BIO - TERMS - VITAMINS TB Flashcards
7-Dehydrocholesterol
A steroid that is photochemically cleaved to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the skin.
A-N factor
Obsolete term for the “antineuritic factor” (thiamin)
Aneurin
Infrequently used synonym for thiamin
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C, a water-soluble antioxidant.
Bios factors
Obsolete terms for yeast growth factors now known to include biotin
Bitot spot
The build-up of keratinized tissue on the conjunctiva of the eye due to a vitamin A deficiency.
calbindin
A vitamin D–dependent calcium-binding protein present in the mucosal cells of the small intestine and in kidney cells.
Calcitriol
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D.
Choline
Component of the primary membrane structural component phosphatidylcholine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; contributor to single-C metabolism; essential for normal growth and bone development in young poultry; can spare methionine in many animal species; and thus can be essential in diets that provide limited methyl groups.
Citrovorum factor
Infrequently used term for a naturally occurring form of folic acid (N5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamic acid), which is required for the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum
Cobalamin
Vitamin B12.
Coumarin-type anticoagulants
Vitamin K antagonists; inhibit the posttranslational formation of γ-carboxyglutamate in some clotting factors.
Extrinsic factor
Obsolete term for the antianemic activity in liver, now called vitamin B12
Factor R
Obsolete term for chick antianemic factor now known as a form of folate
Factor U
Obsolete term for chick anti-anemic factor now known as a form of folate
Factor X
Obsolete term used at various times to designate the rat fertility factor now called vitamin E and the rat growth factor now called vitamin B12
Filtrate factor
Obsolete term for the antiblack tongue disease activity, now known to be niacin that could be isolated from the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth; also used to describe the chick antidermatitis factor, now known to be pantothenic acid, isolated from acid solutions of the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth
Flavin
Term originally used to describe the water-soluble fluorescent rat growth factors isolated from yeast and animal tissues; now, a general term for isoalloxazine derivatives including riboflavin and its active forms, FMN and FAD
folic acid
A B vitamin, derivatives of folic acid produced by various bacteria can be bound by the nonclassical MHC class Ib protein MR1 for recognition by MAIT cells.
folium
A Latin term meaning “leaf ”; folic acid derives its name from this word because leafy vegetables are high in this water-soluble vitamin.
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Gooseflesh; occurs in deficiency of vitamin C and vitamin A.
Gerovital
Unsubstantiated antiaging elixir
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
A neonatal bleeding disorder caused by vitamin K deficiency.
Hepatoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from liver
holo-RBP
A complex of all-trans retinol bound to retinol- binding protein (RBP) that is responsible for transporting vitamin A in a cell and in the blood.
Isoniazid
A tuberculostatic that can induce vitamin B6 deficiency.
Lactoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from whey
Laetrile
A cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of antitumorigenicity
LLD factor
Obsolete term for the activity in liver that promoted the growth of Lactobacillus lactis Dorner, now known to be vitamin B12
MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, found in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, and respiratory system.
malt
Germinated barley grains containing maltose, glucose, and amylase.
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
A type of anemia in which the red blood cells are immature and larger than normal. It is usually caused by a deficiency of folate or vitamin B12.
Methylmalonic aciduria
Excretion of methylmalonic acid in the urine, caused by an inherited enzyme deficiency or by vitamin B12 deficiency.
myo- i nositol
Component of phosphatidylinositol; prevents diet-induced lipodystrophies due to impaired lipid transport in gerbils and rats; essential for some microbes, gerbils, and certain fishes
Norit eluate
Obsolete term for Lactobacillus casei growth promotant, factor now known as folic acid, that could be isolated from liver and yeasts by adsorption on norit
Ovoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from egg white
p-Aminobenzoic acid
Essential growth factor for several microbes, in which it functions as a provitamin of folic acid; reported to reverse diet- or hydroquinone-induced achromotrichia in rats and to ameliorate rickettsial infections
P–P factor
Obsolete term for the thermostable “pellagra-preventive” component, now known as niacin, of the “water-soluble B” activity of yeast
Pangamic acid
Ill-defined substance(s), originally derived from apricot pits, with unsubstantiated claims for a variety of health benefits
preformed vitamin A
The type of vitamin A found in animal sources of food; it is absorbed in the form of retinol.
previtamin A
The type of vitamin A found in plants; it needs to be converted to active vitamin A and can be converted to retinol by the body.
rebound scurvy
A condition in which an infant develops scurvy because during pregnancy the mother consumed large amounts of vitamin C, causing the enzymes that break down vitamin C to accumulate both in the mother and fetus. Upon birth, the newborn continues to break down vitamin C, leading to scurvy.
Reduced folate carrier (RFC)
An intestinal transport protein for several water-soluble vitamins, including thiamin and folate.
retinoic acid
Signaling molecule derived from vitamin A with many roles in the body. It is thought to be involved in the induction of immunological tolerance in the gut.
retinol activity equivalent (RAE)
A standardized unit to indicate the relative potency of various forms of vitamin A. One retinol activity equivalent is equal to 1 microgram of retinol, 12 micrograms of b-carotene, or 24 micrograms of other carotenoids.
Rhizopterin
Obsolete synonym for the “SLR factor”, i.e., a factor from Rhizobium sp. fermentation that stimulated the growth of Streptococcus lactis R. (now called Streptococcus faecalis), which is now known to be a folate activity
Riboflavin
Vitamin B2; a constituent of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
Sideroblastic anemia
A microcytic anemia in the presence of high iron stores; seen in vitamin B6 deficiency.
SLR factor
Obsolete term for the Streptococcus lactis R. (now called S. faecalis) growth promotant later called “rhizopterin” and now known to be a folic acid activity
Sodium-ascorbate co-transporter 1 (SVCT1) and 2 (SVCT2)
A transporter for vitamin C absorption in the small intestine.
Streptogenin
A peptide present in liver and in enzymatic hydrolysates of casein and other proteins which promotes growth of mice and certain microorganisms (hemolytic streptococci and lactobacilli); not considered a vitamin
tocotrienols
A class of vitamin E molecules with unsaturated phytyl side chains.
Vitamin A
Accepted designation of retinoids that prevent xerophthalmia and nyctalopia, and are essential for epithelial maintenance
Vitamin B1
Synonym for thiamin
Vitamin B10
Growth promotant for chicks; likely a mixture of folic acid and vitamin B12
Vitamin B11
Apparently the same as “vitamin B10”
Vitamin B12
Accepted designation of the cobalamins (cyano- and aquocobalamins) that prevent pernicious anemia and promote growth in animals
Vitamin B12a
Synonym for aquacobalamin
Vitamin B12b
Synonym for hydroxocobalamin
Vitamin B12c
Synonym for nitritocobalamin
Vitamin B13
Synonym for orotic acid, an intermediate of pyrimidine metabolism; not considered a vitamin
Vitamin B15
Synonym for “pangamic acid”; no proven biological value
Vitamin B17
Synonym for laetrile, a cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of anticarcinogenic activity; not considered a vitamin
Vitamin B3
Infrequently used synonym for pantothenic acid; was also used for nicotinic acid
Vitamin B4
Unconfirmed activity preventing muscular weakness in rats and chicks; believed to be a mixture of arginine, glycine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine
Vitamin B5
Unconfirmed growth promotant for pigeons; probably niacin
Vitamin B6
Synonym for pyridoxine
Vitamin B7
Unconfirmed digestive promoter for pigeons; may be a mixture; also “vitamin I”
Vitamin B8
Adenylic acid; no longer classified as a vitamin
Vitamin Bc
Obsolete term for pteroylglutamic acid
Vitamin Bp
Activity preventing perosis in chicks; replaceable by choline and Mn
Vitamin Bt
Activity promoting insect growth; identified as carnitine
Vitamin Bx
Activity associated with pantothenic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid
Vitamin C
Accepted designation of the antiscorbutic factor, ascorbic acid
Vitamin C2
Unconfirmed antipneumonia activity; also called “vitamin J”
Vitamin D
Accepted designation of the antirachitic factor (the calciferols)
Vitamin D2
Accepted designation for ergocalciferol (a vitamin D-active substance derived from plant sterols)
Vitamin E
Accepted designation for tocopherols active in preventing myopathies and certain types of infertility in animals
Vitamin F
Obsolete term for essential fatty acids; also an abandoned term for thiamin activity
Vitamin G
Obsolete term for riboflavin activity; also an abandoned term for the “pellagra-preventive factor” (niacin)
Vitamin H
Obsolete term for biotin activity
Vitamin I
Mixture also formerly called “vitamin B7”
Vitamin J
Postulated antipneumonia factor also formerly called “vitamin C2”
vitamin K carboxylase
The enzyme responsible for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to form γ- carboxyglutamic acid in key proteins.
vitamin K cycle
A series of coupled reactions by which vitamin K converts glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamate.
Vitamin K1
Accepted designation for phylloquinones (vitamin K-active substances produced by plants)
Vitamin K2
Accepted designation for prenylmenaquinones (vitamin K-active substances synthesized by microorganisms and produced from other vitamers K by animals)
Vitamin K3
Accepted designation for menadione (synthetic vitamin K-active substance not found in nature)
Vitamin L1
Unconfirmed liver filtrate activity, probably related to anthranilic acid, proposed as necessary for lactation
Vitamin L2
Unconfirmed yeast filtrate activity, probably related to adenosine, proposed as necessary for lactation
Vitamin M
Obsolete term for antianemic factor in yeast now known to be pteroylglutamic acid
Vitamin N
Obsolete term for a mixture proposed to inhibit cancer
Vitamin P
Activity reducing capillary fragility related to citrin, which is no longer classified as a vitamin
Vitamin R
Obsolete term for folic acid; from Norris’ chick antianemic “factor R”
Vitamin S
Chick growth activity related to the peptide “streptogenin”; the term was also applied to a bacterial growth activity probably related to biotin
Vitamin T
Unconfirmed group of activities isolated from termites, yeasts, or molds and reported to improve protein utilization in rats
Vitamin U
Unconfirmed activity from cabbage proposed to cure ulcers and promote bacterial growth; may have folic acid activity
Vitamin V
Tissue-derived activity promoting bacterial growth; probably related to NAD
Wills’ factor
Obsolete term for the antianemic factor in yeast now known to be a form of folate
Zoopherin
Obsolete term for a rat growth factor now known as vitamin B12
