BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 4 Flashcards
1,2-Addition
Addition of a reactant to the two ends of a double bond.
acceleration
The ability to increase movement velocity in a minimum amount of time.
acyclic combined skill
Cyclic skills followed by an acyclic skill.
Aerenchyma
Tissue often be found in leaves, stems and roots of aquatic and wetland plants and refers to cavities that allow storage and transport of air.
agoraphobia
A mental disorder characterized by severe anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. alpha motor neuron A neuron that innervates the extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscle.
Alkylamines
Amino-substituted alkanes RNH2, R2NH, or R3N.
alveolus
(al-vē′ō-lŭs; pl., alveoli, -ō-lī) Small cavity. Air sac in the lungs; also, a milk-secreting portion of a mammary gland.
anaerobic intervals
A form of interval training in which very high-intensity bouts are retentively performed for short periods of time, with periods of rest interspersed between efforts.
anomia
The inability to find words.
Anthraquinones
Secondary metabolites with an anthracene skeleton; anthraquinones show strong laxative effects.
apnea
(ap′nē ă) Cessation of breathing.
appendix
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the beginning of the colon.
area MT
An area of neocortex, at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes, that receives input from primary visual cortex and appears to be specialized for the processing of object motion; also called V5.
Asexual reproduction
Any process of reproduction that does not involve the formation and union of gametes from the different sexes or mating types.
atonia
The absence of muscle tone.
autoradiography
A method for visualizing sites of radioactive emissions in tissue sections.
Balanced polymorphism
Two or more types of individuals maintained in the same breeding population by a selection mechanism.
basidiospore
A sexual fungal spore produced in a basidium, characteristic of the basidiomycetes.
bile
(bı̄l) Fluid secreted by the liver, stored, concentrated, and released from the gallbladder into the duodenum.
biocide
A substance capable of killing microorganisms.
biovar
A subgroup of a serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties; also called biotype.
bomb calorimeter
A piece of equipment designed to measure ΔEᵣₓₙ for combustion reactions at constant volume.
Broca’s aphasia
A language disturbance in which a person has difficulty speaking or repeating words but can understand language; also known as motor or nonfluent aphasia.
bullae (singular: bulla)
Large serum-filled vesicles in the skin.
capillary action
The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up a narrow tube due to adhesive and cohesive forces.
cartilaginous
(kar-ti′laj′i-nŭs) Relating to or consisting of cartilage.
cecum
(sē′kŭm) Blind pouch forming the first part of the large intestine.
cerebral aqueduct
A canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the midbrain.
checkpoint blockade
Approach to tumor therapy that attempts to interfere with the normal inhibitory signals that regulate lymphocytes.
Chi-square
A statistic used to test the goodness of fit of data to the predictions of an hypothesis.
chronological age
The age of the individual.
classical conditioning
A learning procedure in which a stimulus that evokes a measurable response is associated with another stimulus that normally does not evoke this response.
coffee-cup calorimeter
A piece of equipment designed to measure ΔHᵣₓₙ for aqueous reactions at constant pressure.
colorectal cancer
Cancer arising from the epithelium lining the colon (the large intestine) and rectum (the terminal segment of the gut).
complexity
Degree of sophistication and biomechanical difficulty of a skill.
Conditioning (microbial conditioning)
Changes on plant detritus because of microbial colonization that tend to make the substrate more suitable for invertebrate consumption.
Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1)
A central component of light regulation in plants; E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that functions as a repressor of photomorphogenesis during the seedling development of higher plants; functions as negative regulator downstream of many plant photoreceptors.
cortical module
The unit of cerebral cortex that is necessary and sufficient to analyze one discrete point in a sensory surface.
cranial
(krā′nē-ăl) Relating to the skull.
critical pressure
The pressure required to bring about a transition to a liquid at the critical temperature.
cryptopatches
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the gut wall that are thought to give rise to isolated lymphoid follicles.
cuticle
The outer covering of helminths.
Dale’s principle
The idea that a neuron has a unique identity with respect to neurotransmitter.
decolorizing agent
A solution used in the process of removing a stain.
delayed-onset muscle soreness
(DOMS)—Muscle soreness or pain that occurs 24 to 48 hr after a heavy bout of exercise.
dermatome
A region of skin innervated by the pair of dorsal roots from one spinal segment.
detraining syndrome
A syndrome that occurs when training is intentionally or unintentionally stopped and results in several maladaptations including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and alterations to the cardiovascular system; also known as relaxation syndrome, exercise abstinence, or exercise dependency syndrome.
differential stain
A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure.
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
The main constituent of lung surfactant.
distal
(dis′tăl) Far from the point of attachment at the trunk.
dopa
A chemical precursor of dopamine and the other catecholamines.
duplex theory of sound localization
The principle that two schemes function in sound localization: interaural time delay at low frequencies and interaural intensity difference at high frequencies.
Eclosion
Emergence of an adult insect from the pupal stage.
Elastomer
An amorphous polymer that has the ability to stretch out and spring back to its original shape.
Emphysema
A lung disease, characterized by degeneration of the alveolar walls.
Endophyte
Fungus that lives inside plants and often produces secondary metabolites.
enthalpy of solution (ΔHₛₒₗₙ)
The enthalpy change associated with the formation of a solution.
epiphyseal plate
Layer of hyaline cartilage located between a long bone diaphysis and epiphysis; allows longitudinal growth of the bone.
estrous cycle
The female reproductive cycle in most nonprimate mammals in which there are periodic episodes of estrus or “heat.”
Exo
A term indicating the stereochemistry of a substituent in a bridged bicycloalkane. An exo substituent is anti to the larger of the two bridges.
extrahepatic
Describes all tissues outside the liver; implies the centrality of the liver in metabolism.
fartlek
The Swedish word for “speed play;” a classic method for developing endurance.
fetal
(fē′tăl) Relating to the fetus; in humans, the fetal period extends from the ninth week of development until birth (typically at 38 weeks).
flatworm
An animal belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
folliculitis
An infection of hair follicles, often occurring as pimples.
free-energy change (DG)
The amount of free energy released (negative DG) or absorbed (positive DG) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure.
gas vacuole
A prokaryotic inclusion for buoyancy compensation.
germination
The process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore.
glycomics
The systematic characterization of the glycome.
Haber–Bosch process
The industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
Hebb synapse
A synapse that exhibits Hebbian modifications.
Hemosiderin
A partially denatured form of ferritin.
Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
γ-Chain production in an adult.
Heterozygote advantage
Improved survival and/or reproduction of heterozygous mutation carriers.
Hofmann rearrangement
The conversion of an amide into an amine by reaction with Br2 and base.
hydrogenation
The catalyzed addition of hydrogen to alkene double bonds to make single bonds.
hyperkyphosis
(hı̄′pĕr-kī-fō′sis) Exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic vertebral column.
Icosahedral symmetry
The symmetry of the icosahedron, the solid with 20 faces and 12 vertices related by axes of two-, three-, and fivefold rotational symmetry. (Chapter 4)
Inbreeding
Matings between related individuals.
infectious disease
A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host.
insula
Cerebral cortex, also known as insular cortex, that lies within the lateral sulcus between the temporal and parietal lobes.
interpolar microtubule
In the mitotic or meiotic spindle, a microtubule interdigitating at the equator with the microtubules emanating from the other pole.
Isotactic
A chain-growth polymer in which the stereochemistry of the substituents is oriented regularly along the backbone.
Kinetic control
A reaction that follows the lowest activation energy pathway is said to be kinetically controlled. The product is the most rapidly formed but is not necessarily the most stable.
lactate threshold
(LT)—The point at which lactate formation begins to abruptly increase above baseline.
lanugo
(lă-nū′gō) Fine, soft, unpigmented fetal hair.
law of conservation of energy
A law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
A neurological disorder caused by complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT).
limbic lobe
The hippocampus and cortical areas bordering the brain stem in mammals, which Broca proposed as a distinct lobe of the brain.
liter (L)
A unit of volume equal to 1000 cm3 or 1.057 qt.
low-intensity exercise endurance
(LIEE)—A form of endurance that relates to the ability to continuously perform work for a long duration of time.
macrocycle
A medium-term training cycle that lasts between 2 and 6 weeks.
marginal zone
Area of lymphoid tissue lying at the border of the white pulp in the spleen.
Maximum tolerated dose
Th e highest dose of a drug or other treatment that does not cause unacceptable side eff ects. (Chapter 9)
memory consolidation
The process by which short-term memories lasting hours to days are converted into long-term memories lasting weeks to years.
mesenteric lymph nodes
Lymph nodes located in the connective tissue (mesentery) that tethers the intestine to the rear wall of the abdomen. They drain the GALT.
metaphysis
(mĕ-taf′i-sis; pl., metaphyses, -sēz) Section of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
metric ton
A tonne, which is equivalent to 1,000 kg.
Microsatellites
Very small tandem repeats.
miracidium
The free-swimming, ciliated larva of a fluke that hatches from the egg.
Molar absorptivity
A quantitative measure of the amount of UV light absorbed by a sample.
monogamy
Mating behavior in which two individuals form a tightly bound relationship that includes exclusive or nearly exclusive mating with each other.
motor strip
A name for area 4 on the precentral gyrus; also called primary motor cortex.
Mutation-selection balance
The balance between new mutations and purifying selection that determines the prevalence of pathogenic mutations.
N-Acetylglutamate
An activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.
neocortex
The cerebral cortex, with six or more layers of neurons, found only in mammals.
nomilin
A limonoid found in citrus fruits. Has been found to have antiHIV properties and possible antiobesity and antihyperglycemic properties.
nonprogressive taper
A taper that is marked by standardized reductions in training load; also known as a step taper.
NSF
Hexameric ATPase that disassembles a complex of a v-SNARE and a t-SNARE.
Olein metathesis polymerization
A method of polymer synthesis based on using an olein metathesis reaction.
optic
Relating to the eye.
orifice
(or′i-fis) Aperture or opening.
osteopenia
(os′tē-ō-pē′nē-ă) Decreased calcification or density of bone.
Ovule
The macrosporangium of a flowering plant that becomes the seed. It includes the nucellus and the integuments.
palate
(pal′ăt) Partition between the oral and nasal cavities; the roof of the mouth.
Parains
A common name for alkanes.
patent
(pa′tent, pā′tent) Open or unblocked.
pectoral
(pek′tŏ-răl) Relating to the chest area.
Perception
The specific recognition of a stimulus leading to a physiological response.
perirhinal cortex
A cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that occupies the lateral bank of the rhinal sulcus. Lesions to this area in humans produce profound anterograde amnesia.
Phase I reactions
Functionalization of xenobiotics during the initial biochemical reaction step(s) of their biotransformation or biodegradation.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
An energy-rich intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
photophobia
Excess sensitivity or aversion to light.
pinna
The funnel-shaped outer ear, consisting of cartilage covered by skin.
pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs.
Pompe disease
A systemic glycogen storage disease causing death in childhood.
posterior
An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail or caudal.
precipitin ring test
A precipitation test performed in a capillary tube.
presynaptic
(prē-si-nap′tik) Before or prior to a synaptic cleft. preterm birth The birth of an infant prior to the 37th week of pregnancy.
prime movers
The muscles that contract to perform the technical skills.
products
The substances produced in a chemical reaction; they appear on the right-hand side of a chemical equation.
Prothrombin time
A clotting test that detects deficiencies in the extrinsic and final common pathways.
Proximal histidine
A histidine residue in hemoglobin and myoglobin that is bound to the heme iron.
Pycnocline
Density slope in lakes or oceans because of temperature (thermocline) or salinity gradient (halocline).
quartz
A silicate crystal that has a formula unit of SiO2.
Rate equation
An equation that expresses the dependence of a reaction’s rate on the concentration of reactants.
reactive agility
Agility training where reactive exercises predominate.
redia
A trematode larval stage that reproduces asexually to produce cercariae.
relative density
The percentage of work volume the athlete performs compared with total volume in the training session.
Respiratory distress syndrome
Dyspnea with cyanosis, resulting from insufficient lung surfactant in newborns.
retroperitoneal
(re′trō-per′i-tō nē′ăl) External or posterior to the peritoneum.
Riplet
An E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in signaling by RIG-I and MDA-5 for the activation of MAVS.
S (Svedberg unit)
Notes the relative rate of sedimentation during ultrahigh speed centrifugation.
scala media
A chamber in the cochlea that lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.
scoliosis
(skō-lē-ō′sis) Abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column.
selective toxicity
The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host.
serial dilution
The process of diluting a sample several times.
sexual spore
A spore formed by sexual reproduction.
Sildenafil (Viagra)
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that prevents the degradation of cyclic GMP in the corpora cavernosa.
smelting
A form of roasting in which the product is liquefied, which aids in separation.
specific strength
The strength that is related to the movement patterns of a specific sport.
spike timing–dependent plasticity
Bidirectional modifi cation of synaptic strength induced by varying the relative timing of the presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes.
sporangiophore
An aerial hypha supporting a sporangium.
Standard deviation
A measure of variability in a set of data; the square root of the variance.
staphylococci (singular: staphylococcus)
Cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet.
Sterility
Inability to produce offspring.
stretch reflex
The contraction of a muscle in response to a stretch; also known as the myototic reflex.
subcutaneous
(sŭb-kū-tā′nē-ŭs) Immediately internal to the integument.
Sunflecks
Allow for the use of intermittent irradiance for photosynthesis by leaves.
symbiotic
Relationship between two agents, typically diverse species, that confers benefits to both.
synergism
The principle whereby the effectiveness of two drugs used simultaneously is greater than that of either drug used alone.
TAB1, TAB2
An adaptor complex that binds K63 linked polyubiquitin chains. TAB1/2 complex with TAK1, targeting TAK1 to signaling scaffolds where it phosphorylates substrates such as IKKα.
tectum
The part of the midbrain lying dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct.
tetrodotoxin (TTX)
A toxin that blocks Na+ permeation through voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby blocking action potentials.
Thermoplastics
Polymers that have a high Tg and are hard at room temperature but become soft and viscous when heated.
thymoproteasome
Specialized form of the proteasome composed of a unique subunit, β 5t, that replaces β 5i (LMP7) and associates with β 1i and β 2i in the catalytic chamber.
Topical drug delivery
The application of a formulation to the skin to treat a local disorder, i.e. the active pharmaceutical ingredient acts within the skin or at the underlying tissue (e.g. a locally acting hydrocortisone cream).
training log
A document used to record training information.
transverse (T) tubule
(tū′būl) Invaginations of the sarcolemma that allow action potentials to approach and stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Trypsin
A serine protease from the pancreas.
ultradian rhythm
Any rhythm with a period significantly less than 1 day. See also circadian rhythm.
unsaturated solution
A solution containing less than the equilibrium amount of solute; any added solute will dissolve until equilibrium is reached.
vapor pressure
The partial pressure of a vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid.
vehicle transmission
The transmission of a pathogen by an inanimate reservoir.
vestibular labyrinth
A part of the inner ear specialized for the detection of head motion; consists of the otolith organs and semicircular canals.
visual angle
A way to describe distance across the retina; an object that subtends an angle of 3.5° will form an image on the retina that is 1 mm across.
volley principle
The idea that high sound frequencies are represented in the pooled activity of a number of neurons, each of which fi res in a phase-locked manner.
Wavenumber, ν҇
The reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters.
xenodiagnosis
A method of diagnosis based on exposing a parasite-free normal host to the parasite and then examining the host for parasites.
Zero-order reaction
Reaction whose velocity is independent of the substrate concentration.
β-Lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
