BIO - TERMS - FREQUENCY > 1 PT 2 Flashcards
3’ end
The end of a nucleic acid chain with a free hydroxyl group at C3’. // The end of a nucleic acid that lacks a nucleotide bound at the 3’ position of the terminal residue.
5’ end
The end of a nucleic acid chain with a free hydroxyl group at C5’. // The end of a nucleic acid that lacks a nucleotide bound at the 5’ position of the terminal residue.
acrodermatitis enteropathica
A disease caused by an inherited defect of intestinal zinc absorption. // A recessive genetic disorder in which zinc uptake by the small intestine is markedly diminished due to a defect in the transporter ZIP4 protein, leading to signs of zinc deficiency.a
adhesin
A carbohydrate-specific binding protein that projects from prokaryotic cells; used for adherence, also called a ligand. // Specific proteins or protein complexes of pathogenic bacteria that recognize and bind cell-surface molecules on the host cells to enable tight adhesion and colonization of tissues.
Alkalosis
Abnormally high blood pH. // (al-kă-lō′-sis) Condition in which the pH of arterial blood is above 7.45.
Ames test
A procedure using bacteria to identify potential carcinogens. // A simple bacterial test for carcinogenicity, based on the assumption that carcinogens are mutagens.
anaphase
(1) Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move away from each other. (2) Anaphase I and II: stages of meiosis during which chromosome homolog pairs separate (I), and then sister chromatids separate (II). // The stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the daughter chromosomes pass from the equatorial plate to opposite poles of the cell (toward the ends of the spindle). Anaphase follows metaphase and precedes telophase.
antigen-binding site
A site on an antibody that binds to an antigenic determinant. // The site at the tip of each arm of an antibody that makes physical contact with the antigen and binds it noncovalently. The antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
Apoprotein
The polypeptide component of a conjugated protein. // The protein portion of a protein, exclusive of any organic or inorganic cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for activity.
ATP synthase (F1Fo ATPase)
An enzyme complex that forms ATP from ADP and phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane or the bacterial plasma membrane, and during photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. // Transmembrane enzyme complex in the inner membrane of mitochondria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis, respectively. Also present in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
Autosome
Non–sex chromosome. // Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Basal metabolic rate
The energy consumed in the absence of physical activity. // An animal’s rate of oxygen consumption when at complete rest, long after a meal.
biofilm
A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface. // Any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on an interface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).
bonding MO // bonding orbital
A molecular orbital that is lower in energy than the atomic orbitals from which it is formed. // A molecular orbital that is lower in energy than any of the atomic orbitals from which it was formed.
Capping
The addition of m 7 G via a 5’ –5’ phosphodiester bond to the 5 ends of cellular and viral transcripts made in eukaryotic cells. (Chapter 10) // A process occurring in the nucleus in which the modified purine 7-methylguanosine is added to the 5ʹ phosphate of the first nucleotide of the RNA transcript.
carotene
Dietary precursors of vitamin A in vegetables. // (kar′ō-tēn) Class of yellow-red pigments widely distributed in plants and animals.
cerebroside
Sphingolipids containing a monosaccharide. // Sphingolipid containing one sugar residue as a head group.
chemotroph
An organism that uses oxidation-reduction reactions as its primary energy source. // An organism that obtains energy by metabolizing organic compounds derived from other organisms.
cholinergic
(kol-in-er′jik) Relating to neurons that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. // Describing neurons or synapses that produce and release acetylcholine.
clonal deletion
The elimination of B and T cells that react with self. // The elimination of immature lymphocytes when they bind to self antigens, which produces tolerance to self as required by the clonal selection theory of adaptive immunity. Clonal deletion is the main mechanism of central tolerance and can also occur in peripheral tolerance.
Competitive inhibition
Inhibition by an agent that binds noncovalently to the active site of the enzyme. // A type of enzyme inhibition reversed by increasing the substrate concentration; a competitive inhibitor generally competes with the normal substrate or ligand for a protein’s binding site.
Conjugative R plasmid
A circular DNA molecule that can be transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation.
coordination number (in a crystal structure)
The number of atoms with which each atom in a crystal lattice is in direct contact.
cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
Positive regulators of cell cycle progression. // Protein kinase that has to be complexed with a cyclin protein in order to act. Different cyclin–Cdk complexes trigger different steps in the cell-division cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins.
dehydration
A loss of body fluids in excess. // The loss of water from an alcohol to yield an alkene.
Dialysis
Removal of small molecules and inorganic ions through a semipermeable membrane. // Removal of small molecules from a solution of a macromolecule by their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane into a suitably buffered solution.
dispersion force
Noncovalent inter actions between molecules that arise because of constantly changing electron distributions within the molecules. // An intermolecular force (also referred to as London force) exhibited by all atoms and molecules that results from fluctuations in the electron distribution.
DNA supercoiling
The coiling of DNA upon itself, generally as a result of bending, underwinding, or overwinding of the DNA helix. // A conformation with loops or coils that DNA adopts in response to superhelical tension; conversely, creating various loops or coils in the helix can create such tension.
dysbiosis
An imbalance of microbiome in the human body (such as the gastrointestinal tract), leading to adverse health conditions. // Altered balance of microbial species comprising the microbiota resulting from a variety of causes (e.g., antibiotics, genetic disorders) and frequently associated with outgrowth of pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile.
electrical synapse
A synapse in which electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. // (sin′aps) Junction between two communicating cells. Electrical signal moves across this type of synapse through gap junctions.
Elongation factors
Soluble proteins that are required for polypeptide chain elongation. // (1) Proteins that function in the elongation phase of eukaryotic transcription. (2) Specific proteins required in the elongation of polypeptide chains by ribosomes.
energy
Capacity to do work.
ester
A class of compounds containing the -CO2R functional group. // A family of organic compounds with the general structure R—COO—R.
factor H binding protein (fHbp) // factor H
A protein produced by the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis that recruits factor H to its membrane, thereby inactivating C3b deposited on its surface, and evading destruction by complement. // Complement-regulatory protein in plasma that binds C3b and competes with factor B to displace Bb from the convertase.
Fibronectin
A glycoprotein that binds to cell surfaces and extracellular matrix constituents. // Extracellular matrix protein involved in adhesion of cells to the matrix and guidance of migrating cells during embryogenesis. Integrins on the cell surface are receptors for fibronectin.
Flux (J)
In pyrometallurgy, material that reacts with the gangue to form a substance with a low melting point. // The rate of a permeant crossing the skin (or entering the systemic circulation). It is given in units of mass per area per time (usually mg/cm2 per hour).
G1 phase
The time between mitosis and S phase. // Gap 1 phase of the eukaryotic cell-division cycle, between the end of mitosis and the start of DNA synthesis.
ganglion
(gang′glē-on; pl., ganglia, -glē-ă) Group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. // A collection of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Plural: ganglia.
geometric isomers
Isomers related by rotation about a double bond; also called cis and trans isomers. // For complex ions, isomers that result when the ligands bonded to the metal have a different spatial arrangement.
glycoconjugate
A compound containing a carbohydrate component bound covalently to a protein or lipid, forming a glycoprotein or glycolipid. // A molecule in which a carbohydrate is linked through its anomeric center to another biological molecule such as a lipid or protein.
graft-versus-host (GVH) disease // graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
A condition that occurs when a transplanted tissue has an immune response to the tissue recipient. // An attack on the tissues of the recipient by mature T cells in a bone marrow graft from a nonidentical donor, which can cause a variety of symptoms; sometimes these are severe.
