13.5-13.8

Question 1

neuronal pool

Answer 1

functional groups of interconnected interneurons

Question 2

Patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools

Answer 2

divergence
convergence
serial processing
parallel processing
reverberation

Question 3

divergence

Answer 3

spreads info from 1 neuron or neuronal pool to many
- common in sensory pathways

Question 4

convergence

Answer 4

several neurons synapse on a single neuron

Question 5

serial processing

Answer 5

neurons or pools work sequentially

Question 6

parallel processing

Answer 6

several neurons/neuronal pools process the same info at the same time
- ex: stepping on a sharp object

Question 7

reverberation

Answer 7

a positive feedback circuit

Question 8

neural reflex

Answer 8

rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli

Question 9

reflex arc

Answer 9

the route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex

Question 10

5 steps in a reflex arc

Answer 10

1. Stimulus activates a receptor
2. Activation of a sensory neuron
3. Information processing in the C N S
4. Activation of a motor neuron – interneurons stimulate action potentials in motor neuron
5. Response by a peripheral effector

Question 11

classification of reflexes (8)

Answer 11

innate
acquired
somatic
visceral
monosynaptic
polysynaptic
spinal
cranial

Question 12

innate reflex

Answer 12

basic neural reflexes formed before birth
- ex: chewing

Question 13

acquired reflex

Answer 13

rapid, automatic learned motor patterns

Question 14

somatic reflexes

Answer 14

allow for immediate involuntary control of muscular system

Question 15

visceral reflex

Answer 15

control internal organs

Question 16

monosynaptic reflex

Answer 16

involve a single synapse

Question 17

polysynaptic reflex

Answer 17

involve at least 1 interneuron between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron + involves multiple synapse

Question 18

spinal reflexes

Answer 18

processing occurs in the spinal cord

Question 19

cranial reflexes

Answer 19

processing occurs in the brain

Question 20

types of monosynaptic reflexes

Answer 20

stretch reflex
postural reflexes

Question 21

stretch reflex

Answer 21

regulates skeletal muscle length
- ex: knee jerk

Question 22

muscle spindle

Answer 22

sensory receptors involved in a stretch reflex

Question 23

intrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 23

small specialized skeletal muscle that make up muscle spindle

Question 24

muscle spindle function

Answer 24

stretching the intrafusal fibers increases the frequency of action potentials fired by the sensory neuron

Question 25

postural reflexes

Answer 25

help maintain normal upright posture

Question 26

examples of polysynaptic reflexes

Answer 26

tendon reflex
withdrawal reflexes
crossed extensor reflexes

Question 27

tendon reflex

Answer 27

prevents skeletal muscles from developing too much tension and tearing or breaking tendons

Question 28

withdrawal reflexes

Answer 28

move body part away from a stimulus (pain or pressure)

Question 29

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 29

When one set of motor neurons is stimulated, those neurons that control antagonistic muscles are inhibited

Question 30

ipsilateral reflex arcs

Answer 30

occur on the same side of the body as the stimulus

Question 31

plantar reflex

Answer 31

curling of toes when lateral sole of foot is stroked

Question 32

spinal nerve anatomy

Answer 32

• epineurum
  -blood supply
• fasicles (bundles of neurons)
• perineurium (covers fascicles)
• endoneurium (covers individual neuron/axon)
• schwann cell (myelinates axons)

Question 33

anterior gray horn

Answer 33

contain somatic motor neurons that send information from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles.

Question 34

central canal

Answer 34

the opening between the gray commissures that contains cerebrospinal​ fluid

Question 35

fibrous connective tissue layer that attaches to the bony walls of the spinal​ cord

Answer 35

dura mater

Question 36

dorsal ramus

Answer 36

branch of the peripheral nerves supplies the skin and muscles of the​ back

Question 37

how many cervical and thoracic nerves

Answer 37

8 cervical
12 thoracic

Question 38

how many lumbar and sacral nerves

Answer 38

5 lumbar
5 sacral

Question 39

5 PLEXUS

Answer 39

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

Question 40

dorsal root function

Answer 40

carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS

Question 41

ventral root function

Answer 41

sending motor signals from the CNS to the body’s skeletal muscles/effectors

Question 42

spinal cord belongs to ___ and spinal nerve belongs to ___

Answer 42

CORD: CNS

NERVE: PNS