dura mater
- between dura mater and arachnoid
- contains csf

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arachnoid mater

middle meningeal layer
includes the arachnoid membrane and trabeculae

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Subarachnoid space

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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lumbar puncture/spinal tap

withdraws CSF from the subarachnoid space

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spinal anesthesia

local anesthetics introduced into the subarachnoid space

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denticulate ligaments

triangle shaped extensions of pia mater
– that anchor the pia mater to arachnoid mater and the dura mater to prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord/holds spinal cord in place

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anterior median fissure

deep, wide groove on front of spinal cord

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posterior median sulcus

shallow, narrow groove on back

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gray matter

cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons -- butterfly shape in the spinal cord

gray matter function

Integrates information and initiates commands

white matter

myelinated axons - surrounds gray amtter

white matter function

Carries information from place to place

masses of gray matter within CNS are called _____ and organized into regions called ________

nuclei regions called HORNS

organization of gray matter

-posterior horns -anterior horns - lateral horns

posterior horns

contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei (processes sensory info)

anterior horns

contain somatic motor nuclei which is responsible for voluntary muscle contractions

lateral horns

found in the thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei

gray commissure

narrow band of gray matter around central canal

organization of white matter

posterior, anterior, and lateral white columns

posterior white columns

– between the posterior horns and the posterior median sulcus

anterior white columns

between the anterior horns and the anterior median fissure

anterior white commissure

interconnects anterior white columns and where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

lateral white columns

on each side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns

tract

bundle of axons in the CNS

ascending tracts

sensory information up toward the brain

descending tracts

motor commands down to the spinal cord

3 connective tissue layers around spinal nerves

epineurium perineurium endoneurium

epineurium

outermost layer covering nerve; network of collagen fibers

perineurium

middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles (bundles of axons)

endoneurium

innermost layer; surrounds individual axons

spinal nerves

mixed nerves - Form by the junction of the anterior and posterior roots

peripheral distribution of spinal nerves

-dermatome - peripheral neuropathies - shingles

dermatome

areas of skin that connect to a specific nerve root on your spine

peripheral neuropathies

– regional losses of sensory and motor function, often resulting from trauma or compression

shingles

the varicella-zoster virus (V Z V) attacks spinal nerves and produce painful rash along the corresponding dermatomes

nerve plexus

complex, interwoven network of nerve fibers

nerve plexus function

Allows multiple spinal nerves to supply the same structures

4 major nerve plexuses

cervical brachial lumbar sacral

cervical plexus

- includes anterior rami or spinal nerves C1 - C5 -- Innervates the scalp behind the ear, the neck, and the diaphragm

phrenic

controls the diaphragm

brachial plexus

innervates the pectoral girdle, upper back, and upper limbs

major brachial plexus nerves (4)

musculocutaneous radial median ulnar

Musculocutaneous nerve

arm flexors; skin of lateral forearm

radial nerve

extensors of the arm and forearm; skin of posterolateral surface

median nerve

forearm flexor and digital flexors; skin anterolateral surface of the hand

ulnar nerve

flexors of wrist and small digital muscles; skin of medial surface of hand

lumbar plexus

– includes the anterior rami of spinal nerves T12 - L4

sacral plexus

includes the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

major lumbar nerves (6)

- Iliohypogastric - ilio-inguinal nerve - genitofemoral - lateral femoral cutaneous -femoral nerve - obturator nerve

pairs in the spinal cord

31 - 8 cervical pairs - 12 thoracic pairs - 5 lumbar pairs - 5 sacral pairs - 1 coccygeal nerve