BIO - TERMS - CARBON Flashcards
1,3-Diaxial interaction
The strain energy caused by a steric interaction between axial groups three carbon atoms apart in chair cyclohexane.
activated carbon
Very fine carbon particles with high surface area. (24.5) activated complex (transition state) A high-energy intermediate state between reactant and product.
Alkyl halide
A compound with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated, sp3-hybridized carbon atom.
Alkylation
Introduction of an alkyl group onto a molecule. For example, aromatic rings can be alkylated to yield arenes, and enolate anions can be alkylated to yield α-substituted carbonyl compounds.
Anti conformation
The geometric arrangement around a carbon–carbon single bond in which the two largest substituents are 180° apart as viewed in a Newman projection.
Anti periplanar
Describing the stereochemical relationship in which two bonds on adjacent carbons lie in the same plane at an angle of 180°.
aromatic hydrocarbon
Any hydrocarbon containing a stabilized planar ring of carbon atoms, most commonly a benzene ring.
asymmetric carbon atom
A carbon atom that is covalently bonded to four different groups and thus may exist in two different tetrahedral configurations.
Betaine
A neutral dipolar molecule with nonadjacent positive and negative charges. For example, the adduct of a Wittig reagent with a carbonyl compound is a betaine.
Branched-chain alkanes
Alkanes that contain a branching connection of carbons as opposed to straight-chain alkanes.
C4 carbon fixation
The biochemical pathway of CO2 fixation in C4 plants. It involves fixing of CO2 in mesophyll cells via phosphoenolpyruvate PEP, carboxylase formation of the eponymous C4 compound, usually malate, which is transported to the bundle-sheath cells where after its decarboxylation CO2 is fixed by Rubisco.
C4 plants
Plants (generally tropical) in which CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate or malate) before entering the Calvin cycle via rubisco.
Cahn–Ingold–Prelog sequence rules
A series of rules for assigning relative rankings to substituent groups on a chirality center or a double-bond carbon atom.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin with carbon dioxide covalently bound to its terminal amino groups.
Carbene, R2C
A neutral substance that contains a divalent carbon atom having only six electrons in its outer shell (R2C:).
carbides
Binary compounds composed of carbon and a low-electronegativity element.
Carbinolamine
A molecule that contains the R2C(OH)NH2 functional group. Carbinolamines are produced as intermediates during the nucleophilic addition of amines to carbonyl compounds.
carbon black
A fine powdered form of carbon.
carbon cycle
The series of processes that converts CO2 to organic substances and back to CO2 in nature.
Carbon monoxide
A competitive inhibitor of oxygen binding to hemoglobin and myoglobin.
carbon-assimilation reactions
Reaction sequence in which atmospheric CO2 is converted into organic compounds.
Carbonyl condensation reactions
A type of reaction that joins two carbonyl compounds together by a combination of alpha-substitution and nucleophilic addition reactions.
chemical group
Certain combinations of atoms—such as methyl (–CH3), hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COOH), carbonyl (–C=O), phosphate (–PO3 2–), sulfhydryl (–SH), and amino (–NH2) groups—that have distinct chemical and physical properties and influence the behavior of the molecule in which the group occurs.
chemoautotroph
An organism that uses an inorganic chemical as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
chemoheterotroph
An organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy.
Claisen condensation reaction
The carbonyl condensation reaction of two ester molecules to give a β-keto ester product.
coal
A solid, black fuel with high carbon content that is the product of the decomposition of ancient plant material.
coke
A solid formed by heating coal in the absence of air that consists primarily of carbon and ash.
combustion analysis
A method of obtaining empirical formulas for unknown compounds, especially those containing carbon and hydrogen, by burning a sample of the compound in pure oxygen and analyzing the products of the combustion reaction.
Condensed structures
A shorthand way of writing structures in which carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon bonds are understood rather than shown explicitly. Propane, for example, has the condensed structure CH3CH2CH3.
Conjugate addition
Addition of a nucleophile to the b carbon atom of an a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
covalent carbides
Binary compounds composed of carbon combined with low-electronegativity nonmetals or metalloids.
Cycloalkane
An alkane that contains a ring of carbons.
d-isomer
Arrangement of four different atoms or groups around a carbon atom. See l-isomer.