BIO - TERMS - ANTIBODY Flashcards
Adaptive response
Th e immune response consisting of antibody (humoral) and T lymphocyte-mediated responses; unlike the innate response, the adaptive response is tailored to the particular foreign invader; the adaptive response has memory: subsequent infections by the same agent are met with a robust and highly specifi c response. Also known as the acquired immune response. (Chapters 2 and 4)
alemtuzumab
Antibody to CD52 used for lymphocyte depletion, such as for T-cell depletion during bone marrow allografts used in treating chronic myeloid leukemia.
anti-human immune serum globulin (anti-HISG)
An antibody that reacts specifically with human antibodies.
antibody repertoire
The total variety of antibodies in the body of an individual.
antibody titer
The amount of antibody in serum.
antibody-mediated immunity
Immune response involving B-lymphocytes; involves release of antibodies from plasma cells
antitoxin
A specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial exotoxin or its toxoid.
antivenin
Antibody raised against the venom of a poisonous snake or other organism and which can be used as an immediate treatment for the bite to neutralize the venom.
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
An autoimmune disease in which antibodies against platelets are made. Antibody binding to platelets causes them to be taken up by cells with Fc receptors and complement receptors, resulting in a decrease in platelet count that leads to purpura (bleeding).
basiliximab
Antibody to human CD25 used to block IL-2 receptor signaling in T cells for treatment of rejection in renal transplantation.
C1 complex, C1
Protein complex activated as the first step in the classical pathway of complement activation, composed of C1q bound to two molecules each of the proteases C1r and C1s. Binding of a pathogen or antibody to C1q activates C1r, which cleaves and activates C1s, which cleaves C4 and C2.
CD40 ligand deficiency
An immunodeficiency disease in which little or no IgG, IgE, or IgA antibody is produced and even IgM responses are deficient, but serum IgM levels are normal to high. It is due to a defect in the gene encoding CD40 ligand (CD154), which prevents class switching from occurring. Also known as X-linked hyper IgM syndrome, reflecting location of gene that encodes CD40L on the X chromosome and phenotype of elevated IgM antibody relative to other immunoglobulins.
chimeric monoclonal antibody
A genetically engineered antibody made of human constant regions and mouse variable regions.
chromatin immunoprecipitation
Technique by which chromosomal DNA bound by a particular protein can be isolated and identified by precipitating it by means of an antibody against the protein.
common variable immunodeficiencies (CVIDs)
A relatively common deficiency in antibody production in which only one or a few isotypes are affected. It can be due to a variety of genetic defects.
daclizumab
Antibody to human CD25 used to block IL-2 receptor signaling in T cells for treatment of rejection in renal transplantation.
epitope tag
A protein sequence or domain bound by some well-characterized antibody.
fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique
A diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorochromes and viewed through a fluorescence microscope; also called immunofluorescence.
germline theory
An excluded hypothesis that antibody diversity was encoded by a separate germline gene for each antibody, known not to be true for most vertebrates, although cartilaginous fishes do have some rearranged V regions in the germline.
hapten carrier effect
Antibody production against a small chemical group, the hapten, following its attachment to a carrier protein for which an immune response has been generated.
heavy chain, H chain
One of the two types of protein chain in an immunoglobulin molecule, the other being called the light chain. There are several different classes, or isotypes, of heavy chain (α,δ, ε, γ, and μ), each of which confers a distinctive functional activity on the antibody molecule. Each immunoglobulin molecule contains two identical heavy chains.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
A severe form of Rh hemolytic disease in which maternal anti-Rh antibody enters the fetus and produces a hemolytic anemia so severe that the fetus has mainly immature erythroblasts in the peripheral blood.
humanized antibody
Human antibodies produced by genetically modified mice.
IgA deficiency
The class of immunoglobulin characterized by α heavy chains. It is the most common type of immunodeficiency. It can occur in a monomeric and a polymeric (mainly dimeric) form. Polymeric IgA is the main antibody secreted by mucosal lymphoid tissues.
IL-6
Interleukin-6, a cytokine produced by activated macrophages and which has many effects, including lymphocyte activation, the stimulation of antibody production, and the induction of fever.
immunity
(i-myū′ni-tē) Ability of the body to protect itself against potentially harmful substances; includes antibody-mediated immunity and innate immunity.
immunogold electron microscopy
Method to localize specific macromolecules using a primary antibody that binds to the molecule of interest and is then detected with a secondary antibody to which a colloidal gold particle has been attached. The gold particle is electron-dense and can be seen as a black dot in the electron microscope.
indirect FA test
A fluorescent-antibody test to detect the presence of specific antibodies.
infliximab
Chimeric antibody to TNF-α used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
ipilimumab
Antibody to human CTLA-4 used to treat melanoma, and first checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
isotypic exclusion
Describes the use of one or other of the light-chain isotypes, κ or λ, by a given B cell or antibody.
Kappa chain
One of two classes of antibody light chains (cf. Lambda chain).
Lambda chain
One of two classes of antibody light chains (cf. Kappa chain).
Monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant
Viral mutants selected to propagate in the presence of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies; oft en carry mutations in viral genes encoding structural proteins. (Chapter 4)
muromomab
A mouse antibody against human CD3 used to treat transplant rejection; this was the first monoclonal antibody approved as a drug in humans.
natalizumab
Humanized antibody to α4 integrin used to treat Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis. It blocks lymphocytes’ adhesion to endothelium, impairing their migration into tissues.
naturally acquired active immunity
Antibody production in response to an infectious disease.
nivolumab
Human anti-PD-1 antibody used for checkpoint blockade in treatment of metastatic melanoma.
papain
A protease that cleaves the IgG antibody molecule on the aminoterminal side of disulfide linkages, producing two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.
pembrolizumab
Human anti-PD-1 antibody used for checkpoint blockade in treatment of metastatic melanoma.
Primary antibody response
Th e response of B cells following fi rst exposed to a pathogen. (Chapter 4)
primary focus
Site of early antibody production by plasmablasts in medullary cords of lymph nodes that precedes the germinal center reaction and differentiation of plasma cells.
respiratory burst
An oxygen-requiring metabolic change in neutrophils and macrophages that have taken up opsonized particles, such as complementor antibody-coated bacteria, by phagocytosis. It leads to the production of toxic metabolites that are involved in killing the engulfed microorganisms.
rheumatoid factor
An anti-IgG antibody of the IgM class first identified in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but which is also found in healthy individuals.
rituximab
A chimeric antibody to CD20 used to eliminate B cells in treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
secretory IgA (SIgA)
Polymeric IgA antibody (mainly dimeric) containing bound J chain and secretory component. It is the predominant form of immunoglobulin in most human secretions.
single-chain antibody
Referring to the heavy-chain-only IgGs produced by camelids or shark species that lack the light chain present in conventional antibodies.
staphylococcal protein A (Spa)
Staphylococcal protein that blocks the binding of the antibody Fc region with C1, thereby preventing complement activation.
T follicular helper (TFH) cell
An effector T cell found in lymphoid follicles that provides help to B cells for antibody production and class switching.
T-DM1
An antibody-drug conjugate combining trastuzumab (Herceptin) with mertansine used to treat recurrent metastatic breast cancer previously treated with a different trastuzumab drug conjugate.
tocilizumab
Humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody used in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
trastuzumab
Humanized antibody to HER-2/neu used in treatment of breast cancer.
TRIM21 (tripartite motif-containing 21)
A cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ligase that is activated by IgG and can ubiquitinate viral proteins after an antibody-coated virus enters the cytoplasm.
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-linked SCID)
An immunodeficiency disease in which T-cell development fails at an early intrathymic stage and no production of mature T cells or T-cell dependent antibody occurs. It is due to a defect in a gene that encodes the γc chain shared by the receptors for several different cytokines.
