BIO - TERMS - CYTOKINE

Question 1

APRIL

Answer 1

A TNF family cytokine related to BAFF that binds the receptors TACI and BCMA on B cells to promote survival and regulate differentiation.

Question 2

biologics therapy

Answer 2

Medical treatments comprising natural proteins such as antibodies and cytokines, and antisera or whole cells.

Question 3

class I cytokine receptors

Answer 3

A group of receptors for the hematopoietin superfamily of cytokines. These include receptors using the common γ chain for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, and a common β chain for GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5.

Question 4

class II cytokine receptors

Answer 4

A group of heterodimeric receptors for a family of cytokines that includes interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10.

Question 5

common β chain

Answer 5

A transmembrane polypeptide (CD131) that is a common subunit for receptor of the cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF.

Question 6

common γ chain (γc)

Answer 6

A transmembrane polypeptide chain (CD132) that is common to a subgroup of cytokine receptors.

Question 7

cytokine storm

Answer 7

Overproduction of cytokines; can cause damage to the human body.

Question 8

endogenous pyrogens

Answer 8

Cytokines that can induce a rise in body temperature.

Question 9

gout

Answer 9

Disease caused by monosodium urate crystals deposited in the cartilaginous tissues of joints, causing inflammation. Urate crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces inflammatory cytokines.

Question 10

homing receptors

Answer 10

Receptors on lymphocytes for chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules specific to particular tissues, and which enable the lymphocyte to enter that tissue.

Question 11

IFN-α, IFN-β

Answer 11

Antiviral cytokines produced by a wide variety of cells in response to infection by a virus, and which also help healthy cells resist viral infection. They act through the same receptor, which signals through a Janus-family tyrosine kinase. Also known as the type I interferons.

Question 12

IFN-γ

Answer 12

A cytokine of the interferon structural family produced by effector CD4 TH1 cells, CD8 T cells, and NK cells. Its primary function is the activation of macrophages, and it acts through a different receptor from that of the type I interferons.

Question 13

IL-1 family

Answer 13

One of four major families of cytokines, this family contains 11 cytokines that are structurally similar to IL-1α, and are largely proinflammatory in function.

Question 14

IL-21

Answer 14

A cytokine produced by T cells (e.g.,TFH cells) that activates STAT3 and promotes survival and proliferation, particularly germinal center B cells.

Question 15

inflammatory monocytes

Answer 15

An activated form of monocyte producing a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Question 16

interferon-α (IFNα) and interferon-β (IFNβ)

Answer 16

Cytokines (type I interferons) produced by mammalian cells as a general response to a viral infection.

Question 17

PD-L1 (programmed death ligand-1, B7-H1)

Answer 17

Transmembrane receptor that binds to the inhibitory receptor PD-1. PD-L1 is expressed on many cell types and is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines.

Question 18

pro-inflammatory cytokine

Answer 18

Any cytokine that stimulates an inflammatory response.

Question 19

pyroptosis

Answer 19

A form of programmed cell death that is associated with abundant pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 produced through inflammasome activation.

Question 20

Sentinel cell

Answer 20

Dendritic cells and macrophages; migratory cells that are found in the periphery of the body and can take up proteins and cell debris for presentation of peptides derived from them on major histocompatibility complex molecules. Th ese cells respond to recognition of a pathogen by synthesizing cytokines such as interferons. (Chapters 2, 3, and 4)

Question 21

SHIP (SH2-containing inositol phosphatase)

Answer 21

An SH2-containing inositol phosphatase that removes the phosphate from PIP3 to produce PIP2. shock The potentially fatal circulatory collapse caused by the systemic actions of cytokines such as TNF-α.

Question 22

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Answer 22

A disproportionate host response that leads to large-scale release of infl ammatory cytokines and stress mediators, resulting in severe pathogenesis or death. Also known as a cytokine storm.

Question 23

TNF receptors

Answer 23

Family of cytokine receptors which includes some that lead to apoptosis of the cell on which they are expressed (for example Fas and TNFR-I), whereas others lead to activation.

Question 24

TSLP

Answer 24

Thymic stroma-derived lymphopoietin. A cytokine thought to be involved in promoting B-cell development in the embryonic liver.

Question 25

Viroceptor

Answer 25

A viral protein that modulates cytokine signaling or cytokine production by mimicking host cytokine receptors. (Chapters 3 and 5)

Question 26

suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)

Answer 26

Regulatory protein that interacts with JAK kinases to inhibit signaling by activated receptors.