BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 9 Flashcards
abscess
A localized accumulation of pus.
activity
The true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.
adipose tissue
Connective tissue specialized for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols. See also brown adipose tissue; white adipose tissue.
affective neuroscience
The study of the neural basis of mood and emotion.
alga (plural: algae)
A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants.
Allopatric speciation
Speciation occurring at least in part because of geographic isolation.
amnesia
A severe loss of memory or the ability to learn. See also anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia.
aneurysm
(an′ū-rizm) Ballooning of an artery due to a weakened vessel wall; it is susceptible to rupture, leading to severe bleeding.
antebrachium
(an-te-brā′kē-ŭm) Forearm.
Antiparasitic
A substance that kills parasites.
ApoC-II
An apolipoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase.
arachnoid mater
(ă-rak′noyd mah′ter) Spider weblike meningeal layer; located between the dura mater and the pia mater.
arthroconidia
An asexual fungal spore formed by fragmentation of a septate hypha.
Atactic
A chain-growth polymer in which the stereochemistry of the substituents is oriented randomly along the backbone.
audition
The sense of hearing.
axon collateral
A branch of an axon.
Basal mutation rate
Mutation rate in the absence of mutagens.
Benzylic
The position next to an aromatic ring.
Binomial coefficient
The term that gives the number of ways of obtaining the two possible outcomes in an experiment in which only two outcomes are possible.
biological transmission
The transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector.
Block copolymers
Polymers in which different blocks of identical monomer units alternate with one another.
bottom-up attention
Attention reflexively directed to a salient external stimulus; also called exogenous attention.
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
Organized lymphoid tissue found in the bronchi in some animals. Adult humans do not normally have such organized lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract, but it may be present in some infants and children.
calcination
Heating an ore in order to decompose it and drive off a volatile product.
cardiac cycle
Events taking place in the heart during one heart beat.
cation-exchange resin
An insoluble polymer with fixed negative charges, used in the chromatographic separation of cationic substances.
cephalic
(se-fal′ik) Relating to the head area.
chancre
A hard sore, the center of which ulcerates.
chemical property
A property that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change.
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
cis face
Face on the same or near side.
closo-boranes
Boranes that have the formula B₁₂H₁₂²⁻ and form the full icosohedral shape.
Cold chain
A supply chain in which the low temperatures required to preserve vaccines (and other biological agents) are maintained continuously. (Chapter 8)
Common Mycorrhizal Network (CMN)
Physical connection of a range of plants by fungal hyphae.
concentrated solution
A solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.
conjugated sequence
A method of sequencing training to take advantage of training residuals developed with periods of concentrated loading; also called the coupled successive system.
Cope rearrangement
The sigmatropic rearrangement of a 1,5-hexadiene.
counterstain
A second stain applied to a smear, provides contrast to the primary stain.
crisis
The phase of a fever characterized by vasodilation and sweating.
crocetin
A carotenoid found in saffron. It may reduce physical fatigue and improve sleep quality. It is better known for its potential to combat cancer.
cupric
The inorganic form of copper with a +2 charge.
cyclotron
A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated ring-shaped tube by an alternating voltage applied to each semicircular half of the ring.
de novo
Arising anew, afresh, once more.
degerming
The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation.
density of training
The frequency at which an athlete performs a series of repetitions of work per unit of time.
Desmosine
A covalent cross-link in elastin.
diaphragm
Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; aids in breathing.
Dihydrotestosterone
A potent androgen formed from testosterone by 5α-reductase in androgen target tissues.
direct contact transmission
A method of spreading infection from one host to another through some kind of close association between the hosts.
diverticulitis
A condition where diverticula, or outpocketings, of the colon become inflamed and infected.
dose
The amount of energy absorbed by bodily tissues as a result of exposure to radiation.
E2 reaction
A bimolecular elimination reaction in which C-H and C-X bond cleavages are simultaneous.
Ectomycorrhiza
Symbiosis between autotrophic plant roots and saprotrophic fungi.
Embden–Meyerhof pathway
An alternative name for glycolysis.
endocarditis
Infection of the lining of the heart (endocardium).
English system
The system of units used in the United States and various other countries in which the inch is the unit of length, the pound is the unit of force, and the ounce is the unit of mass.
epicardium
(ep-i-kar′dē-ŭm) The visceral (outermost) layer of the heart; also called the serous pericardium.
Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation
A procedure used to separate macromolecules based on their density (mass per unit volume).
exanthem
Skin rash. See also enanthem.
expiration
(eks-pi-rā′shŭn) To breathe out; exhalation.
facet
(fas′et, fă-set′) Small, flat, shallow articulating surface; smooth area on a bone.
fauces
(faw′sēz) Opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
Fingerprint region
The complex region of the infrared spectrum from 1500–400 cm⁻¹.
fluid-phase C3 convertase
Short-lived alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3(H20)Bb, that is continually produced at a low level in the plasma that can initiate activation of the alternative pathway of complement.
fourth ventricle
The CSF-filled space within the hindbrain.
frontal lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying anterior to the central sulcus under the frontal bone.
Gelatin
Denatured collagen.
global warming
Retention of solar heat by gases in the atmosphere.
Grignard reagent (RMgX)
An organomagne sium halide.
heat (or enthalpy) of sublimation (ΔHsub)
The amount of heat required to sublime 1 mol of a solid to a gas.
Hemochromatosis
An iron overload syndrome.
hepatic
(he-pat′ik) Relating to the liver.
Hess’s law
The law stating that if a chemical equation can be expressed as the sum of a series of steps, then ΔHᵣₓₙ for the overall equation is the sum of the heats of reactions for each step.
high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
Pasteurizing at 72°C for 15 seconds.
Homopolymers
A polymer made up of identical repeating units.
hygiene hypothesis
A hypothesis first proposed in 1989 that reduced exposure to ubiquitous environmental microorganisms was a cause of the increased frequency of patients with allergies observed over the course of the mid- to late-20th century.
Hypolimnion
Lowest layer of water in a lake during stratification.
ideal solution
A solution that follows Raoult’s law at all concentrations for both solute and solvent.
indeterminacy
The principle asserting that present circumstances do not necessarily determine future evens in the quantum-mechanical realm.
inoculum
Microbes introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth.
interexercise recovery
The form of recovery that occurs during the exercise bout and relates to the bioenergetics of the activity being performed.
intrinsic
(in-trin′sik) Originates inside of an organ; e.g., intrinsic muscles of the hand.
Kartagener syndrome
A recessively inherited condition with immotile cilia, male infertility, and situs inversus.
Korsakoff’s syndrome
A neurological syndrome resulting from chronic alcoholism, characterized by confusion, confabulations, apathy, and amnesia.
Laetrile
A cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of antitumorigenicity
lateral hypothalamic area
A poorly defined region of the hypothalamus that has been implicated in the motivation of behavior.
leaded glass
A type of glass (often called crystal) that contains PbO. This type of glass has a higher index of refraction (it bends light more than ordinary glass), which results in more brilliant-looking glassware.
leukopoiesis
(lū′kō-poy-ē′sis) Formation and development of leukocytes.
linear accelerator
A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated tube by a potential difference between the ends of the tube or by alternating charges in sections of the tube.
long-term memory
Information storage that is relatively permanent and does not require continual rehearsal.
Lynch syndrome
An inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by defects of postreplication mismatch repair.
malaria
Protozoal disease caused by four species of Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
matrix space
Large internal compartment of the mitochondrion.
mediastinum
(me′dē-as-tı̄′nŭm) Median space of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
menopause
(men′ō-pawz) Permanent cessation of menses.
metacercaria
The encysted stage of a fluke in its final intermediate host.
methane
The hydrocarbon CH4, a flammable gas formed by the microbial decomposition of organic matter; natural gas.
Microbial loop
Involves return of DOM to higher trophic levels via microbes.
millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
A common unit of pressure referring to the air pressure required to push a column of mercury to a height of 1 mm in a barometer; 760 mmHg = 1 atm.
mitochondrial matrix
Large internal compartment of the mitochondrion. The corresponding compartment in a chloroplast is known as the stroma.
Monitored natural attenuation
A natural attenuation approach where human action is restricted to monitoring and not aimed at the improvement of the bioremediation process itself.
mordant
A substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely.
multipolar neuron
A neuron with three or more neurites.
myocardium
(mı̄-ō-kar′dē-ŭm) Middle layer of the heart wall, consisting of cardiac muscle.
Natural attenuation
In-situ reduction in mass concentration, volume toxicity mobility of environmental contaminants in soil and water caused by, or biological chemical and physical processes without human intervention.
neutral
The state of a solution where the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- are equal.
noncommunicable disease
A disease that is not transmitted from one person to another.
normal boiling point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm.
occipital lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the occipital bone.
omab
Suffix applied to fully murine monoclonal antibodies used for human therapies.
orbit
Bony socket housing the eye.
os
(os; pl., ossa, os′ă) An opening into a hollow organ or canal.
Ovary
The swollen part of the pistil of a plant flower that contains the ovules; the female reproductive organ or gonad in animals.
Oxymercuration
A method for double-bond hydration by reaction of an alkene with aqueous mercuric acetate followed by treatment with NaBH4.
papule
Small, solid elevation of the skin.
Parthenogenesis
The development of a new individual from an egg without fertilization.
pathophysiology
Abnormal physiology that causes the symptoms of disease.
Penetrance
The percentage of individuals that show a particular phenotype among those capable of showing it.
perichondrium
(per′i-kon′drē- ŭm) Layer of dense irregular connective tissue around the surface of cartilage.
Permeation
Movement of the permeant through the skin.
pheromone
An olfactory stimulus used for chemical communication between individuals.
Photomultiplier (PMT)
Vacuum phototubes that are extremely sensitive detectors of light in a broad spectral range; PMTs multiply the current produced by light leading to the possibility to detect individual photons.
Phytochelatins [(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly]
Polypeptides of variable length enzymatically synthesized from glutathione that function as heavy metal chelators.
Plant resins
Hydrocarbon secretions of plants.
Polycyclic
Containing more than one ring.
Porphyrias
Diseases caused by impairment of heme biosynthesis, with accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates.
potential difference
A measure of the difference in potential energy (usually in joules) per unit of charge (coulombs).
Prenatal diagnosis
The diagnosis of diseases in the fetus during early pregnancy.
primary pathogens
Pathogens that can cause overt disease in most healthy people. Some cause acute, life-threatening epidemic infections and spread rapidly between hosts; other potential primary pathogens may persistently infect a single individual for years without causing overt disease, the host often being unaware that they are infected.
Probability
The frequency of occurrence of an event.
Propagation step
A step in a radical chain reaction that carries on the chain. The propagation steps must yield both product and a reactive intermediate.
Proven acceptable range (PAR)
A characterized range of a process parameter for which operation within this range while keeping other parameters constant will result in producing material meeting its specification.
pulmonary
(pŭl′mō-nār-ē) Relating to the lung.
Quality target product profile (QTPP)
A prospective summary of the quality characteristics of a drug product that ideally will be achieved to ensure the desired quality, taking into account safety and efficacy of the drug product. It forms the basis of design for product development.
random error
Error that has equal probability of being too high or too low.
reaction mechanism
A series of individual chemical steps by which an overall chemical reaction occurs.
reconsolidation
The process of retrieving, modifying, and storing a memory that was previously consolidated.
Regiochemistry
A term describing the orientation of a reaction that occurs on an unsymmetrical substrate.
repetition method
A higher intensity, longer rest interval type of interval training.
retinofugal projection
A neural pathway that carries information away from the eye.
rhizine
A rootlike hypha that anchors a fungus to a surface.
rotating biological contactor
A method of secondary sewage treatment in which large disks are rotated while partially submerged in a sewage tank exposing sewage to microorganisms and aerobic conditions.
SAR (systemic acquired resistance)
Starts with a local infection and can induce resistance in not yet affected distant tissues.
Schif bases
An alternative name for an imine, R2C=NR’, used primarily in biochemistry.
sedimentation coefficient
A physical constant specifying the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifugal field under specified conditions.
Semidominant
A term applied to alleles in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is midway between the phenotypes of the corresponding homozygotes.
serous
(sēr′ŭs) Producing a substance that has a watery consistency.
short ton
The unit that equals 1,102.3 kg.
slag
In pyrometallurgy, the waste liquid solution that is formed between the flux and gangue; usually a silicate material.
soluble fiber
Fibers that are soluble in water, such as pectins, gums, and mucilages.
speed-endurance
The ability to maintain speed or repetitively express high speeds of movements.
splanchnic
(splangk′nik) Relating to the viscera.
sporulation
The process of spore and endospore formation; also called sporogenesis.
standard molar entropy (S°)
A measure of the energy dispersed into 1 mol of a substance at a particular temperature.
Step-growth polymers
Polymers in which each bond is formed independently of the others. Polyesters and polyamides (nylons) are examples.
Storage disease
A type of inborn error of metabolism in which a nonmetabolizable macromolecule accumulates.
striated muscle
A type of muscle with a striated, or striped, appearance; the two types are skeletal and cardiac.
Subspecies
One of two or more morphologically or geographically distinct but interbreeding populations of a species.
supination
(sū′pi-nā′shŭn) Rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand is anterior or superior.
synaptic consolidation
The transformation of sensory information into a temporary memory trace in the hippocampus.
Systemic acclimation
Transmission of signals from a tissue that experiences a stress impact to distant unstressed tissue. The distant tissue activates a stress tolerance program without having been exposed to the stress.
Tangier disease
An inherited disease with near absence of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
teratogen
(ter′ă-tō-jen, te-ră′tō-jēn) Substance that may cause death or malformation of an embryo.
thermic effect of activity (TEA)
A component of total energy expenditure; includes not only skeletal muscle activity during obvious movements such as walking, running, bicycling, climbing stairs, or vacuuming the floor, but also skeletal muscle activity associated with the maintenance of position and posture.
thirst
A craving for fluids, leading to the intake of water.
TOF
Time-of-light mass spectrometry; a sensitive method of mass detection accurate to about 3 ppm.
toxoid
An inactivated toxin.
transient microbiota
The microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease.
TRIKA1
A complex of the E2 ubiquitin ligase UBC13 and cofactor Uve1A, that interacts with TRAF6 in forming the K63 polyubiquitin signaling scaffold in TLR signaling downstream of MyD88.
two-phase region
The region between the two phases in a metal alloy phase diagram, where the amount of each phase depends on the composition of the alloy.
units
Standard quantities used to specify measurements.
urine
(ūr′in) Fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney.
Variation
In biology, the occurrence of differences among individuals.
vermis
The midline region of the cerebellum.
villi
Tiny fingerlike projections lined with enterocytes in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine. Villi constitute one of the three levels of folding that greatly expands the surface area of the small intestine.
Vmax
The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction when the binding site is saturated with substrate.
Vα
Variable region from the TCRα chain.
whey
The fluid portion of milk that separates from curd.
Ylide
A neutral species with adjacent 1 and 2 charges, such as the phosphoranes used in Wittig reactions.
α-Amylase
A starch-degrading endoglycosidase in saliva and pancreatic juice.
