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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - COMPOUND > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - COMPOUND Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

aluminosilicates

A

Members of a family of compounds in which aluminum atoms substitute for silicon atoms in some of the silicon lattice sites of the silica structure.

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2
Q

Amides

A

A class of compounds containing the -CONR2 functional group.

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3
Q

Arylamines

A

Amino-substituted aromatic compounds, ArNH2.

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4
Q

atomic radius

A

The average bonding radius of an atom determined from measurements on a large number of elements and compounds.

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5
Q

atomic theory

A

The theory that each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms, that all atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties, and that atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds.

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6
Q

Benzyne

A

An unstable compound having a triple bond in a benzene ring.

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7
Q

binary compound

A

A compound that contains only two different elements.

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8
Q

Biodegradation

A

A designation frequently used for the ultimate biological breakdown of an organic compound to CO2 and H2O; however, sometimes the term is used with the understanding that incomplete biological breakdown of organics into organic metabolites is also included.

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9
Q

Biotransformation

A

The incomplete biological breakdown of an organic compound into organic products other than the parent compound.

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10
Q

bixin

A

A carotenoid-like compound with antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects.

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11
Q

Blind screening

A

Screening for antiviral compounds without regard to a specifi c mechanism. (Chapter 9)

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12
Q

boranes

A

Compounds composed of boron and hydrogen.

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13
Q

Born–Haber cycle

A

A hypothetical series of steps based on Hess’s law that represents the formation of an ionic compound from its constituent elements.

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14
Q

chemical formula

A

A symbolic representation of a compound that indicates the elements present in the compound and the relative number of atoms of each.

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15
Q

combustion reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to form one or more oxygen-containing compounds; the reaction often causes the evolution of heat and light in the form of a flame.

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16
Q

Cometabolism

A

Biodegradation or biotransformation of an organic compound that can be used as a growth substrate in the presence of another compound enabling growth, which is referred to as cosubstrate.

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17
Q

common name

A

A nickname of sorts for a compound that gives little or no information about its chemical structure; for example, the common name of NaHCO3 is “baking soda.”

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18
Q

compound light microscope (LM)

A

An instrument with two sets of lenses that uses visible light as the source of illumination.

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19
Q

Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA)

A

Determination of the ratios of naturally occurring staple isotopes (e.g., ¹³C/¹²C ²H/¹H) of distinct compounds (e.g., contaminants or their degradation products) in environmental samples together with the measurement of compound concentrations enabling to gain information about the fate of compounds (e.g., to obtain indications for biodegradation to identify contaminant sources to gain information about the dispersion of contaminant plumes, etc.).

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20
Q

coordination compound

A

A neutral compound made when a complex ion combines with one or more counterions.

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21
Q

crystal field theory

A

A bonding model for coordination compounds that focuses on the interactions between ligands and the central metal ion.

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22
Q

d,l form

A

The racemic mixture of a chiral compound.

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23
Q

Dehalorespiration

A

A type of anaerobic respiration leading to energy conservation via the use of chlorinated organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors in certain anaerobic bacteria.

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24
Q

Delocalization

A

A spreading out of electron density over a conjugated p electron sys tem. For example, allylic cations and allylic anions are delocalized because their charges are spread out over the entire p electron system. Aromatic compounds have 4n 1 2 p electrons delocalized over their ring.

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25
Q

desulfurization

A

Removal of sulfur from an organic compound.

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26
Q

Dienophile

A

A compound containing a double bond that can take part in the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction. The most reactive dienophiles are those that have electronwithdrawing groups on the double bond.

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27
Q

electrometallurgy

A

The use of electrolysis to produce metals from their compounds.

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28
Q

empirical formula

A

A chemical formula that gives the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound.

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29
Q

Enamines

A

Compounds with the R2N-CR=CR2 functional group.

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30
Q

extractive metallurgy

A

The process by which an elemental metal is extracted from the compounds in which it is found.

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31
Q

Fluorochrome

A

Chemical compound that is fluorescent; it reemits light of a certain wavelength on excitation by light.

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32
Q

formula mass

A

The average mass of a molecule of a compound in amu.

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33
Q

formula unit

A

The smallest, electrically neutral collection of ions in an ionic compound.

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34
Q

free energy of formation (ΔGºf)

A

The change in free energy when 1 mol of a compound forms from its constituent elements in their standard states.

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35
Q

GLC

A

High resolution gas-liquid chromatography, a technique used to analyze volatile chemical compounds and extracts.

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36
Q

gram molecular weight

A

For a compound, the weight in grams that is numerically equal to its molecular weight; the weight of one mole.

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37
Q

green nonsulfur bacteria

A

Gram-negative, nonproteobacteria; anaerobic and phototrophic; use reduced organic compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation.

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38
Q

green sulfur bacteria

A

Gram-negative, nonproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; no growth in dark; use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation.

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39
Q

Halogenation

A

The reaction of halogen with an alkene to yield a 1,2-dihalide addition product or with an aromatic compound to yield a substitution product.

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40
Q

Heat of combustion

A

The amount of heat released when a compound burns completely in oxygen.

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41
Q

hydrate

A

An ionic compound that contains a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit.

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42
Q

hydrogen azide (HN3)

A

A nitrogen and hydrogen compound with a higher hydrogen-to-nitrogen ratio than ammonia or hydrazine.

43
Q

Imide

A

A compound with the -CONHCO- functional group.

44
Q

Imines

A

A class of compounds with the R2C=NR functional group.

45
Q

interhalogen compounds

A

A class of covalent compounds that contain two different halogens.

46
Q

ion-exchange chromatography

A

A process for separating complex mixtures of ionic compounds by many repeated partitionings between a flowing (mobile) phase and a stationary phase consisting of a polymeric resin that contains fixed charged groups.

47
Q

ion–dipole force

A

An intermolecular force that occurs when an ionic compound is mixed with a polar compound.

48
Q

ionophore

A

A compound that binds one or more metal ions and is capable of diffusing across a membrane, carrying the bound ion.

49
Q

IUPAC system of nomenclature

A

Rules for naming compounds, devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

50
Q

law of definite proportions

A

A law stating that all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements.

51
Q

law of multiple proportions

A

A law stating that when two elements (A and B) form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with one gram of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers.

52
Q

mass percent composition (mass percent)

A

An element’s percentage of the total mass of a compound containing the element.

53
Q

Meso compounds

A

Compounds that contain chirality centers but are nevertheless achiral because they contain a symmetry plane.

54
Q

Metabolic fingerprinting

A

Rapid classification of metabolites without identification and quantification of each individual compound by high-throughput sample screening.

55
Q

Metallacycle

A

A cyclic compound that contains a metal atom in its ring.

56
Q

Metallome

A

Entirety of metal and metalloid compounds in an organism or its parts (cells, body fluids or tissues).

57
Q

methylate

A

Addition of a methyl (—CH3) group to a compound.

58
Q

molar solubility

A

The solubility of a compound in units of moles per liter.

59
Q

molecular compound

A

Compounds composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals.

60
Q

molecular equation

A

An equation showing the complete neutral formula for each compound in a reaction.

61
Q

molecular formula

A

A chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

62
Q

Nitriles

A

A class of compounds containing the CN functional group.

63
Q

Nitrogen rule

A

A compound with an odd number of nitrogen atoms has an odd-numbered molecular weight.

64
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

A compound that does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.

65
Q

objective lenses

A

In a compound light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen.

66
Q

ocular lens

A

In a compound light microscope, the lens closest to the viewer; also called the eyepiece.

67
Q

oligodynamic action

A

The ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity.

68
Q

Oximes

A

Compounds with the R2C=NOH functional group.

69
Q

Parent peak

A

The peak in a mass spec trum corresponding to the molecular ion. The mass of the parent peak therefore represents the molecular weight of the compound.

70
Q

Peroxyacid

A

A compound with the -CO3H functional group. Peroxyacids react with alkenes to give epoxides.

71
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the nature properties and uses of drugs (see pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics); includes the study of endogenous active compounds.

72
Q

Phenols

A

A class of compounds with an -OH group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, ArOH.

73
Q

Phosphite

A

A compound with the structure P(OR)3.

74
Q

Phosphoramidite

A

A compound with the structure R2NP(OR)2.

75
Q

phosphorolysis

A

Cleavage of a compound with phosphate as the attacking group; analogous to hydrolysis.

76
Q

Polycyclic aromatic compound

A

A compound with two or more benzene-like aromatic rings fused together.

77
Q

Polymerization

A

Chemical union of two or more molecules of the same kind to form a new compound having the same elements in the same proportions but a higher molecular weight and different physical properties.

78
Q

polymorphs

A

The different crystal structures that can sometimes exist for the same compound.

79
Q

precipitate

A

A solid, insoluble ionic compound that forms in, and separates from, a solution.

80
Q

pro-R

A

One of two identical atoms or groups of atoms in a compound whose replacement leads to an R chirality center.

81
Q

pro-S

A

One of two identical atoms or groups of atoms in a compound whose replacement leads to an S chirality center.

82
Q

Prochirality center

A

An atom in a compound that can be converted into a chirality center by changing one of its attached substituents.

83
Q

Prodrug

A

An inactive precursor to an active antiviral compound. (Chapter 9)

84
Q

proton acceptor

A

An anionic compound capable of accepting a proton from a proton donor; that is, a base.

85
Q

purple nonsulfur bacteria

A

Alphaproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; grow on yeast extract in dark; use reduced organic compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation.

86
Q

purple sulfur bacteria

A

Gammaproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation.

87
Q

Pyramidal inversion

A

The rapid stereochemical inversion of a trivalent nitrogen compound.

88
Q

quaternary ammonium compound (quat)

A

A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant.

89
Q

Quaternary ammonium salt

A

An ionic compound containing a positively charged nitrogen atom with four attached groups, R4N+ X-.

90
Q

radiotracer

A

A radioactive nuclide that has been attached to a compound or introduced into a mixture in order to track the movement of the compound or mixture within the body.

91
Q

Reductive dehalogenation

A

The reductive biochemical replacement of chlorine in chloroorganics (which serve as electron acceptors) by hydrogen resulting in the dechlorination of the compound and chloride release. Reductive dehalogenation is prominent in, though not restricted to, certain anaerobic bacteria. It may be coupled to energy conservation and is then referred to as “dehalorespiration”; otherwise it represents a special type of cometabolism.

92
Q

Rhizosphere

A

Space around roots containing organic compounds exuded by the plant. Forms the basis for a rich microbial community.

93
Q

Secondary/specialized metabolites

A

Compounds of high structural diversity with specific functions in the interaction of the plants with their environment. Several secondary metabolites have restricted occurence in the plant kingdom. In contrast to primary metabolites, they were not considered to play essential roles in growth development or reproduction. However, many examples have shown that this classification is blurry and the terms primary/secondary may not be appropriate any more.

94
Q

Senescence

A

A developmental program to change the physiological status of cells and tissues before programmed cell death occurs. Includes incorporation of detrimental substances and the salvage and mobilization of valuable compounds.

95
Q

Signal compound

A

Plants use certain metabolites as signals for other plants, animals, or microbes.

96
Q

solubility product constant (Ksp)

A

The equilibrium expression for a chemical equation representing the dissolution of an ionic compound.

97
Q

standard enthalpy (heat) of formation (ΔH°f)

A

The change in enthalpy when 1 mol of a compound forms from its constituent elements in their standard states.

98
Q

Storage

A

Hydrophilic secondary metabolites are stored in vacuoles whereas lipophilic compounds are sequestered in resin ducts, oil cells, trichomes lacticifers, or on the cuticle.

99
Q

Sulides

A

A class of compounds that has two organic substituents bonded to the same sulfur atom, RSR’.

100
Q

surface-active agent

A

Any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant.

101
Q

systematic name

A

An official name for a compound, based on wellestablished rules, that can be determined by examining its chemical structure.

102
Q

Tetrapyrrole

A

Chemical compounds that contain four pyrrole rings held together by methin bridges.

103
Q

Thiols

A

A class of compounds containing the -SH functional group.

104
Q

Ziegler–Natta catalyst

A

Catalysts of an alkylaluminum and a titanium compound used for preparing alkene polymers.

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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