BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 2 Flashcards
absolute volume
The total volume or duration of the work that the individual performs in a session, including rest intervals.
acute disease
A disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time.
Adrenogenital syndrome
Inherited defects of corticosteroid synthesis that lead to overproduction of adrenal androgens.
agility
Ability to rapidly change direction and accelerate or decelerate in response to an external cue.
Aliphatic
A nonaromatic hydrocarbon such as a simple alkane, alkene, or alkyne.
Allylic
The position next to a double bond. For example, H2C=CHCH2Br is an allylic bromide.
anabolic
An environment in which building of tissue can occur.
ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory disease of the spine leading to vertebral fusion strongly associated with HLA-B27.
anterograde transport
Axoplasmic transport from a neuron’s soma to the axon terminal.
aphasia
A partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage. See also Broca’s aphasia, conduction aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia.
aponeurosis
(ap′ō-nū-rō′sis; pl., aponeuroses, -sēz) Flattened, sheetlike tendon.
area 17
Primary visual cortex.
aseptic surgery
Techniques used in surgery to prevent microbial contamination of the patient.
atlas
(at′las) The first cervical vertebra.
autoclave
Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C.
axoplasmic transport
The process of transporting materials down an axon.
basic emotions
A small set of emotions thought to be unique indivisible experiences that are innate and universal across cultures.
bi-cycle plan
An annual training plan with two major peaks.
Bioaccessibility
The amount of a substance which is not yet directly bioavailable but may become bioavailable in the future, and is considered to be bioaccessible.
Biosafety Level (BSL)
Safety guidelines for working with live microorganisms in a laboratory, four levels called BSL-1 through BSL-4.
boiling point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.
bradycardia
(brad-ē-kar′dē-ă) A resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
bubo
An enlarged lymph node caused by inflammation.
canaliculus
(kan-ă-lik′ū-lŭs; pl., canaliculi, -lı̄) Small canal or channel.
Cardiotonic steroids
A class of drugs that inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase.
Cdc20
Activating subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C).
cerebellar cortex
A sheet of gray matter lying just under the pial surface of the cerebellum.
charcoal
A fuel similar to coal that is made by heating wood in the absence of air.
chemoaffinity hypothesis
The hypothesis that chemical markers on growing axons are matched with complementary chemical markers on their targets.
chronic
(krŏn′ik) Takes place over a long period of time. Compare to acute.
Cis–trans isomers
Stereoisomers that differ in their stereochemistry about a ring or double bond.
Coefficient
A number expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain conditions (for example, the coefficient of inbreeding).
colloidal dispersion (colloid)
A mixture in which a dispersed substance is finely dived but not truly dissolved in a dispersing medium.
competitive exclusion
Growth of some microbes prevents the growth of other microbes.
condenser
A lens system located below the microscope stage that directs light rays through the specimen.
Consanguinity
Relationship due to descent from a common ancestor.
corpus callosum
The great cerebral commissure, consisting of axons connecting the cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres.
CPOM
Coarse particulate organic matter.
critical period
A limited period of time when a particular aspect of brain development is sensitive to a change in the external environment.
cross-section
Transverse section. cubital (kū′bi-tal) Relating to the elbow.
cutaneous
(kū-tā′nē-ŭs) Relating to the skin.
cytoarchitectural map
A map, usually of the cerebral cortex, based on cytoarchitectural differences.
deciduous
(dē-sid′ū-ŭs) Not permanent; e.g., deciduous teeth.
Dehydrohalogenation
The loss of HX from an alkyl halide. Alkyl halides undergo dehydrohalogenation to yield alkenes on treatment with strong base.
deposition
The phase transition from gas to solid.
deterministic
A characteristic of the classical laws of motion, which imply that present circumstances determine future events.
diastole
(dı̄-as′tō-lē) The relaxation phase of a heart chamber.
dimensional theories of emotion
Explanations of emotions in which each emotion is built from emotional components such as level of arousal and emotional strength.
disinfection
Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant.
Dizygotic (DZ) twins
Two-egg or fraternal twins.
Doxorubicin
An anticancer drug that inhibits human topoisomerases.
early-onset sarcoidosis
Disease associated with activating NOD2 mutations characterized by inflammation in tissues such as liver.
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Noncyclic change of circulation in the oceanographic-meteorological system of the equatorial pacific.
emerging infectious disease (EID)
A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.
endoderm
(en′dō-derm) Innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo.
enrichment culture
A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism.
epimysium
(ep-i-mis′ē-ŭm) A layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle.
Error threshold
A mathematical parameter that measures the complexity of the information that must be maintained to ensure survival of a population. (Chapter 10)
exchange reaction
A chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components.
extensively drug-resistant (XDR)
M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one more drug.
falciform
(fal′si-fōrm) Having a crescent or sickle shape; e.g., falciform ligament.
ferric
The inorganic form of iron with a +3 charge.
flaming
The process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame.
Fluorouracil
A base analog used in cancer chemotherapy.
Frasch process
An industrial process for the recovery of sulfur that uses superheated water to liquefy sulfur deposits in Earth’s crust and bring the molten sulfur to the surface.
Gametophytic incompatibility
A botanical phenomenon controlled by the complex S locus in which a pollen grain cannot fertilize an ovule produced by a plant that carries the same S allele as the pollen grain. For example, S1 pollen cannot fertilize an ovule made by an S1/S2 plant.
Germ line
The tissue that ultimately produces the gametes.
glyceroneogenesis
The synthesis in adipocytes of glycerol 3-phosphate from pyruvate for use in triacylglycerol synthesis.
H5N1 avian flu
A highly pathogenic influenza subtype responsible for ‘bird flu’.
heat capacity (C)
The quantity of heat required to change a system’s temperature by 1 °C.
Hemoglobin Bart
A γ4 tetramer, in patients with α-thalassemia.
Herbivore
Animal that feeds on plants.
Heterotrophic respiration (Rₕ)
Respiratory CO2 production by heterotrophic microbes.
Histidinemia
A relatively benign inborn error of histidine metabolism.
Hybrid vigor (heterosis)
Unusual growth, strength, and health of heterozygous hybrids derived from two less vigorous homozygous parents.
Hyperbaric oxygen
Oxygen applied under increased pressure.
Hypoxanthine
A deamination product of adenine.
image processing
Computer based techniques in microscopy that process digital images in order to extract latent information. Enables compensation for some optical faults in microscopes, enhanced contrast to improve detection of small differences in light intensity, and subtraction of background irregularities in the optical system.
indicator
A dye whose color depends on the pH of the solution in which it is dissolved; often used to detect the endpoint of a titration.
insoluble
Incapable of dissolving in water or being extremely difficult of solution.
internal energy (E)
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles that compose a system.
Irreversible reaction
A reaction that proceeds in only one direction under physiological conditions.
kilocalorie (kcal)
Measurement of energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C; equal to 4.184 kilojoules (kJ).
labia
(lā′bē-ă; sing. labium) Tissue fold having the appearance of a lip. lacrimal (lak′ri-măl) Relating to tears.
language
A system for communicating information that uses words or signs combined according to grammatical rules.
lateral pathway
Axons in the lateral column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of voluntary movements of the distal musculature and are under direct cortical control.
Legionnaire’s disease
Type of pneumonia resulting from infection with Legionella pneumophila, a parasite of freshwater amoebae that is spread to humans by air-conditioning systems that harbor infected amoebae and produce microdroplets of water that are easily inhaled.
light-dependent (light) reaction
The process by which light energy is used to convert ADP and phosphate to ATP. See also photophosphorylation.
Lipoprotein(a)
A form of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that promotes atherosclerosis.
LOV domain
Light/Oxygen/Voltage chromophorebinding domains that form light-sensing modules for many photoreceptor families.
M1 macrophages
The name sometimes given to ‘classically’ activated macrophages, which develop in the context of type 1 responses and have pro-inflammatory properties.
manometer
An instrument used to determine the pressure of a gaseous sample, consisting of a liquidfilled U-shaped tube with one end exposed to the ambient pressure and the other end connected to the sample.
maximal lactate steady state
A balance between lactate production and lactate buffering.
melting (fusion)
The phase transition from solid to liquid.
MEP pathway
Alternative C3 pyruvate and glycerol-3- phosphate-based pathway to isoprenoids localized in plastids.
Metallophytes
Plant species growing on soils contaminated with metals.
Methylxanthines
Caffeine and related purines; inhibit many phosphodiesterases.
Microcytosis
Presence of abnormally small erythrocytes.
Minisatellites
Small tandem repeats.
Modal class
In a frequency distribution, the class having the greatest frequency.
monocycle
An annual training plan with one major peak.
motivated behavior
Behavior that is incited to achieve a goal.
Mutagenesis
The process of inducing mutations.
Myrmecochory
Plant seed dispersal by ants.
Nekton
Aquatic animals that move independently of water currents.
nitrogen narcosis
A physiological condition caused by an increased partial pressure of nitrogen, resulting in symptoms similar to those of intoxication.
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia
An inborn error of glycine metabolism causing brain damage and early death.
notifiable infectious disease
A disease that physicians must report to the U.S. Public Health Service; also called reportable disease.
ocular dominance shift
A change in visual cortex interconnections that makes neurons more responsive to one eye or the other.
open system
A system that exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings. See also system.
Oriental flush
Hypersensitivity to alcohol, caused by deficiency of a mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in many Asians.
Osteomalacia
Rickets in adults.
overtraining
A long-term decrement in performance that occurs in response to accumulation of training and non-training stressors.
p-type semiconductor
A semiconductor that employs positively charged “holes” in the valence band as the charge carriers.
paradigm
In biochemistry, an experimental model or example.
Passive bioremediation
Bioremediation without human intervention aiming at the improvement of the bioremediation process.
peaking
An athlete’s high physiological and psychological state of competitiveness prior to an important competition, characterized by no residual fatigue and maximum adaptations to the previous training phases.
Pepsin
An endopeptidase in gastric juice.
periodic property
A property of an element that is predictable based on an element’s position in the periodic table.
phase
With regard to waves and orbitals, the phase is the sign of the amplitude of the wave, which can be positive or negative.
Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS)
The “activated sulfate” used for sulfation reactions.
phototaxis
Movement in response to the presence of light.
Phytoremediation
Use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove, sequester and/or detoxify metals and xenobiotics from soils, waters, sediments, and air.
plasmodium
(1) A multinucleated mass of protoplasm, as in plasmodial slime molds. (2) When written as a genus, refers to the causative agent of malaria.
polygyny
Mating behavior in which one male mates with more than one female.
post-translational
Occurring after completion of translation.
power snatch
A weightlifting movement in which the barbell is lifted from the ground to a position an arms-length over the head in one movement.
pressure gradient
Difference in pressure between two adjacent areas.
primary tumor
Tumor at the original site at which a cancer first arose. Secondary tumors develop elsewhere by metastasis.
procedural memory
Memory for skills and behaviors.
Proteoid roots
Dense bottle-brush-like lateral root clusters formed by the Proteaceae and by Lupinus albus.
proximal attachment
the (typically less movable) attachment site of an appendicular skeletal muscle (previously called the origin).
pustule
A small pus-filled elevation of skin.
Quantitative traits
Phenotypes that can be measured, such as height, weight, and growth rate.
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
A serological test for syphilis.
reaction quotient (Qc)
The ratio, at any point in the reaction, of the concentrations of the products of a reaction raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
recrystallization
A technique used to purify solids in which the solid is put into hot solvent until the solution is saturated; when the solution cools, the purified solute comes out of solution.
Reining
The process by which petroleum is converted into gasoline and other useful products.
Repulsion (trans configuration)
The condition in which a double heterozygote has received a mutant and a wild-type allele from each parent; for example, a + / a + × + b/+ b produces a + / + b (cf. Coupling).
retrograde messenger
Any chemical messenger that communicates information from the postsynaptic side of a synapse to the presynaptic side.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)
A method of polymer synthesis that uses an olein metathesis reaction of a cycloalkene.
ruga
(rū′gă; pl., rugae, rū′gē) Fold, ridge, or crease.
Sawhorse representations
A manner of representing stereochemistry that uses a stick drawing and gives a perspective view of the conformation around a single bond.
sclerotia
The compact mass of hardened mycelia of the fungus Claviceps purpurea that fills infected rye flowers; produces the toxin ergot.
Selection response
In plant and animal breeding, the difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of their offspring.
sensitivity
Percentage of positive samples correctly detected by a diagnostic test.
severe congenital neutropenia (SCN)
An inherited condition in which the neutrophil count is persistently extremely low. This is in contrast to cyclic neutropenia, in which neutrophil numbers fluctuate from near normal to very low or absent, with an approximate cycle time of 21 days.
sign
A change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure.
sludge
Solid matter obtained from sewage.
specific epithet
The second or species name in a scientific binomial. See also species.
sphincter
(sfingk′ter) Muscle that encircles a duct, tube, or orifice such that its contraction constricts the lumen or orifice and restricts movement through the tube.
spontaneous process
A process that occurs without ongoing outside intervention.
spread plate method
A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium.
standard temperature and pressure (STP)
The conditions of T = 0 °C (273 K) and P = 1 atm; used primarily in reference to a gas.
Stereospecific
A term indicating that only a single stereoisomer is produced in a given reaction rather than a mixture.
streak plate method
A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium.
subacute disease
A disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic.
Substitution reactions
What occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. SN1 and SN2 reactions are examples.
Svedberg (S)
A unit of measure of the rate at which a particle sediments in a centrifugal field.
syndesmosis
(sin′dez-mō′sis; pl., syndesmoses, -sēz) Fibrous joint in which the opposing surfaces of articulating bones are united by ligaments.
systems consolidation
The transformation of a temporary hippocampal memory trace into a permanent engram in neocortex.
taxis
Movement in response to an environmental stimulus.
testis
(tes′tis; pl., testes, -tēz) Male organ for producing gametes and androgens.
Thermodynamic control
An equilibrium reaction that yields the lowest-energy, most stable product is said to be thermodynamically controlled.
thymectomy
Surgical removal of the thymus.
top–down attention
Attention voluntarily directed by the brain to serve a behavioral goal; also called endogenous attention.
training effect
A physiological, performance, or psychological response to a training program.
transpiration
Passage of water from the roots of a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system and the stomata of the leaves.
Triplet
A symmetrical three-line splitting pattern observed in the 1H NMR spectrum when a proton has two equivalent neighbor protons.
type I interferons
The antiviral interferons IFN-α and IFN-β.
unsaturated fat
A triglyceride with one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain; unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature.
UV resistance locus 8
UV-B light photoreceptor that triggers adaptation processes toward deleterious effects of the corresponding light quality.
Vegetable oil
Liquid triacylglycerols derived from a plant source.
Very low fluence response
Class of very sensitive light responses triggered by phytochrome A that can be induced by weak single light pulses.
vision
The sense of sight.
vocal folds
Two bands of muscle within the larynx, also known as vocal chords, that vibrate to produce the human voice.
Walden inversion
The inversion of coniguration at a chirality center that accompanies an SN2 reaction.
Wilson disease
An inherited copper transport defect, with abnormal copper accumulation in the liver and brain.
Zaitsev’s rule
A rule stating that E2 elimination reactions normally yield the more highly substituted alkene as major product.
β-Diketon
A 1,3-diketone.
