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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - BODY > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - BODY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

abduction

A

(ab-dŭk′shŭn) Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

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2
Q

adduction

A

(ăd-dŭk′shŭn) Medial movement of a body part toward the midline.

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3
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

The intensity of exercise at which the body cannot meet its energy demand with aerobic means; the point at which lactate production outweighs buffering capacities.

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4
Q

anatomic position

A

Standing upright, arms at the sides with palms forward and feet flat on the floor; reference position for naming body regions.

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5
Q

android

A

A pattern of adipose tissue accumulation, mainly in the trunk and upper body; often referred to as “appleshaped” or central obesity. Android fat accumulation is more common in males and increases the risk of obesityrelated diseases.

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6
Q

atrophy

A

(at′rō-fē) Wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body.

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7
Q

axial

A

(ak′sē-ăl) Relating to or situated in the central part of the body—the head, neck, and trunk; e.g., the axial skeleton.

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8
Q

axial muscle

A

A muscle that controls movements of the trunk of the body.

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9
Q

core body temperature

A

Temperature at the core of the body in and around vital organs.

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10
Q

coronal

A

(kōr′ō-năl) A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts; also called frontal plane.

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11
Q

densitometry

A

Method of assessing body composition based on body density assessment, including underwater weighing and plethysmography.

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12
Q

depression

A

(dē-presh′ŭn) Inferior displacement of a body part.

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13
Q

direct calorimetry

A

A method to assess whole-body energy expenditure; heat energy released by the body warms a layer of fluid surrounding a specialized room (metabolic chamber), and the change in fluid temperature is the energy expended.

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14
Q

disease

A

An abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions; any change from a state of health.

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15
Q

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Assesses body composition using low levels of x-rays; includes assessment of bone tissue.

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16
Q

elevation

A

(el-ĕ-vā′shŭn) Superior movement of a body part.

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17
Q

endochondral ossification

A

(endō- kon′drāl os′i-fi-kā′shŭn) Bone formation that takes place within hyaline cartilage; used to form most bones of the body.

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18
Q

energy (calorie) balance

A

The balance between energy consumed (and absorbed) and energy expended by the body.

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19
Q

eutrophication

A

The addition of organic matter and subsequent removal of oxygen from a body of water.

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20
Q

excretion

A

(eks-krē′-shŭn) Process of removing waste products from the body.

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21
Q

fat-free mass (FFM)

A

The mass of the body that is not fat, including muscle, bone, skin, and organs.

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22
Q

fever

A

An abnormally high body temperature.

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23
Q

Germinal mutation

A

A mutation that occurs in the reproductive cells (germ-line cells) of the body and is transmitted to progeny (cf. Somatic mutation).

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24
Q

Gynandromorph

A

An individual in which one part of the body is female and another part is male; a sex mosaic.

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25
Q

gynoid

A

A pattern of adipose tissue accumulation, mainly in the lower body, including the legs, hips, and buttocks; it is often referred to as “pear-shaped” obesity. More common in females.

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26
Q

healthy weight

A

For a particular gender, height, and build, the body weight associated with a lower risk of disease.

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27
Q

Human Microbiome Project

A

A project to characterize the microbial communities found on the human body.

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28
Q

hyperextension

A

(hı̄′per-eksten′ shŭn) Extension of a body part beyond its normal range of movement.

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29
Q

hyperventilation

A

(hı̄-pĕr-ven′tilā′ shŭn) Increase in the breathing rate or depth above the body’s metabolic need.

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30
Q

hypoventilation

A

Decrease in the breathing rate or depth that does not adequately meet the metabolic needs of the body.

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31
Q

infection

A

The growth of microorganisms in the body.

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32
Q

interstitial

A

(in-ter-stish′ăl) Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but not a body cavity; e.g., interstitial fluid occupies the extracellular environment of the cells.

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33
Q

Invasive methods

A

Originally defined as a medical procedure in which breaks in the skin are created or the body cavity is entered; in cell-biology this term is used for visualization of excised, fixed, and sectioned cells/tissues/organs.

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34
Q

James–Lange theory

A

A theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion is a consequence of physiological changes in the body.

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35
Q

lean body mass (LBM)

A

Sum of the body’s fat-free mass and essential fat.

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36
Q

limnetic zone

A

The surface zone of an inland body of water away from the shore.

37
Q

lipostatic hypothesis

A

A hypothesis proposing that body fat is maintained homeostatically at a specific level.

38
Q

local infection

A

An infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.

39
Q

lymph nodes

A

A type of peripheral lymphoid organ present in many locations throughout the body where lymphatic vessels converge.

40
Q

M-type ganglion cell

A

A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a large cell body and dendritic arbor, a transient response to light, and no sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called M cell.

41
Q

meatus

A

(mē-ā′tŭs) Passage or opening in the body; e.g., external acoustic meatus.

42
Q

mechanical transmission

A

The process by which arthropods transmit infections by carrying pathogens on their feet and other body parts.

43
Q

metamerism

A

Division of the body into segments, as in insects, for example.

44
Q

midsagittal

A

(mid-saj′-i-tăl) Vertical plane cutting the body or body part into an even left and right half.

45
Q

mucosal epithelia

A

Mucus-coated epithelia lining the body’s internal cavities that connect with the outside (such as the gut, airways, and vaginal tract).

46
Q

muscle cells

A

The unit of muscle responsible for contraction of movement of the human body.

47
Q

neglect syndrome

A

A neurological disorder in which a part of the body or a part of the visual fi eld is ignored or suppressed; most commonly associated with damage to posterior parietal areas of the brain.

48
Q

neurite

A

A thin tube extending from a neuronal cell body; the two types are axons and dendrites.

49
Q

organ

A

Composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.

50
Q

P-type ganglion cell

A

A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a small cell body and dendritic arbor, a sustained response to light, and sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called P cell.

51
Q

parietal

A

(pă-rı̄′ĕ-tăl) Relating to the wall of any ventral body cavity.

52
Q

perikaryon

A

The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or cell body.

53
Q

period of convalescence

A

The recovery period, when the body returns to its predisease state.

54
Q

physiology

A

(fiz-ē-ol′ō-jē) Study of how body parts function together.

55
Q

plethysmography

A

Method of estimating body composition based on densitometry. Body volume is based on air displacement.

56
Q

Polar bodies

A

In female animals, the smaller cells produced at meiosis that do not develop into egg cells. The first polar body is produced at division I and may not go through division II. The second polar body is produced at division II.

57
Q

portal of entry

A

The avenue by which a pathogen gains access to the body.

58
Q

portal of exit

A

The route by which a pathogen leaves the body.

59
Q

primary sensory neuron

A

A neuron specialized to detect environmental signals at the body’s sensory surfaces.

60
Q

profundal zone

A

The deeper water under the limnetic zone in an inland body of water.

61
Q

proglottid

A

A body segment of a tapeworm containing both male and female organs.

62
Q

proprioception

A

The sensation of body position and movement using sensory signals from muscles, joints, and skin.

63
Q

protraction

A

(prō-trak′shun) Movement of a body part anteriorly in a horizontal plane; e.g., thrusting out of the mandible (chin).

64
Q

psychological constructionist theories of emotion

A

Explanations of emotions in which each emotion is an emergent consequence of combining non-emotional psychological components such as body sensations and attention.

65
Q

pyramidal cell

A

A neuron characterized by a pyramid- shaped cell body and elongated dendritic tree; found in the cerebral cortex.

66
Q

relative strength

A

The ratio between the athlete’s maximum strength and his body weight or lean body mass.

67
Q

skeleton

A

(skel′ĕ-tŏn) Bony framework of the body; collectively, all the bones of the body.

68
Q

soma

A

The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called cell body or perikaryon.

69
Q

somatic sensation

A

The senses of touch, temperature, body position, and pain.

70
Q

stability (of training stimuli)

A

The body needs a certain number of exposures to a training stimulus for an adaptation to be induced; the repetitiveness of the training stimulus defines its stability.

71
Q

starvation

A

A state of negative energy balance in which energy intake fails to meet the body’s demands, resulting in a loss of fat tissue. See also obesity.

72
Q

striatum

A

A collective term for the caudate nucleus and putamen; involved in the initiation of willed movements of the body; plays a role in procedural memory.

73
Q

subluxation

A

(sŭb-lŭk-sā′shŭn) Incomplete dislocation of a body part.

74
Q

symptom

A

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease.

75
Q

systemic (generalized) infection

A

An infection throughout the body.

76
Q

Systemic infection

A

An infection that results in spread to many organs of the body. (Chapter 2)

77
Q

Target

A

Any component of the human body that can be affected by a drug.

78
Q

terminal differentiation

A

The limit of cell determination when a cell forms one of the highly specialized cell types of the adult body.

79
Q

terminally differentiated

A

A cell at the limit of cell determination, being one of the highly specialized cell types of the adult body.

80
Q

total energy expenditure (TEE)

A

Sum of all energyreleasing processes of the human body.

81
Q

underwater weighing (UWW)

A

Technique for assessing body composition (fat mass and lean body mass) by applying a person’s weight underwater as an estimator of volume.

82
Q

urethra

A

(ū-rē′thră) Tube that extends from the bladder for transport of urine to the exterior of the body.

83
Q

vellus

A

(vel′ŭs) Fine, nonpigmented hair covering most of the fetal body.

84
Q

velocity

A

The speed of movement of the body or an object.

85
Q

viscera

A

(vis′er-ă) Internal organs of the body; especially those in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

86
Q

Basal body

A

Small granule to which a cilium or flagellum is attached.

87
Q

bodybuilding

A

A sport in which muscle size, definition, and symmetry determine the winner.

88
Q

elementary body

A

The infectious form of chlamydiae.

89
Q

reticulate body

A

The intracellular growing stage of chlamydiae.

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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