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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 4 > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

1,2-Addition

A

Addition of a reactant to the two ends of a double bond.

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2
Q

acceleration

A

The ability to increase movement velocity in a minimum amount of time.

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3
Q

acyclic combined skill

A

Cyclic skills followed by an acyclic skill.

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4
Q

Aerenchyma

A

Tissue often be found in leaves, stems and roots of aquatic and wetland plants and refers to cavities that allow storage and transport of air.

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5
Q

agoraphobia

A

A mental disorder characterized by severe anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. alpha motor neuron A neuron that innervates the extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscle.

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6
Q

Alkylamines

A

Amino-substituted alkanes RNH2, R2NH, or R3N.

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7
Q

alveolus

A

(al-vē′ō-lŭs; pl., alveoli, -ō-lī) Small cavity. Air sac in the lungs; also, a milk-secreting portion of a mammary gland.

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8
Q

anaerobic intervals

A

A form of interval training in which very high-intensity bouts are retentively performed for short periods of time, with periods of rest interspersed between efforts.

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9
Q

anomia

A

The inability to find words.

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10
Q

Anthraquinones

A

Secondary metabolites with an anthracene skeleton; anthraquinones show strong laxative effects.

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11
Q

apnea

A

(ap′nē ă) Cessation of breathing.

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12
Q

appendix

A

A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the beginning of the colon.

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13
Q

area MT

A

An area of neocortex, at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes, that receives input from primary visual cortex and appears to be specialized for the processing of object motion; also called V5.

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14
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Any process of reproduction that does not involve the formation and union of gametes from the different sexes or mating types.

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15
Q

atonia

A

The absence of muscle tone.

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16
Q

autoradiography

A

A method for visualizing sites of radioactive emissions in tissue sections.

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17
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Two or more types of individuals maintained in the same breeding population by a selection mechanism.

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18
Q

basidiospore

A

A sexual fungal spore produced in a basidium, characteristic of the basidiomycetes.

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19
Q

bile

A

(bı̄l) Fluid secreted by the liver, stored, concentrated, and released from the gallbladder into the duodenum.

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20
Q

biocide

A

A substance capable of killing microorganisms.

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21
Q

biovar

A

A subgroup of a serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties; also called biotype.

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22
Q

bomb calorimeter

A

A piece of equipment designed to measure ΔEᵣₓₙ for combustion reactions at constant volume.

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23
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

A language disturbance in which a person has difficulty speaking or repeating words but can understand language; also known as motor or nonfluent aphasia.

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24
Q

bullae (singular: bulla)

A

Large serum-filled vesicles in the skin.

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25
Q

capillary action

A

The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up a narrow tube due to adhesive and cohesive forces.

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26
Q

cartilaginous

A

(kar-ti′laj′i-nŭs) Relating to or consisting of cartilage.

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27
Q

cecum

A

(sē′kŭm) Blind pouch forming the first part of the large intestine.

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28
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

A canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the midbrain.

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29
Q

checkpoint blockade

A

Approach to tumor therapy that attempts to interfere with the normal inhibitory signals that regulate lymphocytes.

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30
Q

Chi-square

A

A statistic used to test the goodness of fit of data to the predictions of an hypothesis.

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31
Q

chronological age

A

The age of the individual.

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32
Q

classical conditioning

A

A learning procedure in which a stimulus that evokes a measurable response is associated with another stimulus that normally does not evoke this response.

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33
Q

coffee-cup calorimeter

A

A piece of equipment designed to measure ΔHᵣₓₙ for aqueous reactions at constant pressure.

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34
Q

colorectal cancer

A

Cancer arising from the epithelium lining the colon (the large intestine) and rectum (the terminal segment of the gut).

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35
Q

complexity

A

Degree of sophistication and biomechanical difficulty of a skill.

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36
Q

Conditioning (microbial conditioning)

A

Changes on plant detritus because of microbial colonization that tend to make the substrate more suitable for invertebrate consumption.

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37
Q

Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1)

A

A central component of light regulation in plants; E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that functions as a repressor of photomorphogenesis during the seedling development of higher plants; functions as negative regulator downstream of many plant photoreceptors.

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38
Q

cortical module

A

The unit of cerebral cortex that is necessary and sufficient to analyze one discrete point in a sensory surface.

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39
Q

cranial

A

(krā′nē-ăl) Relating to the skull.

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40
Q

critical pressure

A

The pressure required to bring about a transition to a liquid at the critical temperature.

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41
Q

cryptopatches

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the gut wall that are thought to give rise to isolated lymphoid follicles.

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42
Q

cuticle

A

The outer covering of helminths.

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43
Q

Dale’s principle

A

The idea that a neuron has a unique identity with respect to neurotransmitter.

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44
Q

decolorizing agent

A

A solution used in the process of removing a stain.

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45
Q

delayed-onset muscle soreness

A

(DOMS)—Muscle soreness or pain that occurs 24 to 48 hr after a heavy bout of exercise.

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46
Q

dermatome

A

A region of skin innervated by the pair of dorsal roots from one spinal segment.

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47
Q

detraining syndrome

A

A syndrome that occurs when training is intentionally or unintentionally stopped and results in several maladaptations including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and alterations to the cardiovascular system; also known as relaxation syndrome, exercise abstinence, or exercise dependency syndrome.

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48
Q

differential stain

A

A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure.

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49
Q

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine

A

The main constituent of lung surfactant.

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50
Q

distal

A

(dis′tăl) Far from the point of attachment at the trunk.

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51
Q

dopa

A

A chemical precursor of dopamine and the other catecholamines.

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52
Q

duplex theory of sound localization

A

The principle that two schemes function in sound localization: interaural time delay at low frequencies and interaural intensity difference at high frequencies.

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53
Q

Eclosion

A

Emergence of an adult insect from the pupal stage.

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54
Q

Elastomer

A

An amorphous polymer that has the ability to stretch out and spring back to its original shape.

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55
Q

Emphysema

A

A lung disease, characterized by degeneration of the alveolar walls.

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56
Q

Endophyte

A

Fungus that lives inside plants and often produces secondary metabolites.

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57
Q

enthalpy of solution (ΔHₛₒₗₙ)

A

The enthalpy change associated with the formation of a solution.

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58
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage located between a long bone diaphysis and epiphysis; allows longitudinal growth of the bone.

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59
Q

estrous cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle in most nonprimate mammals in which there are periodic episodes of estrus or “heat.”

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60
Q

Exo

A

A term indicating the stereochemistry of a substituent in a bridged bicycloalkane. An exo substituent is anti to the larger of the two bridges.

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61
Q

extrahepatic

A

Describes all tissues outside the liver; implies the centrality of the liver in metabolism.

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62
Q

fartlek

A

The Swedish word for “speed play;” a classic method for developing endurance.

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63
Q

fetal

A

(fē′tăl) Relating to the fetus; in humans, the fetal period extends from the ninth week of development until birth (typically at 38 weeks).

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64
Q

flatworm

A

An animal belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes.

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65
Q

folliculitis

A

An infection of hair follicles, often occurring as pimples.

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66
Q

free-energy change (DG)

A

The amount of free energy released (negative DG) or absorbed (positive DG) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure.

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67
Q

gas vacuole

A

A prokaryotic inclusion for buoyancy compensation.

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68
Q

germination

A

The process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore.

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69
Q

glycomics

A

The systematic characterization of the glycome.

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70
Q

Haber–Bosch process

A

The industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

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71
Q

Hebb synapse

A

A synapse that exhibits Hebbian modifications.

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72
Q

Hemosiderin

A

A partially denatured form of ferritin.

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73
Q

Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin

A

γ-Chain production in an adult.

74
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Improved survival and/or reproduction of heterozygous mutation carriers.

75
Q

Hofmann rearrangement

A

The conversion of an amide into an amine by reaction with Br2 and base.

76
Q

hydrogenation

A

The catalyzed addition of hydrogen to alkene double bonds to make single bonds.

77
Q

hyperkyphosis

A

(hı̄′pĕr-kī-fō′sis) Exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic vertebral column.

78
Q

Icosahedral symmetry

A

The symmetry of the icosahedron, the solid with 20 faces and 12 vertices related by axes of two-, three-, and fivefold rotational symmetry. (Chapter 4)

79
Q

Inbreeding

A

Matings between related individuals.

80
Q

infectious disease

A

A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host.

81
Q

insula

A

Cerebral cortex, also known as insular cortex, that lies within the lateral sulcus between the temporal and parietal lobes.

82
Q

interpolar microtubule

A

In the mitotic or meiotic spindle, a microtubule interdigitating at the equator with the microtubules emanating from the other pole.

83
Q

Isotactic

A

A chain-growth polymer in which the stereochemistry of the substituents is oriented regularly along the backbone.

84
Q

Kinetic control

A

A reaction that follows the lowest activation energy pathway is said to be kinetically controlled. The product is the most rapidly formed but is not necessarily the most stable.

85
Q

lactate threshold

A

(LT)—The point at which lactate formation begins to abruptly increase above baseline.

86
Q

lanugo

A

(lă-nū′gō) Fine, soft, unpigmented fetal hair.

87
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

A law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

88
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

A neurological disorder caused by complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT).

89
Q

limbic lobe

A

The hippocampus and cortical areas bordering the brain stem in mammals, which Broca proposed as a distinct lobe of the brain.

90
Q

liter (L)

A

A unit of volume equal to 1000 cm3 or 1.057 qt.

91
Q

low-intensity exercise endurance

A

(LIEE)—A form of endurance that relates to the ability to continuously perform work for a long duration of time.

92
Q

macrocycle

A

A medium-term training cycle that lasts between 2 and 6 weeks.

93
Q

marginal zone

A

Area of lymphoid tissue lying at the border of the white pulp in the spleen.

94
Q

Maximum tolerated dose

A

Th e highest dose of a drug or other treatment that does not cause unacceptable side eff ects. (Chapter 9)

95
Q

memory consolidation

A

The process by which short-term memories lasting hours to days are converted into long-term memories lasting weeks to years.

96
Q

mesenteric lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes located in the connective tissue (mesentery) that tethers the intestine to the rear wall of the abdomen. They drain the GALT.

97
Q

metaphysis

A

(mĕ-taf′i-sis; pl., metaphyses, -sēz) Section of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

98
Q

metric ton

A

A tonne, which is equivalent to 1,000 kg.

99
Q

Microsatellites

A

Very small tandem repeats.

100
Q

miracidium

A

The free-swimming, ciliated larva of a fluke that hatches from the egg.

101
Q

Molar absorptivity

A

A quantitative measure of the amount of UV light absorbed by a sample.

102
Q

monogamy

A

Mating behavior in which two individuals form a tightly bound relationship that includes exclusive or nearly exclusive mating with each other.

103
Q

motor strip

A

A name for area 4 on the precentral gyrus; also called primary motor cortex.

104
Q

Mutation-selection balance

A

The balance between new mutations and purifying selection that determines the prevalence of pathogenic mutations.

105
Q

N-Acetylglutamate

A

An activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

106
Q

neocortex

A

The cerebral cortex, with six or more layers of neurons, found only in mammals.

107
Q

nomilin

A

A limonoid found in citrus fruits. Has been found to have antiHIV properties and possible antiobesity and antihyperglycemic properties.

108
Q

nonprogressive taper

A

A taper that is marked by standardized reductions in training load; also known as a step taper.

109
Q

NSF

A

Hexameric ATPase that disassembles a complex of a v-SNARE and a t-SNARE.

110
Q

Olein metathesis polymerization

A

A method of polymer synthesis based on using an olein metathesis reaction.

111
Q

optic

A

Relating to the eye.

112
Q

orifice

A

(or′i-fis) Aperture or opening.

113
Q

osteopenia

A

(os′tē-ō-pē′nē-ă) Decreased calcification or density of bone.

114
Q

Ovule

A

The macrosporangium of a flowering plant that becomes the seed. It includes the nucellus and the integuments.

115
Q

palate

A

(pal′ăt) Partition between the oral and nasal cavities; the roof of the mouth.

116
Q

Parains

A

A common name for alkanes.

117
Q

patent

A

(pa′tent, pā′tent) Open or unblocked.

118
Q

pectoral

A

(pek′tŏ-răl) Relating to the chest area.

119
Q

Perception

A

The specific recognition of a stimulus leading to a physiological response.

120
Q

perirhinal cortex

A

A cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that occupies the lateral bank of the rhinal sulcus. Lesions to this area in humans produce profound anterograde amnesia.

121
Q

Phase I reactions

A

Functionalization of xenobiotics during the initial biochemical reaction step(s) of their biotransformation or biodegradation.

122
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

A

An energy-rich intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

123
Q

photophobia

A

Excess sensitivity or aversion to light.

124
Q

pinna

A

The funnel-shaped outer ear, consisting of cartilage covered by skin.

125
Q

pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs.

126
Q

Pompe disease

A

A systemic glycogen storage disease causing death in childhood.

127
Q

posterior

A

An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail or caudal.

128
Q

precipitin ring test

A

A precipitation test performed in a capillary tube.

129
Q

presynaptic

A

(prē-si-nap′tik) Before or prior to a synaptic cleft. preterm birth The birth of an infant prior to the 37th week of pregnancy.

130
Q

prime movers

A

The muscles that contract to perform the technical skills.

131
Q

products

A

The substances produced in a chemical reaction; they appear on the right-hand side of a chemical equation.

132
Q

Prothrombin time

A

A clotting test that detects deficiencies in the extrinsic and final common pathways.

133
Q

Proximal histidine

A

A histidine residue in hemoglobin and myoglobin that is bound to the heme iron.

134
Q

Pycnocline

A

Density slope in lakes or oceans because of temperature (thermocline) or salinity gradient (halocline).

135
Q

quartz

A

A silicate crystal that has a formula unit of SiO2.

136
Q

Rate equation

A

An equation that expresses the dependence of a reaction’s rate on the concentration of reactants.

137
Q

reactive agility

A

Agility training where reactive exercises predominate.

138
Q

redia

A

A trematode larval stage that reproduces asexually to produce cercariae.

139
Q

relative density

A

The percentage of work volume the athlete performs compared with total volume in the training session.

140
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Dyspnea with cyanosis, resulting from insufficient lung surfactant in newborns.

141
Q

retroperitoneal

A

(re′trō-per′i-tō nē′ăl) External or posterior to the peritoneum.

142
Q

Riplet

A

An E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in signaling by RIG-I and MDA-5 for the activation of MAVS.

143
Q

S (Svedberg unit)

A

Notes the relative rate of sedimentation during ultrahigh speed centrifugation.

144
Q

scala media

A

A chamber in the cochlea that lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.

145
Q

scoliosis

A

(skō-lē-ō′sis) Abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column.

146
Q

selective toxicity

A

The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host.

147
Q

serial dilution

A

The process of diluting a sample several times.

148
Q

sexual spore

A

A spore formed by sexual reproduction.

149
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra)

A

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that prevents the degradation of cyclic GMP in the corpora cavernosa.

150
Q

smelting

A

A form of roasting in which the product is liquefied, which aids in separation.

151
Q

specific strength

A

The strength that is related to the movement patterns of a specific sport.

152
Q

spike timing–dependent plasticity

A

Bidirectional modifi cation of synaptic strength induced by varying the relative timing of the presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes.

153
Q

sporangiophore

A

An aerial hypha supporting a sporangium.

154
Q

Standard deviation

A

A measure of variability in a set of data; the square root of the variance.

155
Q

staphylococci (singular: staphylococcus)

A

Cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet.

156
Q

Sterility

A

Inability to produce offspring.

157
Q

stretch reflex

A

The contraction of a muscle in response to a stretch; also known as the myototic reflex.

158
Q

subcutaneous

A

(sŭb-kū-tā′nē-ŭs) Immediately internal to the integument.

159
Q

Sunflecks

A

Allow for the use of intermittent irradiance for photosynthesis by leaves.

160
Q

symbiotic

A

Relationship between two agents, typically diverse species, that confers benefits to both.

161
Q

synergism

A

The principle whereby the effectiveness of two drugs used simultaneously is greater than that of either drug used alone.

162
Q

TAB1, TAB2

A

An adaptor complex that binds K63 linked polyubiquitin chains. TAB1/2 complex with TAK1, targeting TAK1 to signaling scaffolds where it phosphorylates substrates such as IKKα.

163
Q

tectum

A

The part of the midbrain lying dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct.

164
Q

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

A toxin that blocks Na+ permeation through voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby blocking action potentials.

165
Q

Thermoplastics

A

Polymers that have a high Tg and are hard at room temperature but become soft and viscous when heated.

166
Q

thymoproteasome

A

Specialized form of the proteasome composed of a unique subunit, β 5t, that replaces β 5i (LMP7) and associates with β 1i and β 2i in the catalytic chamber.

167
Q

Topical drug delivery

A

The application of a formulation to the skin to treat a local disorder, i.e. the active pharmaceutical ingredient acts within the skin or at the underlying tissue (e.g. a locally acting hydrocortisone cream).

168
Q

training log

A

A document used to record training information.

169
Q

transverse (T) tubule

A

(tū′būl) Invaginations of the sarcolemma that allow action potentials to approach and stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

170
Q

Trypsin

A

A serine protease from the pancreas.

171
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

Any rhythm with a period significantly less than 1 day. See also circadian rhythm.

172
Q

unsaturated solution

A

A solution containing less than the equilibrium amount of solute; any added solute will dissolve until equilibrium is reached.

173
Q

vapor pressure

A

The partial pressure of a vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid.

174
Q

vehicle transmission

A

The transmission of a pathogen by an inanimate reservoir.

175
Q

vestibular labyrinth

A

A part of the inner ear specialized for the detection of head motion; consists of the otolith organs and semicircular canals.

176
Q

visual angle

A

A way to describe distance across the retina; an object that subtends an angle of 3.5° will form an image on the retina that is 1 mm across.

177
Q

volley principle

A

The idea that high sound frequencies are represented in the pooled activity of a number of neurons, each of which fi res in a phase-locked manner.

178
Q

Wavenumber, ν҇

A

The reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters.

179
Q

xenodiagnosis

A

A method of diagnosis based on exposing a parasite-free normal host to the parasite and then examining the host for parasites.

180
Q

Zero-order reaction

A

Reaction whose velocity is independent of the substrate concentration.

181
Q

β-Lipoprotein

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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