BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 8 Flashcards
9 + 2 array
Attachment of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella and cilia; 9 pairs of microtubules plus two microtubules.
Active bioremediation
Approaches involve human interventions to initiate, enhance, or stimulate the bioremediation process.
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
An inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome.
affective disorder
A psychiatric condition characterized by disordered emotions; also called mood disorder. Examples are major depression and bipolar disorder.
Aleurone
The outermost layer of the endosperm in a seed.
allergic rhinitis
An allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa that causes excess mucus production, nasal itching, and sneezing.
ammonotelic
Excreting excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
Aneurin
Infrequently used synonym for thiamin
antagonism
Active opposition; (1) When two drugs are less effective than either one alone. (2) Competition among microbes.
Antimicrobial
A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
ApoB-48
The major apolipoprotein of chylomicrons.
aqueous solution
A solution in which water acts as the solvent.
arteriole
(ar-tēr′ē-ōl) The smallest type of artery.
asynchronous
Asynchronous motor unit firing occurs as a result of one motor unit deactivating while another activates.
attenuation reflex
The contraction of muscles in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction in auditory sensitivity.
axis
(ak′sis) The second cervical vertebra.
Barrett’s syndrome
A precancerous esophagus condition. basal metabolic rate (BMR) The measurement of basal metabolism during a specific period of time (such as an hour or a day).
Bent bonds
The bonds in small rings such as cyclopropane that bend away from the internuclear line and overlap at a slight angle, rather than head-on. Bent bonds are highly strained and highly reactive.
binocular rivalry
Perception that alternates in time between the image seen by one eye and a dissimilar image seen by the other eye.
biological age
An indication of age based upon sexual maturation.
block
A period of training that usually last 4 weeks and is sometimes referred to as a mesocycle.
Bortezomib
A proteasome inhibitor that is effective against some cancers.
bronchus
(brong′kŭs) Airways that deliver air from the trachea to the bronchioles.
CA3
A region of Ammon’s horn in the hippocampus that receives input from the neurons of the dentate gyrus.
carboxysome
A prokaryotic inclusion containing ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.
cathelin
A cathepsin L inhibitor.
central sulcus
The sulcus in the cerebrum that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Chain-growth polymers
Polymers whose bonds are produced by chain reaction mechanisms. Polyethylene and other alkene polymers are examples.
chemical equilibrium
(ē-kwi-lib′rē- ŭm) State of a chemical reaction in which there is no net change in formation of products or reactants.
cholangitis
Inflammation of bile ducts.
circumduction
(ser-kŭmdŭk′ shŭn) A sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion.
closed system
A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with the surroundings. See also system.
coitus
(kō-i′tŭs; koy′tus) Sexual union between a male and a female.
Common mycelia network (CMN)
Network of hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi linking plants of the same or of different species.
concentrated loading
A short-term period in which training loads are increased dramatically.
conidiophore
An aerial hypha bearing conidiospores.
Control strategy
A planned set of controls derived from current product and process understanding that assures process performance and product quality.
Coulomb’s law
A scientific law stating that the potential energy between two charged particles is proportional to the product of the charges divided by the distance that separates the charges.
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Inherited defect of bilirubin conjugation.
Critical, key and noncritical
Both critical and key aspects of the process have a significant potential to affect a CQA. A noncritical aspect of the process has no significant potential of impacting a CQA.
culture
Microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium.
Cycloaddition reaction
A peri cyclic reaction in which two reactants add together in a single step to yield a cyclic product. The Diels–Alder reaction between a diene and a dienophile to give a cyclohexene is an example.
darkfield microscope
A microscope that has a device to scatter light from the illuminator so that the specimen appears white against a black background.
Degenerate orbitals
Two or more orbitals that have the same energy level.
Density anomaly
Refers to the fact that water reaches its highest density at 4 ∘C.
Desulfurication
Conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide.
Diakinesis
A stage of meiosis just before metaphase I in which the bivalents are shortened and thickened.
Dihybrid, Dihybrid cross
An individual that is heterozygous for two pairs of alleles; the progeny of a cross between homozygous parents differing in two respects.
Dipole-dipole interaction
Attraction force between the components of two polarized bonds.
Disulfiram
Antabuse; an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor used for treatment of alcoholism.
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
A bundle of axons reciprocally connecting the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray matter.
E1 reaction
A unimolecular elimination reaction in which the substrate spontaneously dissoci ates to give a carbocation intermediate, which loses a proton in a separate step.
Ecosystem services
The advantages for humans obtained from ecosystems.
Elution
The passage of a substance from a chromatography column.
Endo
A term indicating the stereo chemistry of a substituent in a bridged bicycloalkane. An endo substituent is syn to the larger of the two bridges.
Energy-rich bonds
Bonds whose hydrolysis releases an unusually large amount of energy.
eotaxins
CC chemokines that act predominantly on eosinophils, including CCL11 (eotaxin 1), CCL24 (eotaxin 2), and CCL26 (eotaxin 3).
Equatorial bonds
Bonds or positions in chair cyclohexane that lie along the rough equator of the ring.
exact numbers
Numbers that have no uncertainty and thus do not limit the number of significant figures in any calculation.
experimental epidemiology
The study of a disease using controlled experiments.
F1 ATPase
The multiprotein subunit of ATP synthase that has the ATP-synthesizing catalytic sites. It interacts with the Fo subunit of ATP synthase, coupling proton movement to ATP synthesis.
Fatty streak
Accumulation of cholesterol esters in arterial walls.
filtrate
(fil′trāt) The materials that pass through a filter.
flocculation
The removal of colloidal material during water purification by adding a chemical that causes colloidal particles to coalesce.
fossa
(fos′ă; pl., fossae, -fos′ē) Depression, often more or less longitudinal in shape, below the level of the surface of a part.
frequency of training
The number of training sessions within a given time frame.
Gastroplasty
A type of bariatric surgery where the upper portion of the stomach is stapled to a reduced fixed size.
Glass transition temperature, Tg
The temperature at which a hard, amorphous polymer becomes soft and lexible.
Graham’s law of effusion
A scientific law that states the ratio of effusion rates of two gases is equal to the square root of the inverse of their molar masses.
healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
An infection that develops during a stay at a health care facility and was not present at the time the patient was admitted.
helminth
A parasitic roundworm or flatworm.
Henry’s law
Describes solubility of gases in water.
hermaphroditic
Having both male and female reproductive capacities.
high-intensity exercise endurance
(HIEE)—A type of endurance that requires the athlete to sustain or repeat high-intensity or high-power movements with exercise durations lasting 2 min or less.
homogeneous mixture
A mixture with the same composition throughout.
hydroxide
OH-; the anion that forms a base.
hypogastric
(hı̄-pō-gas′trik) Relating to the lower abdomen.
ideal gas law
The law that combines the relationships of Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Avogadro’s laws into one comprehensive equation of state with the proportionality constant R in the form PV = nRT.
incus
An ossicle in the middle ear whose shape somewhat resembles an anvil.
inner ear
The cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, plus the labyrinth, which is part of the vestibular system.
Intercross
A cross between the F1 hybrids derived from a cross between two parental strains.
intrafusal fiber
A specialized muscle fiber within a muscle spindle that receives motor innervation from gamma motor neurons.
joule ( J)
The SI unit for energy: equal to 1 kg · m²/s²
Koenigs–Knorr reaction
A method for the synthesis of glycosides by reaction of an alcohol with a pyranosyl bromide.
lacuna
(lă-kū′nă; pl., lacunae, -kū′nē) Small space, cavity, or depression.
latent disease
A disease characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive.
leaching
The process by which a metal is separated out of a mixture by selectively dissolving the metal into solution.
lever rule
The rule that states that, in a two-phase region, whichever phase is closer to the composition of the alloy is the more abundant phase.
Lindlar catalyst
A hydrogenation catalyst used to convert alkynes to cis alkenes.
Long-distance transport
Transport of metabolites that have been synthesized in a particular organ such as roots to the aerial parts via xylem or phloem.
lymphoid tissue
Tissue composed of large numbers of lymphocytes.
major depression
An affective disorder characterized by prolonged, severe impairment of mood; may include anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other physiological disturbances.
Maternal-effect mutation
A mutation that causes a mutant phenotype in the offspring of a female that carries the mutation; however, the female herself may not show the mutant phenotype.
Median
In a set of measurements, the central value above and below which there are an equal number of measurements.
Menkes disease
An inherited defect of copper absorption.
Metabolite target analysis
Analysis of only one or few target metabolites.
meter (m)
The SI standard unit of length; equivalent to 39.37 inches.
microautophagy
The continuous internalization of the cytosol into the vesicular system.
milliliter (mL)
A unit of volume equal to 1 cm3.
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Birth and multiplication of mitochondria organelles.
Molozonide
The initial addition product of ozone with an alkene.
monotrichous
Having a single flagellum.
multiple trace model of consolidation
An alternative to the standard model of memory consolidation in which the hippocampus participates indefinitely in memory storage along with the neocortex; in this model, each time an episodic memory is recalled in a new context, an additional memory trace is formed.
mycotoxin
A toxin produced by a fungus.
natural abundance
The relative percentage of a particular isotope in a naturally occurring sample with respect to other isotopes of the same element.
neuronal specificity
Nonequivalence among neurons; an intrinsic characteristic that guides axons to their appropriate target sites.
Nonautonomous
A term referring to biological units that cannot function by themselves; such units require the assistance of another unit, or “helper” (cf. Autonomous).
Normal alkanes
Straight-chain alkanes, as opposed to branched alkanes. Normal alkanes are denoted by the sufix n, as in n-C4H10 (n-butane).
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A mental disorder that includes obsessions (recurrent, intrusive thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are perceived as being inappropriate, grotesque, or forbidden) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce the anxiety associated with obsessions).
omentum
(ō-men′tŭm) Fold of peritoneum from the stomach to another abdominal organ.
optimum growth temperature
The temperature at which a species grows best.
osseous
(os′ē-ŭs) Bony.
oval window
A hole in the bony cochlea of the inner ear, where movement of the ossicles is transferred to movement of the fluids in the cochlea.
Oxygenation
Reversible binding of oxygen.
Panmixis
Random mating in a population.
parietal lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the parietal bone.
pathology
The scientific study of disease.
pellicle
(1) The flexible covering of some protozoa. (2) Scum on the surface of a liquid medium.
pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac around the heart.
Permeant
The chemical species that is moving into or through the tissue. This will be the active pharmaceutical ingredient, but may also be other ingredients within the formulation.
Pheochromocytoma
Endocrine tumor secreting catecholamines.
Photomorphogenesis
Developmental strategy of plants mediated by the presence of light.
Physiological jaundice
The common jaundice of newborns.
placenta
(plă-sen′tă) Organ of exchange between the embryo or fetus and the mother.
polyandry
Mating behavior in which one female mates with more than one male.
Porphyria cutanea tarda
A porphyria characterized by cutaneous photosensitivity.
postsynaptic
(pōst-si-nap′tik) After a synaptic cleft.
premotor area (PMA)
The lateral part of cortical area 6, involved in the control of voluntary movement.
primary motor cortex
Brodmann’s area 4, located on the precentral gyrus; the region of cortex that, when weakly stimulated, elicits localized muscle contractions; also called M1.
pro-inflammatory
Tending to induce inflammation.
pronation
(prō-nā′shŭn) Rotational movement of the forearm such that the palm of the hand is posterior or inferior.
protuberance
(prō-tū′ber-ans) Swelling or knoblike outgrowth.
puberty
Time period when reproductive organs become fully functional and secondary sex characteristics become more prominent.
quadrennial plan
A 4-year training plan, typically used with high school, collegiate, and Olympic athletes.
radiometric dating
A technique used to estimate the age of rocks, fossils, or artifacts that depends on the presence of radioactive isotopes and their predictable decay with time.
reactants
The starting substances of a chemical reaction; they appear on the left-hand side of a chemical equation.
Recommended daily allowance
Dietary reference intake; the dietary intake considered optimal under ordinary conditions.
refractive index
The relative velocity with which light passes through a substance.
repetition maximum (RM)
The heaviest weight that can be lifted for a predetermined number of repetitions. A 1RM is the heaviest weight that can be lifted one time, whereas a 10RM is the heaviest weight that can be lifted 10 times.
Reticuloendothelial system
Macrophages that line sinusoids present in organs such as liver, spleen, bone marrow, and adrenal glands. (Chapter 2)
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
A common inflammatory joint disease that is probably due to an autoimmune response.
rostral
An anatomical reference meaning toward the nose or anterior.
salience map
A map of visual space that highlights the locations of conspicuous objects.
Schaffer collateral
An axon of a CA3 neuron that innervates neurons in CA1 of the hippocampus. Schaffer collateral synapses exhibit LTP and LTD, forms of synaptic plasticity believed to be important for memory formation.
secondary sewage treatment
Biological degradation of the organic matter in wastewater following primary treatment.
semicircular canal
A component of the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear that transduces head rotation.
serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
A drug, such as fluoxetine (Prozac), that prolongs the actions of synaptically released serotonin by preventing reuptake; used to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Shiga toxin
An exotoxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
Skotomorphogenesis
Developmental strategy of plants in darkness that should facilitate exposition toward light.
soluble
Being able to dissolve to a significant extent, usually in water.
speed
The ability to cover a distance in the fastest time possible.
spiny neuron
A neuron with dendritic spines.
sporozoite
A trophozoite of Plasmodium found in mosquitoes, infective for humans.
standard model of memory consolidation
An explanation of memory formation in which sensory information is processed by the hippocampus and later transferred to neocortex for permanent storage.
stenosis
(ste-nō′sis) Inability of a tube or valve to open completely; e.g., valvular stenosis.
stoichiometry
The numerical relationships between amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.
striate cortex
Primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17; also called V1.
subplate
A layer of cortical neurons lying below the cortical plate early in development; when the cortical plate has differentiated into the six layers of the neocortex, the subplate disappears.
supersaturated solution
An unstable solution in which more than the equilibrium amount of solute is dissolved.
symphysis
(sim′fi-sis; pl., symphyses, -sēz) Cartilaginous joint in which the two bones are separated by a pad of fibrocartilage.
systematic error
Error that tends to be consistently either too high or too low.
TAK1
A serine-threonine kinase that is activated by phosphorylation by the IRAK complex, and that activates downstream targets such as IKKβ and MAPKs.
temporal lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the temporal bone.
thermal equilibrium
The point at which there is no additional net transfer of heat between a system and its surroundings.
third ventricle
The CSF-filled space within the diencephalon.
TMS
Tetramethylsilane; used as an NMR calibration standard.
toxigenicity
The capacity of a microorganism to produce a toxin.
Transib
A superfamily of transposable elements identified computationally and proposed to date back more than 500 million years and to have given rise to transposons in diverse species.
trickling filter
A method of secondary sewage treatment in which sewage is sprayed out of rotating arms onto a bed of rocks or similar materials, exposing the sewage to highly aerobic conditions and microorganisms.
Twist-boat conformation
A conformation of cyclohexane that is somewhat more stable than a pure boat conformation.
uniport
A transport system that carries only one solute, as distinct from cotransport.
ureter
(ū-rē′ter, ū′rē-ter) Tubes that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Variance
A measure of variation in a population; the square of the standard deviation.
venules
(ven′ūl) The smallest veins.
Vicinal
A term used to refer to a 1,2-disubstitution pattern. For example, 1,2-dibromoethane is a vicinal dibromide.
Vivid
Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor that triggers lightresponses in fungi; uses a LOV domain as light sensor module.
vulva
(vŭl′vă) External genitalia of the female.
wheal-and-flare reaction
A skin reaction observed in an allergic individual when an allergen to which the individual has been sensitized is injected into the dermis. It consists of a raised area of skin containing edema fluid, and a spreading, red, itchy inflammatory reaction around it.
yeast infection
Disease caused by growth of certain yeasts in a susceptible host.
zygospore
A sexual fungal spore characteristic of the zygomycetes.
