13.5-13.8 Flashcards

1
Q

neuronal pool

A

functional groups of interconnected interneurons

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2
Q

Patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools

A

divergence
convergence
serial processing
parallel processing
reverberation

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3
Q

divergence

A

spreads info from 1 neuron or neuronal pool to many
- common in sensory pathways

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4
Q

convergence

A

several neurons synapse on a single neuron

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5
Q

serial processing

A

neurons or pools work sequentially

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6
Q

parallel processing

A

several neurons/neuronal pools process the same info at the same time
- ex: stepping on a sharp object

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7
Q

reverberation

A

a positive feedback circuit

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8
Q

neural reflex

A

rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli

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9
Q

reflex arc

A

the route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex

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10
Q

5 steps in a reflex arc

A
  1. Stimulus activates a receptor
  2. Activation of a sensory neuron
  3. Information processing in the C N S
  4. Activation of a motor neuron – interneurons stimulate action potentials in motor neuron
  5. Response by a peripheral effector
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11
Q

classification of reflexes (8)

A

innate
acquired
somatic
visceral
monosynaptic
polysynaptic
spinal
cranial

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12
Q

innate reflex

A

basic neural reflexes formed before birth
- ex: chewing

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13
Q

acquired reflex

A

rapid, automatic learned motor patterns

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14
Q

somatic reflexes

A

allow for immediate involuntary control of muscular system

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15
Q

visceral reflex

A

control internal organs

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16
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

involve a single synapse

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17
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

involve at least 1 interneuron between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron + involves multiple synapse

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18
Q

spinal reflexes

A

processing occurs in the spinal cord

19
Q

cranial reflexes

A

processing occurs in the brain

20
Q

types of monosynaptic reflexes

A

stretch reflex
postural reflexes

21
Q

stretch reflex

A

regulates skeletal muscle length
- ex: knee jerk

22
Q

muscle spindle

A

sensory receptors involved in a stretch reflex

23
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers

A

small specialized skeletal muscle that make up muscle spindle

24
Q

muscle spindle function

A

stretching the intrafusal fibers increases the frequency of action potentials fired by the sensory neuron

25
postural reflexes
help maintain normal upright posture
26
examples of polysynaptic reflexes
tendon reflex withdrawal reflexes crossed extensor reflexes
27
tendon reflex
prevents skeletal muscles from developing too much tension and tearing or breaking tendons
28
withdrawal reflexes
move body part away from a stimulus (pain or pressure)
29
reciprocal inhibition
When one set of motor neurons is stimulated, those neurons that control antagonistic muscles are inhibited
30
ipsilateral reflex arcs
occur on the same side of the body as the stimulus
31
plantar reflex
curling of toes when lateral sole of foot is stroked
32
spinal nerve anatomy
- epineurum -blood supply - fasicles (bundles of neurons) - perineurium (covers fascicles) - endoneurium (covers individual neuron/axon) - schwann cell (myelinates axons)
33
anterior gray horn
contain somatic motor neurons that send information from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles.
34
central canal
the opening between the gray commissures that contains cerebrospinal​ fluid
35
fibrous connective tissue layer that attaches to the bony walls of the spinal​ cord
dura mater
36
dorsal ramus
branch of the peripheral nerves supplies the skin and muscles of the​ back
37
how many cervical and thoracic nerves
8 cervical 12 thoracic
38
how many lumbar and sacral nerves
5 lumbar 5 sacral
39
5 PLEXUS
cervical brachial lumbar sacral coccygeal
40
dorsal root function
carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS
41
ventral root function
sending motor signals from the CNS to the body's skeletal muscles/effectors
42
spinal cord belongs to ___ and spinal nerve belongs to ___
CORD: CNS NERVE: PNS
43