BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 7 Flashcards
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
An allosteric effector that reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
activated sludge system
A process used in secondary sewage treatment in which batches of sewage are held in highly aerated tanks; to ensure the presence of microbes efficient in degrading sewage, each batch is inoculated with portions of sludge from a precious batch.
Adams’ catalyst
The PtO2 catalyst used for alkene hydrogenations.
affective aggression
A threatening or defensive form of aggression accompanied by vocalizations and a high level of ANS activity.
Akinesia
Poverty of spontaneous movement.
allergic conjunctivitis
An allergic reaction involving the conjunctiva of the eye that occurs in sensitized individuals exposed to airborne allergens. It is usually manifested together with nasal allergy symptoms as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or hay fever.
ammonification
The release of ammonia from nitrogen-containing organic matter by the action of microorganisms.
anamorph
Ascomycete fungi that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually; the asexual stage of a fungus.
Anoxic
Devoid of oxygen.
antimetabolite
A competitive inhibitor.
ApoB-100
The major apolipoprotein of very-lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
aquatic microbiology
The study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters.
Arsenate
A poison that competes with phosphate in many phosphate-dependent reactions.
asymptomatic phase
In reference to HIV infection, period in which the infection is being partly held in check and no symptoms occur; it may last for many years.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A behavioral condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
Axial bonds
Bonds or positions in chair cyclohexane that lie along the ring axis, perpendicular to the rough plane of the ring.
barometer
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
benign
(bē-nı̄n′) Term that denotes the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm.
binocular receptive field
The receptive fi eld of a neuron that responds to stimulation of either eye.
Bioindicators
Biota that give information on the quality of environment by measuring the effect of pollutants.
blob pathway
A visual information-processing pathway that passes through the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN and converges on the blobs of striate cortical layer III; believed to process information about object color.
bone
Dense and rigid connective tissue comprising a mixture of tough fibers (type I collagen fibrils), which resist pulling forces, and solid particles (calcium phosphate as hydroxylapatite crystals), which resist compression.
bronchiole
(brong′kē-ōl) Small tubules that branch from bronchi in the lungs.
CA1
A region of Ammon’s horn in the hippocampus that receives input from the neurons of CA3.
carboxypeptidase N (CPN)
A metalloproteinase that inactivates C3a and C5a. CPN deficiency causes a condition of recurrent angioedema.
cataract
(kat′ă-rakt) Complete or partial opacity of the lens.
central dogma
The organizing principle of
cervical
(ser′vı̆-kal) Relating to the neck.
chemical change
A change that alters the composition of matter; see also chemical reaction.
Chlorohydrin
A 1,2-chloroalcohol; obtained by addition of HOCl to an alkene.
ciliary muscle
A muscle that controls the shape of the eye’s lens.
clinical trial
Research to determine whether a treatment is effective and safe for humans.
Coincidence
The ratio of the observed frequency of double crossovers to the expected frequency, where the expected frequency is calculated by assuming that the two crossover events occur independently of each other.
Committed step
The first irreversible reaction unique to a metabolic pathway.
compromised host
A host whose resistance to infection is impaired by another condition.
Conformers
Conformational isomers.
contagious disease
A disease that is easily spread from one person to another.
costal
(kos′tăl) Relating to a rib.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
A sporadic or inherited prion disease.
Critical value
The threshold value of a statistic that marks off a fraction of the statistic’s frequency distribution. A sample statistic greater than this critical value warrants rejection of the hypothesis being tested.
Culling
Removing and destroying diseased or potentially exposed animals to prevent further spread of infection. (Chapter 1)
cyclic skills
Sporting activities that contain repetitive movements of the same motor skill.
dark current
The inward sodium current that occurs in photoreceptors in the dark.
degenerate code
A code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second language.
density (d)
The ratio of an object’s mass (m) to its volume (V).
descriptive epidemiology
The collection and analysis of all data regarding the occurrence of a disease to determine its cause.
Deviation
As used in statistics, a departure from an expected value.
Diffusion coefficient (D)
This is the diffusion coefficient of the permeant, and is sometimes a term used interchangeably with diffusivity. As with diffusivity, it is expressed (usually) as area per unit time.
diploë
(dip′lō-ē) Central layer of spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone (outer and inner plates) of the flat cranial bones.
distillation
The process by which mixtures are heated to boil off the more volatile (easily vaporizable) liquid. The volatile liquid is then recondensed in a condenser and collected in a separate flask.
dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway
An ascending somatic sensory pathway that mediates information about touch, pressure, vibration, and limb proprioception.
E test
An agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic sensitivity using a plastic strip impregnated with varying concentrations of an antibiotic.
Ecoremediation
Use ofmultiple andmultitrophic levels of ecological organization for restoring polluted terrestrial and aquatic areas.
eluate
The effluent from a chromatographic column.
endemic disease
A disease that is constantly present in a certain population.
Energy diagram
A representation of the course of a reaction, in which free energy is plotted as a function of reaction progress. Reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products are represented, and their appropriate energy levels are indicated.
Environmentality
The proportion of the total phenotypic variance in a quantitative trait that is due to the effects of a shared environment.
Equational division
Mitotic-type division that is usually the second division in the meiotic sequence; somatic mitosis and the nonreductional division of meiosis.
eustachian tube
An air-filled tube connecting the middle ear to the nasal cavities.
Exon amplification
A procedure that is used to identify coding regions (exons) that are flanked by 5′ and 3′ intron splice sites.
extrinsic
(eks-trin′sik) Originates outside of an organ; e.g., extrinsic eye muscles.
fast motor unit
A motor unit with a large alpha motor neuron innervating rapidly contracting and rapidly fatiguing white muscle fibers.
fibrosis
(fı̄-brō′sis) Formation of fibrous connective tissue as a repair or reactive process.
flexor
A muscle that causes flexion when it contracts.
force–velocity curve
A graphic representation of the relationship between force and velocity.
Frequency distribution
A graph showing either the relative or absolute incidence of classes in a population. The classes may be defined by either a discrete or a continuous variable; in the latter case, each class represents a different interval on the scale of measurement.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestine.
Gilman reagent (LiR2Cu)
A diorganocopper reagent.
gradient
A difference from one area to another; e.g., concentration gradient, pressure gradient.
hard problem of consciousness
Why and how subjective conscious experiences arise from physical processes.
helicotrema
A hole at the apex of the cochlea in the inner ear that connects the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli.
Henneman size principle
A principle which suggests that the size of the motor unit dictates its activation.
