BIO - TERMS - RECEPTOR Flashcards
2B4
A receptor belonging to the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family expressed by NK cells, which binds to CD48, another SLAM receptor. These signal through SAP and Fyn to promote survival and proliferation.
acetylcholine receptor (AChR)
Membrane protein that responds to binding of acetylcholine (ACh). The nicotinic AChR is a transmitter-gated ion channel that opens in response to ACh. The muscarinic AChR is not an ion channel, but a G-protein-coupled cell-surface receptor.
activating receptors
On NK cells, a receptor whose stimulation results in activation of the cell’s cytotoxic activity.
Adrenergic receptors
Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine.
anakinra
A recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) used to block IL-1 receptor activation and used in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
anaphylatoxins
Pro-inflammatory complement fragments C5a and C3a released by cleavage during complement activation. They are recognized by specific receptors, and recruit fluid and inflammatory cells to the site of their release.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization)
Sex reversal caused by the absence of functional androgen receptors in a genotypic male.
ApoE
An apolipoprotein that mediates the endocytosis of remnant particles by binding to hepatic apo-E receptors.
autoreceptor
A receptor in the membrane of a presynaptic axon terminal that is sensitive to the neurotransmitter released by that terminal.
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA)
An inhibitory CD28-related receptor expressed by B and T lymphocytes that interacts with the herpes virus entry molecule (HVEM), a member of the TNF receptor family.
BAFF-R
Receptor for BAFF that can activate canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling and promote survival of B cells.
barbiturate
A class of drugs with sedative, general anesthetic, and anticonvulsant effects; barbiturates act in part by binding to GABAA receptors and prolonging their inhibitory actions.
baroreceptor
(bar′ō-rē-sep′ter, -tōr) Sensory receptor that detects stretch.
BCMA
Receptor of the TNFR superfamily that binds APRIL.
benzodiazepine
A class of drugs with antianxiety, sedative, muscle-relaxing, and anticonvulsant effects; acts by binding to GABAA receptors and prolonging their inhibitory actions.
Biosensors
Technical device to couple a response element by a biological receptor to a transformer which alters this recognition effect into a selective and sensitive signal.
brassinosteroids
Class of steroid signal molecules in plants that regulate the growth and differentiation of plants throughout their life cycle via binding to a cell-surface receptor kinase to initiate a signaling cascade.
broadly neutralizing antibodies
Antibodies that block viral infection by multiple strains. In reference to HIV, these are antibodies that block binding of the virus to CD4 and/or chemokine co-receptors.
C3dg
Breakdown product of iC3b that remains attached to the microbial surface, where it can bind complement receptor CR2.
C5a receptor
The cell-surface receptor for the pro-inflammatory C5a fragment of complement, present on macrophages and neutrophils.
C5L2 (GPR77)
Non-signaling decoy receptor for C5a expressed by phagocytes.
caspase 8
An initiator caspase activated by various receptors that activates the process of apoptosis.
caspase recruitment domain (CARD)
A protein domain present in some receptor tails that can dimerize with other CARD-domain-containing proteins, including caspases, thus recruiting them into signaling pathways.
CCR1
Chemokine receptor expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, and dendritic cells, that binds several chemokines, including CCL6 and CCL9.
CCR10
Chemokine receptor expressed by many cells that binds CCL27 and CCL28 that mediates intestinal recruitment of IgA-producing B lymphocytes.
CCR6
Chemokine receptor expressed by follicular and marginal zone B cells and dendritic cells that binds CCL20.
CCR7
Chemokine receptor expressed by all naive T and B cells, and some memory T and B cells, such as central memory T cells, that binds CCL19 and CCL21 made by dendritic cells and stromal cells in lymphoid tissues.
CCR9
Chemokine receptor expressed by dendritic cells, T cells, and thymocytes, and some γ:δ T cells, that binds CCL25 that mediates recruitment of gut-homing cells.
CD11b (αM integrin)
Integrin expressed by macrophages and some dendritic cells that functions with β2 integrin (CD18) as complement receptor 3 (CR3).
CD127
Also known as IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα), which pairs with the common γ chain of the IL-2 receptor family to form the IL-7 receptor. It is expressed by naive T cells and a subset of memory T cells to support their survival.
CD21
Another name for complement receptor 2 (CR2). See also B-cell co-receptor.
CD23
The low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE.
CD25
Also known as IL-2 receptorα (IL-2Rα), this is the high-affinity component of the IL-2 receptor, which also includes IL-2Rβ and the common γ chain. It is upregulated by activated T cells and is constitutively expressed by Treg cells to confer responsiveness to IL-2.
CD27
A TNF receptor-family protein constitutively expressed on naive T cells that binds CD70 on dendritic cells and delivers a potent co-stimulatory signal to T cells early in the activation process.
CD3 complex
The invariant proteins CD3γ, δ, and ε, and the dimeric ζ chains, which form the signaling complex of the T-cell receptor. Each of them contains one or more ITAM signaling motifs in their cytoplasmic tails.
CD94
A C-type lectin that is a subunit of the KLR-type receptors of NK cells.
cell receptor
A protein on the surface of a cell membrane to which other proteins can bind to initiate a specific cell reaction.
cholinergic receptor
A type of adrenergic receptor that binds nicotine.
chromodulin
An intracellular chromium-binding polypeptide that interacts with insulin at the cell membrane level by binding to the insulin receptor.
cognate
Describes two biomolecules that normally interact; for example, an enzyme and its usual substrate, or a receptor and its usual ligand.
control center
Structure in a feedback cycle interpreting information from a receptor and sending information to an effector to produce a response.
Coreceptor
A cell surface molecule that is required, in addition to the receptor, for entry of virus particles into cells. (Chapter 5)
CR1 (CD35)
A receptor expressed by phagocytic cells that binds to C3b. It stimulates phagocytosis and inhibits C3 convertase formation on host-cell surfaces.
CR3 (CD11b:CD18)
Complement receptor 3. A β2 integrin that acts both as an adhesion molecule and as a complement receptor. CR3 on phagocytes binds iC3b, a breakdown product of C3b on pathogen surfaces, and stimulates phagocytosis.
CR4 (CD11c:CD18)
A β2 integrin that acts both as an adhesion molecule and as a complement receptor. CR4 on phagocytes binds iC3b, a breakdown product of C3b on pathogen surfaces, and stimulates phagocytosis.
CTLA-4
A high-affinity inhibitory receptor on T cells for B7 molecules; its binding inhibits T-cell activation.
Curare
An arrow poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction.
CX3CR1
Chemokine receptor expressed by monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and activated T cells that binds CXCL1 (Fractalkine).
CXCR5
A chemokine receptor expressed by circulating B cells and activated T cells that binds the chemokine CXCL13 and directs cell migration into the follicle.
cyclic reentry model
An explanation of the behavior of B cells in lymphoid follicles, proposing that activated B cells in germinal centers lose and gain expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and thus move from the light zone to the dark zone and back again under the influence of the chemokine CXCL12.
cytomegalovirus UL16 protein
A nonessential glycoprotein of cytomegalovirus that is recognized by innate receptors expressed by NK cells.
DAP10, DAP12
Signaling chains containing ITAMS that are associated with the tails of some activating receptors on NK cells.
Dectin-1
A phagocytic receptor on neutrophils and macrophages that recognizes β-1,3-linked glucans, which are common components of fungal cell walls.
Delta
Single-pass transmembrane signal protein displayed on the surface of cells that binds to the Notch receptor protein on a neighboring cell, activating a contact-dependent signaling mechanism.
diacyl and triacyl lipoproteins
Ligands for the Toll-like receptors TLR1:TLR2 and TLR2:TLR6.
Dishevelled
Scaffold protein recruited to the Frizzled family of cell-surface receptors upon their activation by Wnt binding that helps relay the signal to other signaling molecules.
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
A hypothesis suggesting that schizophrenia is caused by excessive activation of D2 receptors in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in the brain.
double-negative thymocytes
Immature T cells in the thymus that lack expression of the two co-receptors CD4 and CD8 and represent the progenitors to the remaining T cells developing in the thymus. In a normal thymus, these represent about 5% of thymocytes.
double-positive thymocytes
Immature T cells in the thymus that are characterized by expression of both the CD4 and the CD8 co-receptor proteins. They represent the majority (about 80%) of thymocytes and are the progenitors to the mature CD4 and CD8 T cells.
EBI2 (GPR183)
A chemokine receptor that binds oxysterols and regulates B-cell movement to the outer follicular and interfollicular regions during early phases of B-cell activation in lymphoid tissues.
effector CD4 T cells
The subset of differentiated effector T cells carrying the CD4 co-receptor molecule, which includes the TH1, TH2, TH17, and regulatory T cells.
endocannabinoid
A natural (endogenous) chemical that binds to, and activates, cannabinoid (CB) receptors.
Erk
Extracellular signal-related kinase, a protein kinase that is the MAPK for one module of the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. Erk also functions in other receptors in other cell types.
etanercept
Fc fusion protein containing the p75 subunit of the TNF receptor that neutralizes TNF-α used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
exteroceptor
(eks′ter-ō-sep′ter, -tōr) Sensory receptor in the skin, in mucous membrane, or in one of the special senses that responds to external stimuli.
extracellular signal molecule
Any secreted or cell-surface chemical signal that binds to receptors and regulates the activity of the cell expressing the receptor.
familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS)
An episodic autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the gene NLRP3, encoding NLRP3, a member of the NOD-like receptor family and a component of the inflammasome. The symptoms are induced by exposure to cold.
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Inherited deficiency of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors.
farsenoid X receptor (FXR)
A nuclear receptor that binds to a promoter of genes involved with bile metabolism.
Fas (Fas protein, Fas death receptor)
Transmembrane death receptor that initiates apoptosis when it binds its extracellular ligand (Fas ligand).
Fas ligand
Ligand that activates the cell-surface death receptor, Fas, triggering the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor)
Neonatal Fc receptor, a receptor that transports IgG from mother to fetus across the placenta, and across other epithelia such as the epithelium of the gut.
FcγR1 (CD64)
Fc receptor highly expressed by monocytes and macrophages that has the highest affinity of the Fc receptors for IgG.
FcγRIIB-1
An inhibitory receptor on B cells that recognizes the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. FcγRIIB-1 contains an ITIM motif in its cytoplasmic tail.
FcγRIII
Cell-surface receptors that bind the Fc portion of IgG molecules.
Fibrate drugs
Lipid-lowering drugs that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α).
Frizzled
Family of cell-surface receptors that are seven-pass transmembrane proteins that resemble GPCRs in structure but do not generally work through the activation of G proteins. Activated by Wnt binding to recruit the scaffold protein Dishevelled, which helps relay the signal to other signaling molecules.
Glitazone drugs
Pharmacological activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) that sensitize cells to insulin.
glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
A hypothesis suggesting that schizophrenia is caused by the reduced activation of NMDA receptors in the brain.
hemochromatosis protein
A protein expressed by intestinal epithelial cells that regulates iron uptake and transport by interacting with the transferrin receptor to decrease its affinity for iron-loaded transferrin.
HER-2/neu
A receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in many cancers, particularly breast cancer, that is the target of trastuzumab (Herceptin) used in its treatment.
Histidine kinase domain
Part of protein kinases that often function as receptors in two-component signal transduction chains; histidine kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to a histidine residue of its dimeric interaction partners; the activated phosphate can be transposed to aspartate residues of receiver domain proteins.
ICOS (inducible co-stimulatory)
A CD28-related co-stimulatory receptor that is induced on activated T cells and can enhance T-cell responses. It binds a co-stimulatory ligand known as ICOSL (ICOS ligand), which is distinct from the B7 molecules.
IFN-λ
Also called type III interferons, this family includes IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29, which bind a common receptor expressed by a limited set of epithelial tissues.
IFN-λ receptor
Receptor composed of a unique IL-28Rα subunit and the β subunit of the IL-10 receptor that recognizes IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Igα, Igβ See B-cell receptor.
inhibitory receptors
On NK cells, receptors whose stimulation results in suppression of the cell’s cytotoxic activity.
innate recognition receptors
General term for a large group of proteins that recognize many different inflammatory inducers and that are encoded in the germline and do not need gene rearrangement in somatic cells to be expressed.
interferon-α receptor (IFNAR)
This receptor recognizes IFN-α and IFN-β to activate STAT1 and STAT2 and induce expression of many ISGs.
interoceptor
(in′ter-ō-sep′ter) Sensory receptors within the walls of the viscera (organs). Also known as a visceroceptor.
IP3-gated Ca2+-release channel (IP3 receptor)
Gated Ca2+ channel in the ER membrane that opens on binding cytosolic IP3, releasing stored Ca2+ into the cytosol.
kainate receptor
A subtype of glutamate receptor; a glutamate-gated ion channel that is permeable to Na+ and K+.
killer cell lectin-like receptors (KLRs)
Large family of receptors present on NK cells, through which the cells’ cytotoxic activity is controlled. The family contains both activating and inhibitory receptors.
large pre-B cell
Stage of B-cell development immediately after the pro-B cell, in which the cell expresses the pre-B-cell receptor and undergoes several rounds of division.
Leprechaunism
A serious disorder caused by congenital absence of functional insulin receptors.
leucine-rich repeat (LRR)
Protein motifs that are repeated in series to form, for example, the extracellular portions of Toll-like receptors.
leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases
Common type of receptor serine/threonine kinase in plants that contains a tandem array of leucine-rich repeat sequences in its extracellular portion.
ligand-binding method
A method that uses radioactive receptor ligands (agonists or antagonists) to locate neurotransmitter receptors.
Ly49 receptors
A family of C-type lectins expressed by mouse, but not human, NK cells. These can be either activating or inhibitory in function.
missing self
Refers to the loss of cell-surface molecules that engage with inhibitory receptors on NK cells, resulting in NK-cell activation.
motheaten
A mutation in the SHP-1 protein phosphatase that impairs the function of some inhibitory receptors, such as Ly49, resulting in overactivation of various cells, including NK cells. Mice with this mutation have a ‘motheaten’ appearance due to chronic inflammation.
muscle spindle
A specialized structure within skeletal muscles that senses muscle length; provides sensory information to neurons in the spinal cord via group Ia axons; also called stretch receptor.
myasthenia gravis
An autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor on skeletal muscle cells cause a block in neuromuscular junctions, leading to progressive weakness and eventually death.
natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)
Activating receptors on NK cells that recognize infected cells and stimulate cell killing by the NK cell.
neuroleptic drug
An antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors; examples are chlorpromazine and clozapine.
nicotinic ACh receptor
A class of acetylcholinegated ion channel found in various locations, notably at the neuromuscular junction.
Nicotinic receptors
Acetylcholine-operated cation channels.
NK receptor complex (NKC)
A cluster of genes that encode a family of receptors on NK cells.
NKG2
Family of C-type lectins that supply one of the subunits of KLR-family receptors on NK cells.
NKG2D
Activating C-type lectin receptor on NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γ:δ T cells that recognizes the stress-response proteins MIC-A and MIC-B. NLRC4 An NLR family member that cooperates with NAIP2 and NAIP5.
NLRP family
A group of 14 NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins that contain a pyrin domain and function in the formation of a signaling complex called the inflammasome.
NLRP3
A member of the family of intracellular NOD-like receptor proteins that have pyrin domains. It acts as a sensor of cellular damage and is part of the inflammasome. Sometimes called NALP3.
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with leucine-rich repeat motifs; they are exclusively cytoplasmic and recognize a distinct set of microbial molecules.
NOD1, NOD2
Intracellular proteins of the NOD subfamily that contain a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain that binds components of bacterial cell walls to activate the NFκB pathway and initiate inflammatory responses. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Large family of proteins containing a nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) associated with various other domains, and whose general function is the detection of microbes and of cellular stress.
nonreceptor kinase
Cytoplasmic protein kinases that associate with the intracellular tails of signaling receptors and help generate the signal but are not an intrinsic part of the receptor itself.
Notch
Transmembrane receptor protein (and latent transcription regulator) involved in many cell-fate choices in animal development, for example in the specification of nerve cells from ectodermal epithelium. Its ligands are cell-surface proteins such as Delta and Serrate.
nuclear export receptors
Bind to both the export signal and nuclear pore complex proteins to guide their cargo through the nuclear pore complex to the cytosol.
nuclear import receptors
Recognize nuclear localization signals to initiate nuclear import of proteins containing the appropriate nuclear localization signal.
nuclear transport receptor (karyopherin)
Protein that escorts macromolecules either into or out of the nucleus: nuclear import receptor or nuclear export receptor.
olfactory bulb
A bulb-shaped brain structure derived from the telencephalon that receives input from olfactory receptor neurons.
olfactory epithelium
A sheet of cells lining part of the nasal passages that contains olfactory receptor neurons.
olfactory receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors on the modified cilia of olfactory receptor neurons that recognize odors. The receptors activate adenylyl cyclase via an olfactory specific G protein (Golf) and resultant increases in cAMP open cyclic-AMP-gated cation channels, allowing Na+ influx and depolarization and initiation of a nerve impulse.
opioid receptor
A membrane protein that selectively binds natural (e.g., endorphin) and synthetic (e.g., morphine) opioid substances.
organ of Corti
An auditory receptor organ that contains hair cells, rods of Corti, and supporting cells.
outer hair cell
An auditory receptor cell located farther from the modiolus than the rods of Corti in the inner ear.
Output-domain
Part of receptors that transmits input signals into biochemical signals inside the cell; output domains trigger downstream signal responses.
PD-L2 (programmed death ligand-2, B7-DC)
Transmembrane receptor that binds to the inhibitory receptor PD-1; mainly expressed on dendritic cells.
plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)
A distinct lineage of dendritic cells that secrete large amounts of interferon on activation by pathogens and their products via receptors such as Toll-like receptors. Cf. conventional dendritic cells.
postsynaptic density
A postsynaptic membrane differentiation that is the site of neurotransmitter receptors.
pre-T-cell receptor
Receptor protein produced by developing T lymphocytes at the pre-T-cell stage. It is composed of TCRβ chains that pair with a surrogate α chain called pTα (pre-T-cell α), and is associated with the CD3 signaling chains. Signaling through this receptor induces pre-T-cell proliferation, expression of CD4 and CD8, and cessation of TCR β chain rearrangement.
purinergic receptor P2X7
An ATP-activated ion channel that allows potassium efflux from cells when activated, which can trigger inflammasome activation in response to excessive extracellular ATP.
Ras–MAP-kinase signaling pathway
Intracellular signaling pathway that relays signals from activated receptor tyrosine kinases to effector proteins in the cell including transcription regulators in the nucleus.
receptor agonist
A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it.
receptor antagonist
A drug that binds to a receptor and inhibits its function.
receptor potential
A stimulus-induced change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.
receptor subtype
One of several receptors to which a neurotransmitter binds.
recycling endosome
Organelle that provides an intermediate stage on the passage of recycled receptors back to the cell membrane. Regulates plasma membrane insertion of some proteins.
Rho family small GTPase proteins
Several distinct small GTPase family members that regulate the actin cytoskeleton in response to signaling through various receptors. Examples: Rac, Rho, and Cdc42.
ryanodine receptor
A regulated Ca2+ channel in the ER membrane that opens in response to rising Ca2+ levels and thus amplifies the Ca2+ signal.
sensory receptor
Structure that detects a stimulus.
single-positive thymocytes
A mature T cell that expresses either the CD4 or the CD8 co-receptor, but not both.
SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule)
A family of related cell-surface receptors that mediate adhesion between lymphocytes, that includes SLAM, 2B4, CD84, Ly106, Ly9, and CRACC.
Smad family
Latent transcription regulators that are phosphorylated and activated by receptor serine/threonine kinases and carry the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus.
Smoothened
Seven-pass transmembrane protein with a structure very similar to a GPCR but does not seem to act as a Hedgehog receptor or as an activator of G proteins; it is controlled by the Patched and iHog proteins.
somatotopy
The topographic organization of somatic sensory pathways in which neighboring receptors in the skin feed information to neighboring cells in a target structure.
SRP (signal-recognition particle) receptor
Component in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that guides the signal recognition particle to the ER membrane.
Susceptible
Producing the receptor(s) required for virus entry; refers to cells. (Chapter 2)
synaptic plasticity
Changes in the strength with which a chemical synapse transmits a signal. It is thought to be important in memory formation, where concentrations of postsynaptic AMPA receptor are modulated in response to a synapse’s activity.
T-cell receptor α (TCRα) and β (TCRβ)
The two chains of the α:β T-cell receptor.
TACI
A receptor for BAFF expressed on B cells that activates the canonical NFκB pathway.
taste bud
A cluster of cells, including taste receptor cells, in papillae of the tongue.
taste receptor cell
A modified epithelial cell that transduces taste stimuli.
thymic cortex
The outer region of each thymic lobule in which thymic progenitor cells (thymocytes) proliferate, rearrange their T-cell receptor genes, and undergo thymic selection, especially positive selection on thymic cortical epithelial cells.
TIR (for Toll–IL-1 receptor) domain
Domain in the cytoplasmic tails of the TLRs and the IL-1 receptor, which interacts with similar domains in intracellular signaling proteins.
TLR-11, TLR-12
Mouse Toll-like receptor that recognizes profilin and profilin-like proteins.
TLR-5
Cell-surface Toll-like receptor that recognizes the flagellin protein of bacterial flagella.
TNF-receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)
An autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent, periodic episodes of inflammation and fever caused by mutations in gene that encodes TNF receptor I. The defective TNFR-I proteins fold abnormally and accumulate in cells in such a way that they spontaneously activate production of TNF-α. See also familial Mediterranean fever.
transferrin receptor
Cell-surface receptor for transferrin (a soluble protein that carries iron) that delivers iron to the cell interior via receptor-mediated endocytosis and recycling of the receptor–transferrin complex.
trimeric G proteins
Members of the G protein family with three subunits, which function in a variety of signaling pathways. Inactive with GDP bound, they are activated by associated receptors as bound GDP is displaced by GTP, then inactivated by their intrinsic GTPase activity.
TRPM6
A membrane channel protein on enterocytes of the ileum for magnesium absorption via a saturable mechanism. Sometimes referred to as “transient receptor potential melastatin divalent cation-permeable channel protein.
TRPV6
A membrane channel for calcium absorption by small intestine enterocytes. Sometimes referred to as “transient receptor potential cation, subfamily V, member 6. turnover The replacement of existing biochemicals or cells with new ones.
two-component signaling systems
Signaltransducing systems found in bacteria and plants, composed of a receptor His kinase that phosphorylates an internal His residue when occupied by its ligand. It then catalyzes phosphoryl
tyrosine-kinase-associated receptor
Cell-surface receptor that functions similarly to RTKs, except that the kinase domain is encoded by a separate gene and is noncovalently associated with the receptor polypeptide chain.
variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)
Nonimmunoglobulin LRRcontaining variable receptors and secreted proteins expressed by the lymphocyte-like cells of the lamprey. They are generated by a process of somatic gene rearrangement.
virus receptor
Molecule on the host cell surface to which virus surface proteins bind to enable binding of virus to the cell surface.
Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Signaling pathway activated by binding of a Wnt protein to its cell-surface receptors. The pathway has several branches. In the major (canonical) branch, activation causes increased amounts of β-catenin to enter the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of genes controlling cell differentiation and proliferation. Overactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can lead to cancer.
ζ chain
One of the signaling chains associated with the T-cell receptor that has three ITAM motifs in its cytoplasmic tail.
