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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - VITAMINS TB > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - VITAMINS TB Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

7-Dehydrocholesterol

A

A steroid that is photochemically cleaved to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the skin.

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2
Q

A-N factor

A

Obsolete term for the “antineuritic factor” (thiamin)

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3
Q

Aneurin

A

Infrequently used synonym for thiamin

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4
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C, a water-soluble antioxidant.

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5
Q

Bios factors

A

Obsolete terms for yeast growth factors now known to include biotin

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6
Q

Bitot spot

A

The build-up of keratinized tissue on the conjunctiva of the eye due to a vitamin A deficiency.

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7
Q

calbindin

A

A vitamin D–dependent calcium-binding protein present in the mucosal cells of the small intestine and in kidney cells.

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8
Q

Calcitriol

A

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D.

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9
Q

Choline

A

Component of the primary membrane structural component phosphatidylcholine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; contributor to single-C metabolism; essential for normal growth and bone development in young poultry; can spare methionine in many animal species; and thus can be essential in diets that provide limited methyl groups.

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10
Q

Citrovorum factor

A

Infrequently used term for a naturally occurring form of folic acid (N5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamic acid), which is required for the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum

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11
Q

Cobalamin

A

Vitamin B12.

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12
Q

Coumarin-type anticoagulants

A

Vitamin K antagonists; inhibit the posttranslational formation of γ-carboxyglutamate in some clotting factors.

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13
Q

Extrinsic factor

A

Obsolete term for the antianemic activity in liver, now called vitamin B12

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14
Q

Factor R

A

Obsolete term for chick antianemic factor now known as a form of folate

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15
Q

Factor U

A

Obsolete term for chick anti-anemic factor now known as a form of folate

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16
Q

Factor X

A

Obsolete term used at various times to designate the rat fertility factor now called vitamin E and the rat growth factor now called vitamin B12

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17
Q

Filtrate factor

A

Obsolete term for the antiblack tongue disease activity, now known to be niacin that could be isolated from the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth; also used to describe the chick antidermatitis factor, now known to be pantothenic acid, isolated from acid solutions of the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth

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18
Q

Flavin

A

Term originally used to describe the water-soluble fluorescent rat growth factors isolated from yeast and animal tissues; now, a general term for isoalloxazine derivatives including riboflavin and its active forms, FMN and FAD

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19
Q

folic acid

A

A B vitamin, derivatives of folic acid produced by various bacteria can be bound by the nonclassical MHC class Ib protein MR1 for recognition by MAIT cells.

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20
Q

folium

A

A Latin term meaning “leaf ”; folic acid derives its name from this word because leafy vegetables are high in this water-soluble vitamin.

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21
Q

Follicular hyperkeratosis

A

Gooseflesh; occurs in deficiency of vitamin C and vitamin A.

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22
Q

Gerovital

A

Unsubstantiated antiaging elixir

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23
Q

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

A

A neonatal bleeding disorder caused by vitamin K deficiency.

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24
Q

Hepatoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from liver

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25
Q

holo-RBP

A

A complex of all-trans retinol bound to retinol- binding protein (RBP) that is responsible for transporting vitamin A in a cell and in the blood.

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26
Q

Isoniazid

A

A tuberculostatic that can induce vitamin B6 deficiency.

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27
Q

Lactoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from whey

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28
Q

Laetrile

A

A cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of antitumorigenicity

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29
Q

LLD factor

A

Obsolete term for the activity in liver that promoted the growth of Lactobacillus lactis Dorner, now known to be vitamin B12

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30
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, found in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, and respiratory system.

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31
Q

malt

A

Germinated barley grains containing maltose, glucose, and amylase.

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32
Q

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

A

A type of anemia in which the red blood cells are immature and larger than normal. It is usually caused by a deficiency of folate or vitamin B12.

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33
Q

Methylmalonic aciduria

A

Excretion of methylmalonic acid in the urine, caused by an inherited enzyme deficiency or by vitamin B12 deficiency.

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34
Q

myo- i nositol

A

Component of phosphatidylinositol; prevents diet-induced lipodystrophies due to impaired lipid transport in gerbils and rats; essential for some microbes, gerbils, and certain fishes

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35
Q

Norit eluate

A

Obsolete term for Lactobacillus casei growth promotant, factor now known as folic acid, that could be isolated from liver and yeasts by adsorption on norit

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36
Q

Ovoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from egg white

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37
Q

p-Aminobenzoic acid

A

Essential growth factor for several microbes, in which it functions as a provitamin of folic acid; reported to reverse diet- or hydroquinone-induced achromotrichia in rats and to ameliorate rickettsial infections

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38
Q

P–P factor

A

Obsolete term for the thermostable “pellagra-preventive” component, now known as niacin, of the “water-soluble B” activity of yeast

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39
Q

Pangamic acid

A

Ill-defined substance(s), originally derived from apricot pits, with unsubstantiated claims for a variety of health benefits

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40
Q

preformed vitamin A

A

The type of vitamin A found in animal sources of food; it is absorbed in the form of retinol.

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41
Q

previtamin A

A

The type of vitamin A found in plants; it needs to be converted to active vitamin A and can be converted to retinol by the body.

42
Q

rebound scurvy

A

A condition in which an infant develops scurvy because during pregnancy the mother consumed large amounts of vitamin C, causing the enzymes that break down vitamin C to accumulate both in the mother and fetus. Upon birth, the newborn continues to break down vitamin C, leading to scurvy.

43
Q

Reduced folate carrier (RFC)

A

An intestinal transport protein for several water-soluble vitamins, including thiamin and folate.

44
Q

retinoic acid

A

Signaling molecule derived from vitamin A with many roles in the body. It is thought to be involved in the induction of immunological tolerance in the gut.

45
Q

retinol activity equivalent (RAE)

A

A standardized unit to indicate the relative potency of various forms of vitamin A. One retinol activity equivalent is equal to 1 microgram of retinol, 12 micrograms of b-carotene, or 24 micrograms of other carotenoids.

46
Q

Rhizopterin

A

Obsolete synonym for the “SLR factor”, i.e., a factor from Rhizobium sp. fermentation that stimulated the growth of Streptococcus lactis R. (now called Streptococcus faecalis), which is now known to be a folate activity

47
Q

Riboflavin

A

Vitamin B2; a constituent of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

48
Q

Sideroblastic anemia

A

A microcytic anemia in the presence of high iron stores; seen in vitamin B6 deficiency.

49
Q

SLR factor

A

Obsolete term for the Streptococcus lactis R. (now called S. faecalis) growth promotant later called “rhizopterin” and now known to be a folic acid activity

50
Q

Sodium-ascorbate co-transporter 1 (SVCT1) and 2 (SVCT2)

A

A transporter for vitamin C absorption in the small intestine.

51
Q

Streptogenin

A

A peptide present in liver and in enzymatic hydrolysates of casein and other proteins which promotes growth of mice and certain microorganisms (hemolytic streptococci and lactobacilli); not considered a vitamin

52
Q

tocotrienols

A

A class of vitamin E molecules with unsaturated phytyl side chains.

53
Q

Vitamin A

A

Accepted designation of retinoids that prevent xerophthalmia and nyctalopia, and are essential for epithelial maintenance

54
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Synonym for thiamin

55
Q

Vitamin B10

A

Growth promotant for chicks; likely a mixture of folic acid and vitamin B12

56
Q

Vitamin B11

A

Apparently the same as “vitamin B10”

57
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Accepted designation of the cobalamins (cyano- and aquocobalamins) that prevent pernicious anemia and promote growth in animals

58
Q

Vitamin B12a

A

Synonym for aquacobalamin

59
Q

Vitamin B12b

A

Synonym for hydroxocobalamin

60
Q

Vitamin B12c

A

Synonym for nitritocobalamin

61
Q

Vitamin B13

A

Synonym for orotic acid, an intermediate of pyrimidine metabolism; not considered a vitamin

62
Q

Vitamin B15

A

Synonym for “pangamic acid”; no proven biological value

63
Q

Vitamin B17

A

Synonym for laetrile, a cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of anticarcinogenic activity; not considered a vitamin

64
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Infrequently used synonym for pantothenic acid; was also used for nicotinic acid

65
Q

Vitamin B4

A

Unconfirmed activity preventing muscular weakness in rats and chicks; believed to be a mixture of arginine, glycine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine

66
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Unconfirmed growth promotant for pigeons; probably niacin

67
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Synonym for pyridoxine

68
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Unconfirmed digestive promoter for pigeons; may be a mixture; also “vitamin I”

69
Q

Vitamin B8

A

Adenylic acid; no longer classified as a vitamin

70
Q

Vitamin Bc

A

Obsolete term for pteroylglutamic acid

71
Q

Vitamin Bp

A

Activity preventing perosis in chicks; replaceable by choline and Mn

72
Q

Vitamin Bt

A

Activity promoting insect growth; identified as carnitine

73
Q

Vitamin Bx

A

Activity associated with pantothenic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid

74
Q

Vitamin C

A

Accepted designation of the antiscorbutic factor, ascorbic acid

75
Q

Vitamin C2

A

Unconfirmed antipneumonia activity; also called “vitamin J”

76
Q

Vitamin D

A

Accepted designation of the antirachitic factor (the calciferols)

77
Q

Vitamin D2

A

Accepted designation for ergocalciferol (a vitamin D-active substance derived from plant sterols)

78
Q

Vitamin E

A

Accepted designation for tocopherols active in preventing myopathies and certain types of infertility in animals

79
Q

Vitamin F

A

Obsolete term for essential fatty acids; also an abandoned term for thiamin activity

80
Q

Vitamin G

A

Obsolete term for riboflavin activity; also an abandoned term for the “pellagra-preventive factor” (niacin)

81
Q

Vitamin H

A

Obsolete term for biotin activity

82
Q

Vitamin I

A

Mixture also formerly called “vitamin B7”

83
Q

Vitamin J

A

Postulated antipneumonia factor also formerly called “vitamin C2”

84
Q

vitamin K carboxylase

A

The enzyme responsible for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to form γ- carboxyglutamic acid in key proteins.

85
Q

vitamin K cycle

A

A series of coupled reactions by which vitamin K converts glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamate.

86
Q

Vitamin K1

A

Accepted designation for phylloquinones (vitamin K-active substances produced by plants)

87
Q

Vitamin K2

A

Accepted designation for prenylmenaquinones (vitamin K-active substances synthesized by microorganisms and produced from other vitamers K by animals)

88
Q

Vitamin K3

A

Accepted designation for menadione (synthetic vitamin K-active substance not found in nature)

89
Q

Vitamin L1

A

Unconfirmed liver filtrate activity, probably related to anthranilic acid, proposed as necessary for lactation

90
Q

Vitamin L2

A

Unconfirmed yeast filtrate activity, probably related to adenosine, proposed as necessary for lactation

91
Q

Vitamin M

A

Obsolete term for antianemic factor in yeast now known to be pteroylglutamic acid

92
Q

Vitamin N

A

Obsolete term for a mixture proposed to inhibit cancer

93
Q

Vitamin P

A

Activity reducing capillary fragility related to citrin, which is no longer classified as a vitamin

94
Q

Vitamin R

A

Obsolete term for folic acid; from Norris’ chick antianemic “factor R”

95
Q

Vitamin S

A

Chick growth activity related to the peptide “streptogenin”; the term was also applied to a bacterial growth activity probably related to biotin

96
Q

Vitamin T

A

Unconfirmed group of activities isolated from termites, yeasts, or molds and reported to improve protein utilization in rats

97
Q

Vitamin U

A

Unconfirmed activity from cabbage proposed to cure ulcers and promote bacterial growth; may have folic acid activity

98
Q

Vitamin V

A

Tissue-derived activity promoting bacterial growth; probably related to NAD

99
Q

Wills’ factor

A

Obsolete term for the antianemic factor in yeast now known to be a form of folate

100
Q

Zoopherin

A

Obsolete term for a rat growth factor now known as vitamin B12

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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