BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 7 Flashcards
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
An allosteric effector that reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
activated sludge system
A process used in secondary sewage treatment in which batches of sewage are held in highly aerated tanks; to ensure the presence of microbes efficient in degrading sewage, each batch is inoculated with portions of sludge from a precious batch.
Adams’ catalyst
The PtO2 catalyst used for alkene hydrogenations.
affective aggression
A threatening or defensive form of aggression accompanied by vocalizations and a high level of ANS activity.
Akinesia
Poverty of spontaneous movement.
allergic conjunctivitis
An allergic reaction involving the conjunctiva of the eye that occurs in sensitized individuals exposed to airborne allergens. It is usually manifested together with nasal allergy symptoms as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or hay fever.
ammonification
The release of ammonia from nitrogen-containing organic matter by the action of microorganisms.
anamorph
Ascomycete fungi that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually; the asexual stage of a fungus.
Anoxic
Devoid of oxygen.
antimetabolite
A competitive inhibitor.
ApoB-100
The major apolipoprotein of very-lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
aquatic microbiology
The study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters.
Arsenate
A poison that competes with phosphate in many phosphate-dependent reactions.
asymptomatic phase
In reference to HIV infection, period in which the infection is being partly held in check and no symptoms occur; it may last for many years.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A behavioral condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
Axial bonds
Bonds or positions in chair cyclohexane that lie along the ring axis, perpendicular to the rough plane of the ring.
barometer
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
benign
(bē-nı̄n′) Term that denotes the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm.
binocular receptive field
The receptive fi eld of a neuron that responds to stimulation of either eye.
Bioindicators
Biota that give information on the quality of environment by measuring the effect of pollutants.
blob pathway
A visual information-processing pathway that passes through the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN and converges on the blobs of striate cortical layer III; believed to process information about object color.
bone
Dense and rigid connective tissue comprising a mixture of tough fibers (type I collagen fibrils), which resist pulling forces, and solid particles (calcium phosphate as hydroxylapatite crystals), which resist compression.
bronchiole
(brong′kē-ōl) Small tubules that branch from bronchi in the lungs.
CA1
A region of Ammon’s horn in the hippocampus that receives input from the neurons of CA3.
carboxypeptidase N (CPN)
A metalloproteinase that inactivates C3a and C5a. CPN deficiency causes a condition of recurrent angioedema.
cataract
(kat′ă-rakt) Complete or partial opacity of the lens.
central dogma
The organizing principle of
cervical
(ser′vı̆-kal) Relating to the neck.
chemical change
A change that alters the composition of matter; see also chemical reaction.
Chlorohydrin
A 1,2-chloroalcohol; obtained by addition of HOCl to an alkene.
ciliary muscle
A muscle that controls the shape of the eye’s lens.
clinical trial
Research to determine whether a treatment is effective and safe for humans.
Coincidence
The ratio of the observed frequency of double crossovers to the expected frequency, where the expected frequency is calculated by assuming that the two crossover events occur independently of each other.
Committed step
The first irreversible reaction unique to a metabolic pathway.
compromised host
A host whose resistance to infection is impaired by another condition.
Conformers
Conformational isomers.
contagious disease
A disease that is easily spread from one person to another.
costal
(kos′tăl) Relating to a rib.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
A sporadic or inherited prion disease.
Critical value
The threshold value of a statistic that marks off a fraction of the statistic’s frequency distribution. A sample statistic greater than this critical value warrants rejection of the hypothesis being tested.
Culling
Removing and destroying diseased or potentially exposed animals to prevent further spread of infection. (Chapter 1)
cyclic skills
Sporting activities that contain repetitive movements of the same motor skill.
dark current
The inward sodium current that occurs in photoreceptors in the dark.
degenerate code
A code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second language.
density (d)
The ratio of an object’s mass (m) to its volume (V).
descriptive epidemiology
The collection and analysis of all data regarding the occurrence of a disease to determine its cause.
Deviation
As used in statistics, a departure from an expected value.
Diffusion coefficient (D)
This is the diffusion coefficient of the permeant, and is sometimes a term used interchangeably with diffusivity. As with diffusivity, it is expressed (usually) as area per unit time.
diploë
(dip′lō-ē) Central layer of spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone (outer and inner plates) of the flat cranial bones.
distillation
The process by which mixtures are heated to boil off the more volatile (easily vaporizable) liquid. The volatile liquid is then recondensed in a condenser and collected in a separate flask.
dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway
An ascending somatic sensory pathway that mediates information about touch, pressure, vibration, and limb proprioception.
E test
An agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic sensitivity using a plastic strip impregnated with varying concentrations of an antibiotic.
Ecoremediation
Use ofmultiple andmultitrophic levels of ecological organization for restoring polluted terrestrial and aquatic areas.
eluate
The effluent from a chromatographic column.
endemic disease
A disease that is constantly present in a certain population.
Energy diagram
A representation of the course of a reaction, in which free energy is plotted as a function of reaction progress. Reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products are represented, and their appropriate energy levels are indicated.
Environmentality
The proportion of the total phenotypic variance in a quantitative trait that is due to the effects of a shared environment.
Equational division
Mitotic-type division that is usually the second division in the meiotic sequence; somatic mitosis and the nonreductional division of meiosis.
eustachian tube
An air-filled tube connecting the middle ear to the nasal cavities.
Exon amplification
A procedure that is used to identify coding regions (exons) that are flanked by 5′ and 3′ intron splice sites.
extrinsic
(eks-trin′sik) Originates outside of an organ; e.g., extrinsic eye muscles.
fast motor unit
A motor unit with a large alpha motor neuron innervating rapidly contracting and rapidly fatiguing white muscle fibers.
fibrosis
(fı̄-brō′sis) Formation of fibrous connective tissue as a repair or reactive process.
flexor
A muscle that causes flexion when it contracts.
force–velocity curve
A graphic representation of the relationship between force and velocity.
Frequency distribution
A graph showing either the relative or absolute incidence of classes in a population. The classes may be defined by either a discrete or a continuous variable; in the latter case, each class represents a different interval on the scale of measurement.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestine.
Gilman reagent (LiR2Cu)
A diorganocopper reagent.
gradient
A difference from one area to another; e.g., concentration gradient, pressure gradient.
hard problem of consciousness
Why and how subjective conscious experiences arise from physical processes.
helicotrema
A hole at the apex of the cochlea in the inner ear that connects the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli.
Henneman size principle
A principle which suggests that the size of the motor unit dictates its activation.
Hermaphrodite
An individual with both male and female reproductive organs.
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter
A screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 μm from air.
homogeneous catalysis
Catalysis in which the catalyst exists in the same phase as the reactants.
Hydroquinones
1,4-dihydroxy benzene.
hypodermis
(hı̄-pō-der′mis) Subcutaneous layer of tissue internal to and not part of the integument.
ideal gas constant
The proportionality constant of the ideal gas law, R, equal to 8.314 J/mol·K or 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K
Incomplete dominance
Expression of two alleles in a heterozygote that allows the heterozygote to be distinguished from either of its homozygous parents.
inguinal
(ing′gwi-năl) Relating to the groin area.
intensive property
A property such as density that is independent of the amount of a given substance.
intoxication
A condition resulting from the ingestion of a microbially produced toxin.
jejunum
The second segment of the small intestine.
Knowledge, control and design space
Multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide assurance of quality. Modifying variables and parameters within the design space is not considered as a change.
Lactose operon
An operon in Escherichia coli that codes for enzymes of lactose metabolism.
late endosome
Compartment formed from a bulbous, vacuolar portion of early endosomes by a process called endosome maturation; late endosomes fuse with one another and with lysosomes to form endolysosomes that degrade their contents.
Le Châtelier’s principle
The principle stating that when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in a direction that minimizes the disturbance.
leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2
Disease causes by defects in the production of sulfated sialyl-LewisX that prevent neutrophils from interacting with P- and E-selectin, eliminating their ability to migrate properly to sites of infection.
limonin
A limonoid found in citrus fruits. It is a powerful anticancer agent for cancers of the colon, stomach, breast, lung, and mouth. It also has anti-HIV properties.
long slow distance
(LSD)—Endurance training that can be classified as conversational exercise, where the athlete can carry on a conversation without respiratory stress.
lymphoid
Describes tissues composed mainly of lymphocytes.
Magnetogyric ratio
A ratio of the isotope’s magnetic moment to its angular momentum.
Mass selection
As practiced in plant and animal breeding, the choosing of individuals for reproduction from the entire population on the basis of the individual’s phenotypes rather than the phenotypes of their relatives.
Mechanism
A complete description of how a reaction occurs. A mechanism accounts for all starting materials and all products and describes the details of each individual step in the overall reaction process.
meniscus
(mĕ-nis′kŭs; pl., menisci, mĕ-nis′sı̄) Crescent- shaped fibrocartilage found in certain joints.
metabolic cart
Instrument that measures the volume of gas exchanged between an individual and the environment; measures O2 used and CO2 produced.
Metastatic calcification
Abnormal calcification of soft tissues.
MHC haplotype
A set of alleles in the MHC that is inherited unchanged (that is, without recombination) from one parent.
micturition
(mik-chū-rish′ŭn) Urination.
miscible
The ability of two or more substances to be soluble in each other in all proportions.
mole percent
A means of expressing solution concentration as the mole fraction multiplied by 100%.
monotonous program overtraining
A form of overtraining that occurs in response to a lack of training variation and results in a reduction or stagnation of performance gains.
multipeak plan
An annual plan with multiple competition phases.
mycosis
A fungal infection.
native conformation
The biologically active conformation of a macromolecule.
neuron doctrine
The concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, not continuity.
nonassociative learning
A change in the behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus; the two types are habituation and sensitization.
noradrenergic
Describing neurons or synapses that produce and release norepinephrine.
oblique
(ob-lēk′) Slanted, at an angle.
Oligomycin
An inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.
Optical resolution
Ability of an optical system to separate two distinguishable radiating points.
ossification
(os′i-fi-kā′shŭn) Bone formation; also called osteogenesis.
outer ear
The pinna plus the auditory canal.
oxygen deficit
The anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of an exercise.
Panmictic population
A population in which mating occurs at random.
parasitology
The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms.
pathogenicity
The ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host.
Pelagial
Openwater in lake or ocean.
periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
A region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the core of the midbrain, with descending pathways that can inhibit the transmission of pain-causing signals.
Permeability coefficient (kp)
Describes the speed of permeant transport, given as distance per unit time (usually cm/hour).
Phenylpyruvate
A phenylalanine-derived metabolite in phenylketonuria (PKU).
Photoinhibition
Inhibition of metabolic processes such as photosynthesis at high irradiation.
physical property
A property that a substance displays without changing its chemical composition.
pitch
The perceptual quality of a sound determined by the sound’s frequency.
Pollinator-prey-conflict
Spatial separation of flowers and traps in carnivorous plants to protect pollinators against trapping.
population coding
The representation of sensory, motor, or cognitive information by activity distributed over a large number of neurons. An example is color, which is encoded by the relative activity of the types of retinal cones.
postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Medication or antibodies given after potential exposure to a pathogen or toxin.
prefix multipliers
Multipliers that change the value of the unit by powers of ten.
primary lymphoid follicles
Aggregates of resting B lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organs. Cf. secondary lymphoid follicle.
pro-caspase 1
The inactive pro-form of caspase 1 that is part of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
progressive taper
A systematic reduction in training load.
protist
Term used for unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryotes; usually protozoa and algae.
Pterostilbene
A nutraceutical that can be synthesized or derived from a natural origin such as grape skins and berries, particularly blueberries. It has a wide range of possible health benefits, including antiaging, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cancer prevention effects.
pyrogen
(pı̄′rō-jen) Feverproducing substance.
radiocarbon dating
A form of radiometric dating based on the C-14 isotope.
rate-determining step
The step in a reaction mechanism that occurs much more slowly than any of the other steps.
recognition memory
Memory required to perform a delayed non-match to sample task.
reflex
Fast, predetermined response to a stimulus.
Remnant particles
Lipoproteins that are produced by the action of lipoprotein lipase on very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) or chylomicrons.
reticular formation
A region of the brain stem ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle; involved in many functions, including the control of posture and locomotion.
reversible process
A process that reverses direction upon an infinitesimally small change in some property (such as temperature or pressure) related to the reaction.
Root lesion nematodes
Plant pathogenic nematodes that cause root tissue damage.
sacroiliac
(sā-krō-il′ē-ak) Pertaining to the sacrum and the ilium; e.g., sacroiliac joint.
scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)
A microscope that uses highfrequency ultrasound waves to penetrate surfaces.
secondary infection
An infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses.
semen
(sē′men) Secretion composed of sperm and seminal fluid.
serotonin deficiency hypothesis
The idea that aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity.
Sharpless epoxidation
A method for enantioselective synthesis of a chiral epoxide by treatment of an allylic alcohol with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, (CH3)3C-OOH, in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide and diethyl tartrate.
simple stain
A method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye.
solubility
The amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
speech
Spoken language.
spinothalamic pathway
An ascending somatic sensory pathway traveling from the spinal cord to the thalamus via the lateral spinothalamic columns; mediates information about pain, temperature, and some forms of touch.
Spore plants
Plants that reproduce via spores; includes mosses, ferns, lycopods, and horse tails.
Standard error
A measure of variation among a population of means.
Statistic
A value based on a sample or samples of a population from which estimates of a population value or parameter may be obtained.
stock solution
A highly concentrated form of a solution used in laboratories to make less concentrated solutions via dilution.
stria vascularis
A specialized endothelium lining one wall of the scala media and responsible for secreting endolymph.
sublimation
The phase transition from solid to gas.
superior attachment
The (typically more movable) attachment site of an axial skeletal muscle (previously called the insertion).
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species by populations that inhabit the same or overlapping geographic regions.
synthetic drug
A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory.
tactile
(tak′til) Relating to touch.
temporal coding
The representation of information by the timing of action potentials rather than by their average rate.
theory
A proposed explanation for observations and laws, based on well established and tested hypotheses, that presents a model for the way nature is and tries to show not merely what nature does but why.
third law of thermodynamics
The law stating that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) is zero.
Tmax
The duration at which maximal velocity or power can be maintained during an endurance bout.
total magnification
The magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.
transducer
(tranz-dū′sĕr) Device or organ that converts energy from one form to another.
tri-cycle plan
An annual training plan that contains three major peaks.
turbidity
The cloudiness of a suspension.
unipolar neuron
A neuron with a single neurite.
ureotelic
Excreting excess nitrogen in the form of urea.
variability
Changes or variations in training volume, intensity (load), and frequency in order to stimulate an athlete’s improvement.
ventromedial pathway
Axons in the ventromedial column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control.
vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
A reflexive movement of the eyes stimulated by rotational movements of the head; stabilizes the visual image on the retinas.
vitreous (or fused) silica
A type of glass that is hard, resists high temperatures, has a low thermal expansion, and is transparent to both visible light and ultraviolet light.
Vulcanization
A technique for cross-linking and hardening a diene polymer by heating with a few percent by weight of sulfur.
Wernicke’s area
An area on the superior surface of the temporal lobe between auditory cortex and the angular gyrus; associated with Wernicke’s aphasia when damaged.
yeast
Nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi.
Zygonema (adj, zygotene)
Zygonema (adj., zygotene). Stage in meiosis during which synapsis occurs; after the leptotene stage and before the pachytene stage in the meiotic prophase.
