BIO - TERMS - LIPID Flashcards
bilayer
A double layer of oriented amphipathic lipid molecules, forming the basic structure of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon tails face inward to form a continuous nonpolar phase.
bile salts
Amphipathic steroid derivatives with detergent properties, participating in digestion and absorption of lipids.
Biomembrane
Permeation barrier around every cell or cellular compartments consisting of phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins. The integrity of its biomembrane is a requisite for any cell.
carbohydrate layer
The carbohydrate-rich zone on the eukaryotic cell surface attributable to glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans of the plasma membrane.
caveola (plural caveolae)
Invaginations at the cell surface that bud off internally to form pinocytic vesicles. Thought to form from lipid rafts, regions of membrane rich in certain lipids.
Caveolae
Flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane of many types of cells that contain the protein caveolin and are rich in lipid rafts; caveolae internalize membrane components, extracellular ligands, bacterial toxins, and some animal viruses. (Chapter 5)
cell membrane structure
The outer portion of a cell, composed of lipid and protein.
Ceramide
A lipid consisting of sphingosine and a fatty acid.
cis Golgi network (CGN)
Network of fused vesicular tubular clusters that is closely associated with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and is the compartment at which proteins and lipids enter the Golgi.
de novo lipogenesis
The synthesis of complex lipids from simple compounds.
dolichol
Isoprenoid lipid molecule that anchors the precursor oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane during protein glycosylation.
Dolichol phosphate
A lipid that participates in the synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins.
ether linkage
Bonding between fatty acids and glycerol in archaeal phospholipids: @@@@C¬O¬C@@@@@
Fusion pore
An opening between two lipid bilayers formed by the action of fusion proteins; it allows exchange of material across membranes. (Chapter 5)
Gaucher disease
A lipid storage disease in which glucocerebroside accumulates.
glycosphingolipid
An amphipathic lipid with a sphingosine backbone to which are attached a long-chain fatty acid and a polar alcohol.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) tail
A glycolipid modification of proteins that can allow attachment to host membranes without the requirement of a transmembrane protein domain.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI anchor)
Lipid linkage by which some membrane proteins are bound to the membrane. The protein is joined, via an oligosaccharide linker, to a phosphatidylinositol anchor during its travel through the endoplasmic reticulum.
Hyperlipidemia
Too much lipid in the blood.
inositol phospholipid signaling pathway
Intracellular signaling pathway that starts with the activation of phospholipase C and the generation of IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG) from inositol phospholipids in the plasma membrane. The DAG helps to activate protein kinase C.
intraluminal phase
The digestion of lipids within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (mainly the small intestine). intrinsic pathway In blood clotting, the process by which prothrombin is activated via the interaction of factor XII with collagen fibers of a damaged blood vessel. Sometimes referred to as the contact activation pathway or tissue factor pathway.
lacteal
(lak′tē-al) Lymphatic capillary where lipids and lipidsoluble vitamins are absorbed from the small intestine.
lamellar bodies
Lipid-rich secretory organelles in keratinocytes and lung pneumocytes that release β-defensins into the extracellular space.
lipidome
The full complement of lipidcontaining molecules in a cell, organ, or tissue under a particular set of conditions.
lipidomics
The systematic characterization of the lipidome.
lipid A
A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin.
lipid droplets
Storage form in cells for excess lipids; comprised of a single monolayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds neutral lipids that can be retrieved from droplets as required by the cell.
lipopeptide antigens
A diverse set of antigens derived from microbial lipids typically presented by nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules such as CD1 molecules to invariant T-cell populations, including iNKT cells.
liver X receptor (LXR)
A nuclear receptor that binds to gene promoters that up-regulate transporters for cholesterol transfer to HDL-cholesterol, transporters that regulate cholesterol absorption, and transporters that facilitate cholesterol and phospholipid export from the liver.
