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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 10 > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abscissa

A

The horizontal scale on a graph.

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2
Q

actual yield

A

The amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction.

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3
Q

adrenal medulla

A

The inner segment of the adrenal gland, innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers; releases epinephrine.

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4
Q

aflatoxin

A

A carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus.

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5
Q

algal bloom

A

An abundant growth of microscopic algae producing visible colonies in nature.

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6
Q

alloy

A

A metallic material that contains more than one element.

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7
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

(am′fē-ar-thrō′sis) A slightly movable joint.

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8
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants.

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9
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

Region of the cerebral cortex, just anterior to the descending limb of the corpus callosum, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.

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10
Q

antiretroviral

A

A drug used to treat HIV infection.

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11
Q

ApoC-III

A

An apolipoprotein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase.

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12
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

A

Symbiosis between autotrophic plant roots and obligatory symbiotic fungi.

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13
Q

articular

A

(ar-tik′ū-lăr) Relating to a joint.

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14
Q

ataxia

A

Abnormally uncoordinated and inaccurate movements, often associated with cerebellar dysfunction.

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15
Q

auricle

A

(aw′ri-kl) The external ear; also flaplike extensions on the anterior part of each atrium of the heart.

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16
Q

axon hillock

A

A swelling of the axon where it joins the soma.

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17
Q

basal telencephalon

A

The region of the telencephalon lying deep in the cerebral hemispheres.

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18
Q

Beriberi

A

Thiamine deficiency, with severe neuromuscular weakness.

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19
Q

Binomial expansion

A

Exponential multiplication of an expression consisting of two terms connected by a plus (+) or minus (−) sign, such as (a + b)n.

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20
Q

Biomagnification

A

Increasing concentrations of substances with each trophic level.

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21
Q

Boat cyclohexane

A

A conformation of cyclo hexane that bears a slight resemblance to a boat. Boat cyclohexane has no angle strain but has a large number of eclipsing interactions that make it less stable than chair cyclohexane.

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22
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The law that states that volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure (V ∝ 1/p)

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23
Q

bronze

A

An alloy of copper and tin that has been used for thousands of years.

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24
Q

calorimetry

A

The experimental procedure used to measure the heat that evolves in a chemical reaction.

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25
Q

Cardiac glycoside

A

A steroidal glycoside that increases the strength or rhythm of the heart beat.

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26
Q

caudal

A

An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail, or posterior.

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27
Q

ceramics

A

Inorganic metallic solids that are prepared from powders usually mixed with water, formed into the desired shape, and then heated.

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28
Q

channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)

A

A light-sensitive cation channel, originally isolated from green algae, which can be expressed in neurons and used to control their activity using light.

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29
Q

Chemical resistance

A

Secondary metabolites mediate resistance.

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30
Q

cholelithiasis

A

Production of gall stones.

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31
Q

cis heterozygote

A

A heterozygote that contains two mutations arranged in the cis configuration—for example, a+ b+ / a b.

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32
Q

cluster set

A

A series of repetitions interspersed with a short rest interval.

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33
Q

collision theory

A

The principle that chemical reactions occur because energy is gained as particles collide.

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34
Q

communicable disease

A

Any disease that can be spread from one host to another.

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35
Q

Concerted reaction

A

A reaction that takes place in a single step without intermediates. For example, the Diels– Alder cycloaddition reaction is a con certed process.

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36
Q

connectome

A

A detailed wiring diagram of how neurons connect with one another via synapses.

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37
Q

COPI-coated vesicles

A

Coated vesicles that transport material early in the secretory pathway, budding from Golgi compartments.

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38
Q

Coupling (cis configuration)

A

The condition in which a double heterozygote has received two linked mutations from one parent and their wild-type alleles from the other parent (for example, a b ∙ a b × + + ∕ + + produces a b ∕ + + (cf. Repulsion).

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39
Q

critical mass

A

The necessary amount of a radioactive isotope required to produce a self-sustaining fission reaction.

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40
Q

cross-bridges

A

Projections around the myosin filament that latch onto the binding site on actin.

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41
Q

cuprous

A

The inorganic form of copper with a +1 charge.

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42
Q

cyst

A

A sac with a distinct wall containing fluid or other material; also, a protective capsule of some protozoa.

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43
Q

debridement

A

Surgical removal of necrotic tissue.

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44
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

An index associated with the frequency distribution of a test statistic calculated from sample data.

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45
Q

dentate gyrus

A

A layer of neurons in the hippocampus that receives input from the entorhinal cortex.

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46
Q

desolvation

A

In aqueous solution, the release of bound water surrounding a solute.

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47
Q

diaphysis

A

(dı̄-af′i-sis; pl., diaphyses, -sēz) Elongated, usually cylindrical part of a long bone between its two ends; the shaft of a long bone.

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48
Q

dilute solution

A

A solution that contains a very small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.

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49
Q

discharge rate

A

The average number of action potentials per unit of time.

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50
Q

diverticulosis

A

A condition in which there are outpocketings (diverticula) of the colon.

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51
Q

double-reciprocal plot

A

A plot of 1/V0 versus 1/[S], which allows a more accurate determination of Vmax and Km than a plot of V0 versus [S]; also called the Lineweaver-Burk plot.

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52
Q

E6, E7

A

The oncogenes of the human papillomavirus; they bind and inactivate p53 and pRb, respectively.

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53
Q

effusion

A

The process by which a gas escapes from a container into a vacuum through a small hole.

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54
Q

Embryo sac

A

A large thin-walled space within the ovule of the seed plant in which the egg and, after fertilization, the embryo develop; the mature female gametophyte in higher plants.

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55
Q

endocardium

A

(en-dō-kar′dē-ŭm) Covering of the internal surface of the heart wall and external surface of heart valves.

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56
Q

engram

A

The physical representation or location of a memory; also called memory trace.

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57
Q

epilepsy

A

A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

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58
Q

equivalent treatments

A

Different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth.

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59
Q

excess (reactants)

A

The reactants that do not limit the amount of product.

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60
Q

exposure

A

The number of radioactive decay events to which a person is exposed.

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61
Q

Facilitation

A

Support actions between species with an advantage to one and without disadvantage to the other species.

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62
Q

feces

A

(fē′sēz) Material discharged from the GI tract during defecation.

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63
Q

fissure

A

(fish′ur) Deep furrow, cleft, or slit.

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64
Q

fluke

A

A flatworm belonging to the class Trematoda.

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65
Q

fovea

A

The pit or depression in the retina at the center of the macula; in humans, the fovea contains only cone photoreceptors and is specialized for high acuity vision.

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66
Q

furuncle

A

An infection of a hair follicle.

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67
Q

gender identity

A

A person’s perception of his or her maleness or femaleness.

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68
Q

globus pallidus

A

A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain; consists of external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments. It is involved in motor control.

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69
Q

gumma

A

A rubbery mass of tissue characteristic of tertiary syphilis.

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70
Q

heat (or enthalpy) of vaporization (ΔHvap)

A

The amount of heat required to vaporize 1 mol of a liquid to a gas.

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71
Q

Hemodialysis

A

The major procedure for treatment of renal failure.

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72
Q

hepatobiliary route

A

Route whereby mucosally produced dimeric IgA enters the portal veins in the lamina propria, is transported to the liver, and reaches the bile duct by transcytosis. This pathway is not of great significance in humans.

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73
Q

heterogeneous catalysis

A

Catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants exist in different phases.

74
Q

hillock

A

(hil′lok) Any small elevation or prominence; e.g., axon hillock.

75
Q

hot-air sterilization

A

Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170°C for approximately 2 hours.

76
Q

hyperalgesia

A

A reduced threshold for pain, an increased response to painful stimuli, or a spontaneous pain that follows localized injury.

77
Q

Hypomorphic

A

A term applied to a mutant allele that has less expression than a wild-type allele but that does not completely abolish expression. Such a mutant allele is called a hypomorph.

78
Q

idiopathic

A

(id′ē-ō-path′ik) Describing a disease of unknown cause.

79
Q

Index case

A

Th e human or other animal originally infected in an epidemic. (Chapter 1)

80
Q

input specificity

A

A property of synapse plasticity that ensures that modifications induced by stimulation of one input onto a neuron do not spread to other unstimulated inputs on the same neuron.

81
Q

Intermediate

A

A species that is formed during the course of a multistep reaction but is not the inal product. Intermediates are more stable than transition states but may or may not be stable enough to isolate.

82
Q

involution

A

Also known as a decay or detraining.

83
Q

kelvin (K)

A

The SI standard unit of temperature.

84
Q

Kuru

A

A now extinct prion disease transmitted by cannibalism.

85
Q

Lag time (L)

A

This is obtained from a permeation profile by extrapolating the steady-state flux line to the time axis. Some older texts used the symbol s whereas others used tL for the lag time, but most modern texts use the letter L.

86
Q

lateral hypothalamic syndrome

A

Anorexia associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area.

87
Q

learning

A

The acquisition of new knowledge or skills.

88
Q

light adaptation

A

The process by which the retina becomes less sensitive to light in bright light conditions.

89
Q

Lineweaver-Burk plot

A

A double-reciprocal plot that describes the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate.

90
Q

lordosis

A

(lor-dō′sis) Concave curvature of the lumbar vertebral column.

91
Q

lyophilization

A

Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying.

92
Q

Mangrove (mangrove forest)

A

Intertidal forested wetlands.

93
Q

matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

94
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract

A

A tract originating in the medullary reticular formation and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of movement.

95
Q

menstrual cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle in primates.

96
Q

Metal hyperaccumulators

A

Some plants are able to accumulate high concentrations of metals without suffering from any toxicity.

97
Q

Methanogenesis

A

Formation of methane by archaeal microorganisms.

98
Q

Microconsortia

A

Associations of microorganisms of several species which remain in spatial proximity by immobilization by the EPS matrix. They are capable of complex degradation processes.

99
Q

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms.

100
Q

mixture

A

A substance composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another.

101
Q

monoamine hypothesis of mood disorders

A

A hypothesis suggesting that depression is a consequence of a reduction in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain.

102
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

One-egg or identical twins.

103
Q

multivesicular bodies

A

Intermediates in the endosome maturation process; early endosomes that are on their way to becoming late endosomes.

104
Q

myometrium

A

(mı̄-ō-mē′trē-ŭm) Middle tunic (muscular wall) of the uterus.

105
Q

Natural gas

A

A naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixture consisting chiely of methane, along with smaller amounts of ethane, propane, and butane.

106
Q

nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery

A

A battery that consists of an anode composed of solid cadmium and a cathode composed of NiO(OH)(s) in a KOH solution.

107
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

Memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes.

108
Q

normal microbiota

A

The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora.

109
Q

occupational allergies

A

An allergic reaction induced to an allergen to which someone is habitually exposed in their work.

110
Q

Oncogenesis

A

The processes leading to cancer. (Chapter 14)

111
Q

order

A

A taxonomic classification between class and family.

112
Q

osteogenesis

A

(os′tē-ō-jen′ĕ-sis) Production of new bone.

113
Q

Overdominance

A

A condition in which heterozygotes are superior (on some scale of measurement) to either of the associated homozygotes.

114
Q

ozone

A

O3, an allotrope of oxygen that is a toxic blue diamagnetic gas with a strong odor.

115
Q

PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation)

A

defined as a range of solar radiation that can be used for photosynthesis.

116
Q

Particle–to–plaque-forming-unit (PFU) ratio

A

The inverse value of the absolute efficiency of plating: the ratio of the total number of particles to the number that are infectious. (Chapter 2)

117
Q

patrolling monocyte

A

A form of circulating monocyte that adheres to and surveys the vascular endothelium, distinguished from classical monocytes by its low expression of Ly6C.

118
Q

penetrating power

A

The ability of radiation to penetrate matter.

119
Q

perimysium

A

(per-i-mis′ē-ŭm, -miz′ē-ŭm) Fibrous sheath enveloping each of the fascicles of skeletal muscle fibers.

120
Q

phalanx

A

(fā′langks; pl., phalanges, -jēz) Long bone of a digit.

121
Q

phonemes

A

The set of distinct sounds used in a language.

122
Q

Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR)

A

Fraction of the spectrum of solar radiation used for photosynthesis.

123
Q

phytochemical

A

A plantderived substance (nutraceutical) that may help support the prevention or treatment of disease processes, such as atherosclerosis and inflammation.

124
Q

plantar flexion

A

(plan′tarflek′ shŭn) Movement of the toes and the sole of the foot closer to the posterior leg.

125
Q

polycythemia

A

(pol′ē-sı̄-thē′mē-ă) More than the normal number of erythrocytes.

126
Q

positive feedback

A

Control mechanism whereby the end product of a reaction or pathway stimulates its own production or activation.

127
Q

powder metallurgy

A

A process by which metallic components are made from powdered metal.

128
Q

preparedness

A

The stable component of the athlete’s athletic shape, representing his physical preparation, as well as the acquisition of skills and tactical maneuvers. For this reason, it is the foundation on which to base other training states.

129
Q

primary sewage treatment

A

The removal of solids from sewage by allowing them to settle out and be held temporarily in tanks or ponds.

130
Q

Proband

A

The individual in a family in whom an inherited trait is first identified.

131
Q

prophylactic

A

Anything used to prevent disease.

132
Q

proximal

A

(prok′si-măl) Near the point of attachment to the trunk.

133
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

An adjustment by the pupil to different levels of ambient light; the pupil’s diameter becomes larger in dim light and smaller in bright light, in response to retinal inputs to brain stem neurons that control the iris.

134
Q

quantal analysis

A

A method of determining how many vesicles release neurotransmitter during normal synaptic transmission.

135
Q

rapid diagnostic test (RDT)

A

A test that allows diagnosis of a disease within a few minutes.

136
Q

reaction order (n)

A

A value in the rate law that determines how the rate depends on the concentration of the reactants.

137
Q

recovery

A

Process of returning to preexercise state.

138
Q

Regionally acting

A

The active pharmaceutical ingredient acts in the area close to where the formulation is applied. This is often also described as locally acting, but here the drug does not act directly on the skin (e.g. topically applied ibuprofen gels to treat musculoskeletal conditions).

139
Q

repetitions

A

The number of work intervals within a set.

140
Q

retinotectal projection

A

A neural pathway that carries information from the retina to the superior colliculus.

141
Q

Rho family

A

Family of monomeric GTPases within the Ras superfamily involved in signaling the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Includes Rho, Rac, and Cdc42.

142
Q

rotation

A

(rō-tā′shŭn) Movement of a part around its axis.

143
Q

saturated fat

A

A triglyceride with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain; saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature.

144
Q

scientific law

A

A brief statement or equation that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones.

145
Q

Selection differential

A

In plant and animal breeding, the difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of the overall population.

146
Q

Semisterility

A

A condition of only partial fertility in plant zygotes (for example, maize); usually associated with translocations.

147
Q

serovar

A

A variation within a species; also called serotype.

148
Q

short-term memory

A

Retention of information about recent events or facts that is not yet consolidated into long-term memory.

149
Q

Slow infection

A

An extreme variant of the persistent pattern of infection; has a long incubation period (years) from the time of initial infection until the appearance of recognizable symptoms. (Chapter 5)

150
Q

solvation

A

The clustering of solvent mole cules around a solute particle to stabilize it.

151
Q

speed-strength

A

The ability to develop force rapidly and at high velocities.

152
Q

Splice site mutation

A

Mutation causing aberrant intronexon splicing.

153
Q

spotlight of attention

A

The ability of visual attention to shift to different objects like the way a spotlight moves to explore a dark room.

154
Q

standard precautions

A

Minimum precautions, such as handwashing, to prevent transmission of infection.

155
Q

Stereocenter

A

An alternative name for a chirality center.

156
Q

strabismus

A

A condition in which the eyes are not perfectly aligned.

157
Q

strong base

A

A base that completely dissociates in solution.

158
Q

substance

A

A specific instance of matter.

159
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

The medial part of cortical area 6; involved in the control of voluntary movement.

160
Q

synaptic integration

A

The process by which multiple EPSPs and/or IPSPs combine within one postsynaptic neuron, in some cases triggering one or more action potentials.

161
Q

systemic anaphylaxis

A

A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.

162
Q

tapeworm

A

A flatworm belonging to the class Cestoda.

163
Q

Terminalization

A

Repelling movement of the centromeres of bivalents in the diplotene stages of the meiotic prophase that tends to move the visible chiasmata toward the ends of the bivalents.

164
Q

thermochemistry

A

The study of the relationship between chemistry and energy.

165
Q

thoracic

A

(thō-ras′ik) Relating to the thorax, the area between the neck and the abdomen.

166
Q

tofacitinib

A

An inhibitor of JAK3 and JAK1 used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and under investigation in other inflammatory disorders.

167
Q

trabecula

A

(tră-bek′ū-lă; pl., trabeculae, -lē) Meshwork; e.g., trabeculae within spongy bone.

168
Q

transition elements (transition metals)

A

Those elements found in columns labeled with a number and the letter B in the periodic table whose properties tend to be less predictable based simply on their position in the table.

169
Q

TRIM25

A

An E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in signaling by RIG-I and MDA-5 for the activation of MAVS.

170
Q

two-photon microscope

A

A light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and long wavelength light.

171
Q

universal precautions

A

Procedures used to reduce transmission of microbes in health care settings and residential settings.

172
Q

urticaria

A

The technical term for hives, which are red, itchy skin wheals usually brought on by an allergic reaction.

173
Q

varicose vein

A

(var′i-kōs) Vein that is extremely dilated and follows a twisting path due to poorly functioning venous valves.

174
Q

vertebra

A

(ver′tĕ-bră; pl., vertebrae, -brā) Segment of the vertebral column.

175
Q

Vinyl monomer

A

A substituted alkene monomer used to make a chain-growth polymer.

176
Q

VO2

A

Volume of oxygen consumed.

177
Q

Vβ

A

Variable region from the TCRβ chain.

178
Q

White collar

A

Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor that triggers light-responses in fungi; uses a LOV domain as light sensor module.

179
Q

Young–Helmholtz trichromacy theory

A

The theory that the brain assigns colors based on a comparison of the readout of the three types of cone photoreceptors.

180
Q

α-Lipoprotein

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL).

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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