BIO - TERMS - OXID Flashcards
activity series of metals
A listing of metals in order of decreasing activity, decreasing ability to oxidize, and decreasing tendency to lose electrons.
Aldaric acid
The dicarboxylic acid resulting from oxidation of an aldose.
Aldonic acids
Monocarboxylic acids resulting from oxidation of the -CHO group of an aldose.
Allopurinol
An inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, used to treat gout.
ammonia
NH3, the strong-smelling compound in which nitrogen displays its lowest oxidation state (-3).
anammox
Anaerobic oxidation of ammonia to N2, using nitrite as electron acceptor; carried out by specialized chemolithotrophic bacteria.
anode
The electrode in an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs; electrons flow away from the anode.
antidepressant drug
A drug that treats the symptoms of depression by elevating brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters; examples are tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and SSRIs.
Antioxidant
A substance that is able to protect cells or counteract the damage caused by oxidation and free oxygen radicals (reactive oxygen species ROS).
arc-melting
A method in which a solid metal is melted with an arc from a high-voltage electric source in a controlled atmosphere to prevent oxidation.
borosilicate glass (Pyrex®)
A type of glass containing boric oxide (B₂O₃). Borosilicate glass expands less when heated and can withstand heating and cooling cycles without shattering.
chemiosmotic theory
The theory that energy derived from electron transfer reactions is temporarily stored as a transmembrane difference in charge and pH, which subsequently drives the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
Chemolithoautotrophy
Oxidation of inorganic compounds to gain energy for CO2 fixation.
Claus process
An industrial process for obtaining sulfur through the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide.
corrosion
The gradual, nearly always undesired, oxidation of metals that occurs when they are exposed to oxidizing agents in the environment.
Cyanide
A poison that prevents the reduction of molecular oxygen by cytochrome oxidase.
Define ω (omega) oxidation
An alternative mode of fatty acid oxidation in which the initial oxidation is at the carbon most distant from the carboxyl carbon; as distinct from β oxidation.
Denitrifier
Chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria that degrade biomass and conserve energy by transferring the resulting electron to NO3 − or other oxidized nitrogen compounds thereby liberating N2.
dry-cell battery
A battery that does not contain a large amount of liquid water, often using the oxidation of zinc and the reduction of MnO2 to provide the electrical current.
electron acceptor
A substance that receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
electron donor
A substance that donates electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
Forkhead box protein 01 (FOX01)
A transcription factor that controls both mitochondria fatty acid metabolism and protection from oxidative stress.
fuel cell
A battery-like device in which reactants, provided from an external source, constantly flow through the battery generating electrical current as they undergo a redox reaction. In a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell, the oxidation of hydrogen and the reduction of oxygen form water and provide electrical current.
half-cell
One half of an electrochemical cell where either oxidation or reduction occurs.
Hematin
An oxidized derivative of heme containing a ferric iron.
hydrazine
N2H4, a nitrogen and hydrogen compound in which nitrogen has a negative oxidation state (-2).
Hydroboration
Addition of borane (BH3) or an alkylborane to an alkene. The resultant trialkyl borane products can be oxidized to yield alcohols.
Hydrogen peroxide
A toxic product of some oxidative reactions.
Hypersensitive response
Pathogen-induced cell death, which leads to necrotic lesions and suppresses further spreading of infection. It involves activation of plasmamembrane-bound NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide on the apoplastic side of the plasmamembrane.
indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method
A newer method used to determine dietary protein requirements. Uses a radioactive labelled essential amino acid (eg phenylalanine) whereby increased dietary protein results in a decrease in oxidation of the essential amino aicd. The point at which no further change in oxidation occurs with increased dietary protein is the dietary protein requirement.
isoprostane
A prostaglandin-like compound with antiinflammatory action derived from long-chain fatty acids (such as arachidonic acid) that have been oxidized.
lead–acid storage battery
A battery that uses the oxidation of lead and the reduction of lead(IV) oxide in sulfuric acid to provide electrical current.
magnetosome
An iron oxide inclusion, produced by some gramnegative bacteria, that acts like a magnet.
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
An inherited defect of β-oxidation that causes fasting hypoglycemia.
Methemoglobin
A nonfunctional hemoglobin in which the heme iron is oxidized to the ferric state.
nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) battery
A battery that uses the same cathode reaction as the NiCad battery but a different anode reaction, the oxidation of hydrogens in a metal alloy.
Nitroglycerin
A vasodilator drug that is metabolized to nitric oxide.
nonheme iron proteins
Proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups.
Oxidative stress
Progressive metabolic disorder and damage to cell components as a consequence of excessive generation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Oxidative stress is intimately linked to metabolic disorder disease, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection.
P/O ratio
The number of moles of ATP formed in oxidative phosphorylation per 12 O2 reduced (thus, per pair of electrons passed to O2). Experimental values used in this text are 2.5 for passage of electrons from NADH to O2, and 1.5 for passage of electrons from FADH to O2.
Pentachlorophenol
A wood preservative that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation.
Peroxidation
The nonenzymatic, free radical–mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
peroxygen
A class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants.
photorespiration
Oxygen consumption occurring in illuminated temperate-zone plants, largely due to oxidation of phosphoglycolate.
Portland cement
A powdered mixture consisting mostly of limestone (CaCO3) and silica (SiO2), with smaller amounts of alumina (Al2O3), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), and gypsum (CaSO4 · 2 H2O).
primary valence
The oxidation state on the central metal atom in a complex ion.
Redox regulation
Mechanism to control the activity of proteins. Redox regulation employs posttranslational modifications by reduction and oxidation reactions, e.g., dithiol-disulfide transitions.
Refsum disease
Inherited defect in α-oxidation, causing neurological degeneration.
Rieske iron-sulfur protein
A type of ironsulfur protein in which two of the ligands to the central iron ion are His side chains; act in many electron-transfer sequences, including oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
standard reduction potential (E98)
The electromotive force exhibited at an electrode by 1 M concentrations of a reducing agent and its oxidized form at 25 8C and pH 7.0; a measure of the relative tendency of the reducing agent to lose electrons.
sulfur cycle
The various oxidation and reduction stages of sulfur in the environment, mostly due to the action of microorganisms.
thermogenesis
The biological generation of heat by muscle activity (shivering), uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, or the operation of futile cycles.
thioredoxin (TRX)
A set of sensor proteins normally bound to thioredoxininteracting protein (TXNIP). Oxidative stress causes thioredoxin to release TXNIP, which can mediate downstream actions.
Tollens’ reagent
A solution of Ag2O in aqueous ammonia; used to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
uncoupling protein 2
Family of mitochondrial proteins that may increase thermogenesis by uncoupling electron transfer from oxidative phosphorylation.
vectorial metabolism
Metabolic transformations in which the location (not the chemical composition) of a substrate changes relative to the plasma membrane or a membrane between two cellular compartments. Transporters catalyze vectorial reactions, as do the proton pumps of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
ω-Oxidation
Oxidation of the last carbon in a mediumchain fatty acid.
cytochrome c oxidase complex
Third of the three electrondriven proton pumps in the respiratory chain. It accepts electrons from cytochrome c and generates water using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor.
oxidative metabolism
The metabolism that occurs during the aerobic (oxidative) energy system.
oxidation pond
A method of secondary sewage treatment by microbial activity in a shallow standing pond of water.
oxidation state (oxidation number)
A positive or negative whole number that represents the “charge” an atom in a compound would have if all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with a greater attraction for those electrons.
oxidative system
The primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity exercise, also known as the aerobic system. The system is active in the mitochondria and requires oxygen to make energy.
β-Oxidation pathway
The metabolic pathway for degrading fatty acids.
