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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 2 > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

absolute volume

A

The total volume or duration of the work that the individual performs in a session, including rest intervals.

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2
Q

acute disease

A

A disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time.

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3
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Inherited defects of corticosteroid synthesis that lead to overproduction of adrenal androgens.

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4
Q

agility

A

Ability to rapidly change direction and accelerate or decelerate in response to an external cue.

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5
Q

Aliphatic

A

A nonaromatic hydrocarbon such as a simple alkane, alkene, or alkyne.

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6
Q

Allylic

A

The position next to a double bond. For example, H2C=CHCH2Br is an allylic bromide.

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7
Q

anabolic

A

An environment in which building of tissue can occur.

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8
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

Inflammatory disease of the spine leading to vertebral fusion strongly associated with HLA-B27.

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9
Q

anterograde transport

A

Axoplasmic transport from a neuron’s soma to the axon terminal.

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10
Q

aphasia

A

A partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage. See also Broca’s aphasia, conduction aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia.

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11
Q

aponeurosis

A

(ap′ō-nū-rō′sis; pl., aponeuroses, -sēz) Flattened, sheetlike tendon.

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12
Q

area 17

A

Primary visual cortex.

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13
Q

aseptic surgery

A

Techniques used in surgery to prevent microbial contamination of the patient.

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14
Q

atlas

A

(at′las) The first cervical vertebra.

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15
Q

autoclave

A

Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C.

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16
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

The process of transporting materials down an axon.

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17
Q

basic emotions

A

A small set of emotions thought to be unique indivisible experiences that are innate and universal across cultures.

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18
Q

bi-cycle plan

A

An annual training plan with two major peaks.

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19
Q

Bioaccessibility

A

The amount of a substance which is not yet directly bioavailable but may become bioavailable in the future, and is considered to be bioaccessible.

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20
Q

Biosafety Level (BSL)

A

Safety guidelines for working with live microorganisms in a laboratory, four levels called BSL-1 through BSL-4.

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21
Q

boiling point

A

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.

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22
Q

bradycardia

A

(brad-ē-kar′dē-ă) A resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

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23
Q

bubo

A

An enlarged lymph node caused by inflammation.

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24
Q

canaliculus

A

(kan-ă-lik′ū-lŭs; pl., canaliculi, -lı̄) Small canal or channel.

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25
Q

Cardiotonic steroids

A

A class of drugs that inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase.

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26
Q

Cdc20

A

Activating subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C).

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27
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

A sheet of gray matter lying just under the pial surface of the cerebellum.

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28
Q

charcoal

A

A fuel similar to coal that is made by heating wood in the absence of air.

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29
Q

chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that chemical markers on growing axons are matched with complementary chemical markers on their targets.

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30
Q

chronic

A

(krŏn′ik) Takes place over a long period of time. Compare to acute.

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31
Q

Cis–trans isomers

A

Stereoisomers that differ in their stereochemistry about a ring or double bond.

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32
Q

Coefficient

A

A number expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain conditions (for example, the coefficient of inbreeding).

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33
Q

colloidal dispersion (colloid)

A

A mixture in which a dispersed substance is finely dived but not truly dissolved in a dispersing medium.

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34
Q

competitive exclusion

A

Growth of some microbes prevents the growth of other microbes.

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35
Q

condenser

A

A lens system located below the microscope stage that directs light rays through the specimen.

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36
Q

Consanguinity

A

Relationship due to descent from a common ancestor.

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37
Q

corpus callosum

A

The great cerebral commissure, consisting of axons connecting the cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres.

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38
Q

CPOM

A

Coarse particulate organic matter.

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39
Q

critical period

A

A limited period of time when a particular aspect of brain development is sensitive to a change in the external environment.

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40
Q

cross-section

A

Transverse section. cubital (kū′bi-tal) Relating to the elbow.

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41
Q

cutaneous

A

(kū-tā′nē-ŭs) Relating to the skin.

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42
Q

cytoarchitectural map

A

A map, usually of the cerebral cortex, based on cytoarchitectural differences.

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43
Q

deciduous

A

(dē-sid′ū-ŭs) Not permanent; e.g., deciduous teeth.

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44
Q

Dehydrohalogenation

A

The loss of HX from an alkyl halide. Alkyl halides undergo dehydrohalogenation to yield alkenes on treatment with strong base.

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45
Q

deposition

A

The phase transition from gas to solid.

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46
Q

deterministic

A

A characteristic of the classical laws of motion, which imply that present circumstances determine future events.

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47
Q

diastole

A

(dı̄-as′tō-lē) The relaxation phase of a heart chamber.

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48
Q

dimensional theories of emotion

A

Explanations of emotions in which each emotion is built from emotional components such as level of arousal and emotional strength.

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49
Q

disinfection

A

Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant.

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50
Q

Dizygotic (DZ) twins

A

Two-egg or fraternal twins.

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51
Q

Doxorubicin

A

An anticancer drug that inhibits human topoisomerases.

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52
Q

early-onset sarcoidosis

A

Disease associated with activating NOD2 mutations characterized by inflammation in tissues such as liver.

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53
Q

El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

Noncyclic change of circulation in the oceanographic-meteorological system of the equatorial pacific.

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54
Q

emerging infectious disease (EID)

A

A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.

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55
Q

endoderm

A

(en′dō-derm) Innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo.

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56
Q

enrichment culture

A

A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism.

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57
Q

epimysium

A

(ep-i-mis′ē-ŭm) A layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle.

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58
Q

Error threshold

A

A mathematical parameter that measures the complexity of the information that must be maintained to ensure survival of a population. (Chapter 10)

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59
Q

exchange reaction

A

A chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components.

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60
Q

extensively drug-resistant (XDR)

A

M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one more drug.

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61
Q

falciform

A

(fal′si-fōrm) Having a crescent or sickle shape; e.g., falciform ligament.

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62
Q

ferric

A

The inorganic form of iron with a +3 charge.

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63
Q

flaming

A

The process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame.

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64
Q

Fluorouracil

A

A base analog used in cancer chemotherapy.

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65
Q

Frasch process

A

An industrial process for the recovery of sulfur that uses superheated water to liquefy sulfur deposits in Earth’s crust and bring the molten sulfur to the surface.

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66
Q

Gametophytic incompatibility

A

A botanical phenomenon controlled by the complex S locus in which a pollen grain cannot fertilize an ovule produced by a plant that carries the same S allele as the pollen grain. For example, S1 pollen cannot fertilize an ovule made by an S1/S2 plant.

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67
Q

Germ line

A

The tissue that ultimately produces the gametes.

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68
Q

glyceroneogenesis

A

The synthesis in adipocytes of glycerol 3-phosphate from pyruvate for use in triacylglycerol synthesis.

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69
Q

H5N1 avian flu

A

A highly pathogenic influenza subtype responsible for ‘bird flu’.

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70
Q

heat capacity (C)

A

The quantity of heat required to change a system’s temperature by 1 °C.

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71
Q

Hemoglobin Bart

A

A γ4 tetramer, in patients with α-thalassemia.

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72
Q

Herbivore

A

Animal that feeds on plants.

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73
Q

Heterotrophic respiration (Rₕ)

A

Respiratory CO2 production by heterotrophic microbes.

74
Q

Histidinemia

A

A relatively benign inborn error of histidine metabolism.

75
Q

Hybrid vigor (heterosis)

A

Unusual growth, strength, and health of heterozygous hybrids derived from two less vigorous homozygous parents.

76
Q

Hyperbaric oxygen

A

Oxygen applied under increased pressure.

77
Q

Hypoxanthine

A

A deamination product of adenine.

78
Q

image processing

A

Computer based techniques in microscopy that process digital images in order to extract latent information. Enables compensation for some optical faults in microscopes, enhanced contrast to improve detection of small differences in light intensity, and subtraction of background irregularities in the optical system.

79
Q

indicator

A

A dye whose color depends on the pH of the solution in which it is dissolved; often used to detect the endpoint of a titration.

80
Q

insoluble

A

Incapable of dissolving in water or being extremely difficult of solution.

81
Q

internal energy (E)

A

The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles that compose a system.

82
Q

Irreversible reaction

A

A reaction that proceeds in only one direction under physiological conditions.

83
Q

kilocalorie (kcal)

A

Measurement of energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C; equal to 4.184 kilojoules (kJ).

84
Q

labia

A

(lā′bē-ă; sing. labium) Tissue fold having the appearance of a lip. lacrimal (lak′ri-măl) Relating to tears.

85
Q

language

A

A system for communicating information that uses words or signs combined according to grammatical rules.

86
Q

lateral pathway

A

Axons in the lateral column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of voluntary movements of the distal musculature and are under direct cortical control.

87
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A

Type of pneumonia resulting from infection with Legionella pneumophila, a parasite of freshwater amoebae that is spread to humans by air-conditioning systems that harbor infected amoebae and produce microdroplets of water that are easily inhaled.

88
Q

light-dependent (light) reaction

A

The process by which light energy is used to convert ADP and phosphate to ATP. See also photophosphorylation.

89
Q

Lipoprotein(a)

A

A form of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that promotes atherosclerosis.

90
Q

LOV domain

A

Light/Oxygen/Voltage chromophorebinding domains that form light-sensing modules for many photoreceptor families.

91
Q

M1 macrophages

A

The name sometimes given to ‘classically’ activated macrophages, which develop in the context of type 1 responses and have pro-inflammatory properties.

92
Q

manometer

A

An instrument used to determine the pressure of a gaseous sample, consisting of a liquidfilled U-shaped tube with one end exposed to the ambient pressure and the other end connected to the sample.

93
Q

maximal lactate steady state

A

A balance between lactate production and lactate buffering.

94
Q

melting (fusion)

A

The phase transition from solid to liquid.

95
Q

MEP pathway

A

Alternative C3 pyruvate and glycerol-3- phosphate-based pathway to isoprenoids localized in plastids.

96
Q

Metallophytes

A

Plant species growing on soils contaminated with metals.

97
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Caffeine and related purines; inhibit many phosphodiesterases.

98
Q

Microcytosis

A

Presence of abnormally small erythrocytes.

99
Q

Minisatellites

A

Small tandem repeats.

100
Q

Modal class

A

In a frequency distribution, the class having the greatest frequency.

101
Q

monocycle

A

An annual training plan with one major peak.

102
Q

motivated behavior

A

Behavior that is incited to achieve a goal.

103
Q

Mutagenesis

A

The process of inducing mutations.

104
Q

Myrmecochory

A

Plant seed dispersal by ants.

105
Q

Nekton

A

Aquatic animals that move independently of water currents.

106
Q

nitrogen narcosis

A

A physiological condition caused by an increased partial pressure of nitrogen, resulting in symptoms similar to those of intoxication.

107
Q

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia

A

An inborn error of glycine metabolism causing brain damage and early death.

108
Q

notifiable infectious disease

A

A disease that physicians must report to the U.S. Public Health Service; also called reportable disease.

109
Q

ocular dominance shift

A

A change in visual cortex interconnections that makes neurons more responsive to one eye or the other.

110
Q

open system

A

A system that exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings. See also system.

111
Q

Oriental flush

A

Hypersensitivity to alcohol, caused by deficiency of a mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in many Asians.

112
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Rickets in adults.

113
Q

overtraining

A

A long-term decrement in performance that occurs in response to accumulation of training and non-training stressors.

114
Q

p-type semiconductor

A

A semiconductor that employs positively charged “holes” in the valence band as the charge carriers.

115
Q

paradigm

A

In biochemistry, an experimental model or example.

116
Q

Passive bioremediation

A

Bioremediation without human intervention aiming at the improvement of the bioremediation process.

117
Q

peaking

A

An athlete’s high physiological and psychological state of competitiveness prior to an important competition, characterized by no residual fatigue and maximum adaptations to the previous training phases.

118
Q

Pepsin

A

An endopeptidase in gastric juice.

119
Q

periodic property

A

A property of an element that is predictable based on an element’s position in the periodic table.

120
Q

phase

A

With regard to waves and orbitals, the phase is the sign of the amplitude of the wave, which can be positive or negative.

121
Q

Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS)

A

The “activated sulfate” used for sulfation reactions.

122
Q

phototaxis

A

Movement in response to the presence of light.

123
Q

Phytoremediation

A

Use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove, sequester and/or detoxify metals and xenobiotics from soils, waters, sediments, and air.

124
Q

plasmodium

A

(1) A multinucleated mass of protoplasm, as in plasmodial slime molds. (2) When written as a genus, refers to the causative agent of malaria.

125
Q

polygyny

A

Mating behavior in which one male mates with more than one female.

126
Q

post-translational

A

Occurring after completion of translation.

127
Q

power snatch

A

A weightlifting movement in which the barbell is lifted from the ground to a position an arms-length over the head in one movement.

128
Q

pressure gradient

A

Difference in pressure between two adjacent areas.

129
Q

primary tumor

A

Tumor at the original site at which a cancer first arose. Secondary tumors develop elsewhere by metastasis.

130
Q

procedural memory

A

Memory for skills and behaviors.

131
Q

Proteoid roots

A

Dense bottle-brush-like lateral root clusters formed by the Proteaceae and by Lupinus albus.

132
Q

proximal attachment

A

the (typically less movable) attachment site of an appendicular skeletal muscle (previously called the origin).

133
Q

pustule

A

A small pus-filled elevation of skin.

134
Q

Quantitative traits

A

Phenotypes that can be measured, such as height, weight, and growth rate.

135
Q

rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test

A

A serological test for syphilis.

136
Q

reaction quotient (Qc)

A

The ratio, at any point in the reaction, of the concentrations of the products of a reaction raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

137
Q

recrystallization

A

A technique used to purify solids in which the solid is put into hot solvent until the solution is saturated; when the solution cools, the purified solute comes out of solution.

138
Q

Reining

A

The process by which petroleum is converted into gasoline and other useful products.

139
Q

Repulsion (trans configuration)

A

The condition in which a double heterozygote has received a mutant and a wild-type allele from each parent; for example, a + / a + × + b/+ b produces a + / + b (cf. Coupling).

140
Q

retrograde messenger

A

Any chemical messenger that communicates information from the postsynaptic side of a synapse to the presynaptic side.

141
Q

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)

A

A method of polymer synthesis that uses an olein metathesis reaction of a cycloalkene.

142
Q

ruga

A

(rū′gă; pl., rugae, rū′gē) Fold, ridge, or crease.

143
Q

Sawhorse representations

A

A manner of representing stereochemistry that uses a stick drawing and gives a perspective view of the conformation around a single bond.

144
Q

sclerotia

A

The compact mass of hardened mycelia of the fungus Claviceps purpurea that fills infected rye flowers; produces the toxin ergot.

145
Q

Selection response

A

In plant and animal breeding, the difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of their offspring.

146
Q

sensitivity

A

Percentage of positive samples correctly detected by a diagnostic test.

147
Q

severe congenital neutropenia (SCN)

A

An inherited condition in which the neutrophil count is persistently extremely low. This is in contrast to cyclic neutropenia, in which neutrophil numbers fluctuate from near normal to very low or absent, with an approximate cycle time of 21 days.

148
Q

sign

A

A change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure.

149
Q

sludge

A

Solid matter obtained from sewage.

150
Q

specific epithet

A

The second or species name in a scientific binomial. See also species.

151
Q

sphincter

A

(sfingk′ter) Muscle that encircles a duct, tube, or orifice such that its contraction constricts the lumen or orifice and restricts movement through the tube.

152
Q

spontaneous process

A

A process that occurs without ongoing outside intervention.

153
Q

spread plate method

A

A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium.

154
Q

standard temperature and pressure (STP)

A

The conditions of T = 0 °C (273 K) and P = 1 atm; used primarily in reference to a gas.

155
Q

Stereospecific

A

A term indicating that only a single stereoisomer is produced in a given reaction rather than a mixture.

156
Q

streak plate method

A

A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium.

157
Q

subacute disease

A

A disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic.

158
Q

Substitution reactions

A

What occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. SN1 and SN2 reactions are examples.

159
Q

Svedberg (S)

A

A unit of measure of the rate at which a particle sediments in a centrifugal field.

160
Q

syndesmosis

A

(sin′dez-mō′sis; pl., syndesmoses, -sēz) Fibrous joint in which the opposing surfaces of articulating bones are united by ligaments.

161
Q

systems consolidation

A

The transformation of a temporary hippocampal memory trace into a permanent engram in neocortex.

162
Q

taxis

A

Movement in response to an environmental stimulus.

163
Q

testis

A

(tes′tis; pl., testes, -tēz) Male organ for producing gametes and androgens.

164
Q

Thermodynamic control

A

An equilibrium reaction that yields the lowest-energy, most stable product is said to be thermodynamically controlled.

165
Q

thymectomy

A

Surgical removal of the thymus.

166
Q

top–down attention

A

Attention voluntarily directed by the brain to serve a behavioral goal; also called endogenous attention.

167
Q

training effect

A

A physiological, performance, or psychological response to a training program.

168
Q

transpiration

A

Passage of water from the roots of a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system and the stomata of the leaves.

169
Q

Triplet

A

A symmetrical three-line splitting pattern observed in the 1H NMR spectrum when a proton has two equivalent neighbor protons.

170
Q

type I interferons

A

The antiviral interferons IFN-α and IFN-β.

171
Q

unsaturated fat

A

A triglyceride with one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain; unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature.

172
Q

UV resistance locus 8

A

UV-B light photoreceptor that triggers adaptation processes toward deleterious effects of the corresponding light quality.

173
Q

Vegetable oil

A

Liquid triacylglycerols derived from a plant source.

174
Q

Very low fluence response

A

Class of very sensitive light responses triggered by phytochrome A that can be induced by weak single light pulses.

175
Q

vision

A

The sense of sight.

176
Q

vocal folds

A

Two bands of muscle within the larynx, also known as vocal chords, that vibrate to produce the human voice.

177
Q

Walden inversion

A

The inversion of coniguration at a chirality center that accompanies an SN2 reaction.

178
Q

Wilson disease

A

An inherited copper transport defect, with abnormal copper accumulation in the liver and brain.

179
Q

Zaitsev’s rule

A

A rule stating that E2 elimination reactions normally yield the more highly substituted alkene as major product.

180
Q

β-Diketon

A

A 1,3-diketone.

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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