BIO - TERMS - GROUP Flashcards
Acetyl group
The CH3CO- group.
Activating groups
Electron-donating groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) or amino (-NH2) that increase the reactivity of an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Acyl group
A -COR group.
Acyl phosphates
A type of functional group with an acyl group bonded to a phosphate, RCO2PO3²⁻.
alkali metals
Highly reactive metals in group 1A of the periodic table.
alkaline earth metals
Fairly reactive metals in group 2A of the periodic table.
amination
The addition of an amino group.
analytical epidemiology
Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group to determine the cause of the disease.
anion-exchange resin
A polymeric resin with fixed cationic groups, used in the chromatographic separation of anions.
Anti stereochemistry
The opposite of syn. An anti addition reaction is one in which the two ends of the double bond are attacked from different sides. An anti elimination reaction is one in which the two groups leave from opposite sides of the molecule.
anxiety disorder
One of a group of mental disorders characterized by irrational or inappropriate expressions of fear, including panic disorder, agoraphobia, and OCD.
Aquatic hyphomycetes
Polyphyletic group of fungi that dominate leaf decomposition in running waters.
atrioventricular node (AV)
Group of specialized heart cells, located in the inferior right atrium, that delays action potentials to the AV bundle.
basal ganglia
A collection of associated cell groups in the basal forebrain, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamus.
Benzoyl
The C6H5CO- group.
Benzyl
The C6H5CH2- group.
bisphenol
Phenolic that contains two phenol groups connected by a bridge.
Carboxyl group
The -CO2H functional group.
cell assembly
A group of simultaneously active neurons that represents an object held in memory.
Chondrodysplasias
A group of skeletal deformity syndromes, often caused by abnormal cartilage collagens.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Group of respiratory diseases involving obstruction of the airways.
cis–trans (geometric) isomerism
A form of stereoisomerism involving the orientation of functional groups in a molecule that contains bonds incapable of rotating. Cis-isomers have two functional groups (or R groups) on the same side of a bond, and trans-isomers have them on opposite sides of a bond.
condensation polymer
A polymer formed by elimination of an atom or small group of atoms (usually water) between pairs of monomers during polymerization.
configuration
The spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds.
Control group
A group of experimental subjects, such as patients in a clinical trail, who receive no treatment or a placebo. (Chapter 9)
default mode network
An interconnected group of brain areas that are consistently more active when the brain is at rest than during active behavioral tasks.
Diastereotopic
Hydrogens in a molecule whose replacement by some other group leads to different diastereomers.
Double blind
A trial in which neither the investigators nor the patients know which patients belong to treated and control groups. (Chapter 1)
E1cB reaction
A unimolecular elimination reaction in which a proton is irst removed to give a carbanion intermediate, which then expels the leaving group in a separate step.
electron geometry
The geometrical arrangement of electron groups in a molecule.
electrostatic attraction
A noncovalent, ionic bond between two molecules carrying groups of opposite charge.
Enantiotopic
Hydrogens in a molecule whose replacement by some other group leads to different enantiomers.
eukaryotic species
A group of closely related organisms that can interbreed.
fascia
(fash′ē-ă; pl., fasciae, -ē-ē) Sheath of fibrous connective tissue that envelops the body internal to the skin; encloses muscles, and separates their various layers or groups.
Fischer projection formulas
A method for representing molecules that shows the configuration of groups around chiral centers; also known as projection formulas.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
A hydrogentransferring prosthetic group of flavoproteins.
Formyl
A -CHO group.
frontoparietal attention network
A group of interconnected brain areas involved in guiding visual attention.
Functional
An atom or group of atoms that is part of a larger molecule and has a characteristic chemical reactivity.
Gauche conformation
The conformation of butane in which the two methyl groups lie 60° apart as viewed in a Newman projection. This conformation has 3.8 kJ/mol steric strain.
geometric (cis–trans) isomerism
A form of stereoisomerism involving the orientation of functional groups in a molecule that contains bonds incapable of rotating. Cis-isomers have two functional groups (or R groups) on the same side of a bond, and trans-isomers have them on opposite sides of a bond.
Gram stain
A differential stain that classifies bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram-negative.
hydropathy index
A scale that expresses the relative hydrophobic and hydrophilic tendencies of a chemical group.
Hydroxylating agent
A chemical—such as the mutagen hydroxylamine— that transfers hydroxyl groups to other molecules.
Hydroxylation
Addition of two -OH groups to a double bond.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
A kind of optical spectroscopy that uses infrared energy. IR spectroscopy is particularly useful in organic chemistry for determining the kinds of functional groups present in molecules.
intramuscular coordination
The strategy of the nervous system in the recruitment of a muscle group.
linear geometry
The molecular geometry of three atoms with a 180° bond angle due to the repulsion of two electron groups.
Locant
A number in a chemical name that locates the positions of the functional groups and substituents in the molecule.
locus
A small, well-defined group of cells. Plural: loci.
Mercapto group
An alternative name for the thiol group, -SH.
Metabolomic profiling
Qualitative or quantitative description of metabolic pattern for a group of related metabolites.
Methylene group
A -CH2- or =CH2 group.
myotatic reflex
A reflex that leads to muscle contraction in response to muscle stretch, mediated by the monosynaptic connection between group Ia axons from a muscle spindle and an alpha motor neuron innervating the same muscle; also called stretch reflex.
nerve plexus
(plek′sŭs) Group of interconnecting spinal nerves; e.g., brachial plexus, lumbar plexus.
Nitration
The substitution of a nitro group onto an aromatic ring.
noble gases
The group 8A elements, which are largely unreactive (inert) due to their stable filled p orbitals.
organ system
A group of organs working together to coordinate and perform specific function(s).
penicillins
A group of antibiotics produced either by Penicillium (natural penicillins) or by adding side chains to the b-lactam ring (semisynthetic penicillins).
Peroxides
Molecules containing an oxygen– oxygen bond functional group, ROOR or ROOH.
Phenyl
The name for the -C6H5 unit when the benzene ring is considered as a substituent. A phenyl group is abbreviated as -Ph.
Phosphodiester bond
Bond between phosphate and two hydroxyl groups.
Phosphorylation reactions
Reactions in which a phosphate group becomes covalently attached to an acceptor molecule.
polar
Hydrophilic, or “water-loving”; describes molecules or groups that are soluble in water.
Pole cells
A group of cells in the posterior of Drosophila embryos that are precursors to the adult germ line.
principal level (shell)
The group of orbitals with the same value of n.
Protecting group
A group that is introduced to protect a sensitive functional group toward reaction elsewhere in the molecule. After serving its protective function, the group is removed.
Protonation/deprotonation
Reversible binding and release of a proton by an ionizable (acidic or basic) group.
Protoporphyrin IX
The organic portion of the heme group.
pure substance
A substance made up of only one component and having invariant composition; the particles that compose a pure substance can be individual atoms or groups of atoms joined together.
Race
A distinguishable group of organisms of a particular species.
red nucleus
A cell group in the midbrain involved in the control of movement.
sacrum
(sā′krŭm) Next-to-last group of bones in the vertebral column; formed of five fused vertebrae.
Sample
A group of items selected to represent a large population.
sarcina (plural: sarcinae)
(1) A group of eight bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing. (2) When written as a genus, refers to grampositive, anaerobic cocci.
sigmatropic reaction
A pericyclic reaction that involves the migration of a group from one end of a p electron system to the other.
sinoatrial (SA) node
Group of cells in right atrium that set the heart rate.
Steric strain
The strain imposed on a molecule when two groups are too close together and try to occupy the same space. Steric strain is responsible both for the greater stability of trans versus cis alkenes and for the greater stability of equatorially substituted versus axially substituted cyclohexanes.
substantia
A group of related neurons deep within the brain, usually with less distinct borders than those of nuclei.
substantia nigra
A cell group in the midbrain that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter and innervates the striatum.
sulfonylurea drugs
A group of oral medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; act by closing K channels in pancreatic cells, stimulating insulin secretion.
Syn stereochemistry
The opposite of anti. A syn addition reaction is one in which the two ends of the double bond react from the same side. A syn elimination is one in which the two groups leave from the same side of the molecule.
systematics
The science organizing groups of organisms into a hierarchy.
Thioester bond
An energy-rich bond between a sulfhydryl group and a carboxyl group.
tissue
Groups of similar types of cells performing a common function for the body.
Tosylate
A p-toluenesulfonate ester; useful as a leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Transimination
The exchange of an amino group and an imine group between reactants.
trigonal bipyramidal geometry
The molecular geometry of six atoms with 120° bond angles between the three equatorial electron groups and 90° bond angles between the two axial electron groups and the trigonal plane.
valence electrons
Those electrons that are important in chemical bonding. For main-group elements, the valence electrons are those in the outermost principal energy level.
Allyl group
A H2C=CHCH2- substituent.
amino group
—NH2.
main-group elements
Those elements found in the s or p blocks of the periodic table, whose properties tend to be predictable based on their position in the table.
phenyl group
A benzene ring treated as a substituent.
sulfhydryl group
—SH.
Vinyl group
A H2C=CH- substituent.
