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A And P 1 > ch 4 vocab - tissue level of organization: epithelium + connective > Flashcards

ch 4 vocab - tissue level of organization: epithelium + connective Flashcards

1
Q

two major categories of epithelial tissue

A

epithelia and glands

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2
Q

epithelia

A

covers surfaces and lines body cavities

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3
Q

epithelial tissue 4 essential functions

A
  1. physical protection
  2. controls permeability
  3. provide sensation
  4. produce specialized secretions
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4
Q

epithelia structure

A
  • apical (free) surface: allows for absorption and secretion
  • basolateral surface
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5
Q

glands

A

cells that secrete substances

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6
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. polarity
  2. high cellularity, tightly bound by cell junctions
  3. attachment - base of epithelium bound to noncellular basement membrane
  4. avascularity
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7
Q

2 major types of glands

A

endo and exocrine

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8
Q

endocrine glands

A

releases hormones into bloodstream
- no ducts

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9
Q

exocrine glands

A

secretes products via DUCTS onto epithelial surfaces

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10
Q

characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  • closlely packed cells
  • avascular
    -arranged in single (secretes/absorbs) or multiple layers (protective)
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11
Q

cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

A

group of transmembrane proteins that allow cells to adhere to each other

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12
Q

cell junctions

A

specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or extracellular materials

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13
Q

type of cell junctions (3)

A
  1. gap
  2. tight
  3. desmosomes
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14
Q

gap junctions

A

cell to cell communication, allows the passage of small molecules and ions between cells

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15
Q

tight junctions

A
  • form a band around cells whose membranes join together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid
  • found in bladder
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16
Q

desmosomes

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes

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17
Q

2 types of desmosomes

A

spot and hemidesmosomes

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18
Q

spot desmosomes

A

small discs that stabilize the shape of the cell

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19
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

looks like 1/2 of a spot desmosomes and anchor cells to the basement membrane

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20
Q

layers of the basement membrane

A
  1. basal lamina: layer closer to the epithelium, functions as a selective
  2. reticular lamina: deeper portion of the basement membrane that consists of reticular fibers and ground substance
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21
Q

tendon vs ligaments

A

-tendon: cords of dense regular connective tissue that connects MUSCLE to BONE
-ligament: bundles of elastic and collagen fibers that connects BONE to BONE

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22
Q

shapes of epithelium cells

A

squamos - flat
cuboidal - square
columnar - rectangle

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23
Q

simple squamos epithelium function

A

reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion

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24
Q

simple squamos epithelium location

A

lining of ventral body cavities
- heart, lungs
– forms serous membranes

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25
Q

transitional epithelium

A

epithelium that stretches and relaxes

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26
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucin/mucus

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27
Q

simple columnar epithelium lines the ____ and its function is ______

A

lines the stomach and other digestive organs

function is protection, absorption, secretion

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28
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium occurs as _______ and its function is _____

A

occurs as tubules in the kidney

function: limited protection, secretion, absorption

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29
Q

endothelium

A

epithelium that lines internal surface of heart and blood vessels

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30
Q

STRATIFIED squamos epithelium is found _____ and its function is to ________

A
  • found in top layer/surface (epidermal) of skin
  • to provide physical protection
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31
Q

this category of epithelia is found in areas exposed to abrasion and friction

A

STRATIFIED squamous epithelia

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32
Q

able to transport mucus across its surface

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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33
Q

connective tissue

A
  • most abundant body tissue
  • fills internal spaces + joind sbody parts together, supports other tissues, transports material, and stores energy
34
Q

2 basic elements of connective tissues

A
  • sparse cells
  • abundant extra cellular matrix (fibers + fluids)
35
Q

3 major groups of connective tissues

A
  • connective tissue proper (loose + dense)
  • fluid connective (blood + lymph)
  • supporting connective (cartilage + bone)
36
Q

connective tissue fibers (3)

A

collagen fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers

37
Q

collagen fibers
-structure
- color
- location

A
  • extremely strong yet flexible/gives the tissue strength
  • white fibers
  • found in bone, cartilage, tendon, ligaments
38
Q

elastic fibers
-structure
- color
- location

A
  • strong fibers that stretch and recoil/give the tissue flexibility
  • THIN yellow fibers
  • found in skin, lungs, and blood vessels
39
Q

reticular fibers
-structure
- location

A
  • forms branching networks of interwoven fibers
  • found in soft tissue organs like spleen and lymph nodes
40
Q

loose fibrous connective tissue

A

fibers create loose, open framework

Fills internal spaces, cushions organs, and supports epithelia

41
Q

types of loose connective tissues

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
42
Q

areolar - loose connective tissue
- function
- cells
- matrix

A
  • cushions organs, forms a superficial layer between the skin and deeper structures and helps to loosely attach the skin to those deeper structures
  • cells: fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes
  • matrix: collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
43
Q

adipose - loose connective tissue
- function
-location

A

insulates, provides reserve fuel source for cells, and protects (absorb shock)
- found around heart

44
Q

reticular - loose connective tissue

  • function
  • location
  • packed of….
A
  • forms framework of soft organs, binds, and filters
  • found in lymph nodes, spleen, liver
  • packed mostly of reticular fibers + cells
45
Q

dense connective tissue proper

A

matrix with protein fibers tightly woven / fibers densely packed

46
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A
  • regular
  • irregular
    -elastic
47
Q

regular dense connective tissue proper
- structure
- function
- location

A
  • parallel tightly packed collagen fibers
  • provides strength (for bi-directional pulling forces)
  • found in tendons (m/b) and ligaments (b/b)
48
Q

irregular dense connective tissue

  • structure
  • function
  • location
A
  • mostly collagen fibers arranged irregularly/no consistent pattern
  • provides strength (multi directional pulling forces)
  • found in dermal layer of skin
49
Q

elastic dense connective tissue
- structure
- function
- locations

A
  • matrix of elastic fibers
  • allows for stretching
  • found in walls of arteries and skin
50
Q

fibroblasts

A

fixed cell that produces and maintains the extracellular matrix

51
Q

macrophages

A

ingests dead cells

52
Q

mast cells

A

releases histamine

53
Q

cartilage

A

solid rubbery MATRIX/tissue made up of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in lacunae

54
Q

types of cartilage (3)

A

hyaline, elastic + fibrocartilage

55
Q

hyaline
- matrix and function

A
  • most abundant + weakest cartilage
  • matrix: closely packed fine collagen fibers, lacks fibers in the matrix
  • gives flexibility and support, shock absorber
56
Q

hyaline cartilage location

A

long ends of bones, nose, rib ends, fetal skeleton

57
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • strongest cartilage
  • think bundles of collagen fibers that provide support and rigidity
58
Q

fibrocartilage location

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis (holds hip bone together)

59
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • elastic fiber matrix
  • supportive and flexible, while maintaining shape
  • found in external ear
60
Q

types of cartilage growth

A

interstitial: enlarges cartilage from within
appositional: add to the outer surface of cartilage

61
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A
  • has a solid (calcified) matrix
  • contains osteocyte cells in lacunae
62
Q

two types of bone

A
  • spongy (cancellous)
  • compact
63
Q

characteristics of bone

A

-matrix: mineral deposits (Ca) gives hardness + collagen gives strength
-provides support protection and storage
-where blood cells are made
- site if muscle attachment

64
Q

osteon

A

column of bone tissue

65
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that function in bone growth and repair

66
Q

osteoclasts

A

dissolves portion of bone matrix

67
Q

lacuna

A

small space surround a cell in bone

68
Q

canaliculi

A

nutrient channels in bone matrix

69
Q

blood

A
  • liquid matrix called plasma that contains erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs) + platelets
70
Q

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

carry oxygen from lungs to rest of the body

71
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

helps fight infections

72
Q

platelets

A

prevent and stop bleeding

73
Q

lymph

A

interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels

74
Q

Name the 2 excitable connective tissues?

A

nerves and muscles

75
Q

merocrine secretion

A

release their secretion through exocytosis with no harm to the glandular cell itself

76
Q

holocrine secretion

A

produce secretions that involve the destruction of glandular cells.

77
Q

apocrine secretion

A

produce secretions that involve the loss of cytoplasm.

78
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

divide and differentiate to replace damaged tissue

79
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines passageways and chambers, such as the digestive and respiratory tracts, that communicate with the body’s exterior

80
Q

deep fascia

A

dense irregular connective tissue arranged in multiple layers in which the collagen fibers in one layer run in the same direction, while the fibers in other layers run in different directions

A And P 1 (14 decks)

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