BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 1 Flashcards
-umab
Suffix applied to fully human monoclonal antibodies used for human therapies.
-ximab
Suffix applied to chimeric (i.e., mouse/human) monoclonal antibodies used for human therapies.
-zumab
Suffix applied to humanized monoclonal antibodies used for human therapies.
absolute density
The ratio between the effective work an athlete performs and the absolute volume (duration) of the training session.
acute
(ă-kyūt′) Takes place over a short period of time. Compare to chronic.
adrenaline
A catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from norepinephrine; also called epinephrine.
Aggrecan
A large, aggregating proteoglycan in cartilage.
Alicyclic
A nonaromatic cyclic hydrocarbon such as a cycloalkane or cycloalkene.
allylamines
Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.
Amyloidogenic
Amyloid-forming.
angular momentum quantum number (l)
An integer that determines the shape of an orbital.
anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories.
anxiolytic drug
A medication that reduces anxiety; examples are benzodiazepines and SSRIs.
Apomixis
An asexual method of reproduction involving the production of unreduced (usually diploid) eggs, which then develop without fertilization.
arcuate
(ar′kū-āt) Having a shape that is arched or bowed.
articulation
(ar-tik-ū-lā′shŭn) Joint or connection between bones.
Atheromatous plaque
The defining lesion of atherosclerosis.
Autocatalytic reaction
A reaction catalyzed by a substrate without the involvement of any other catalytic agent.
axoplasm
(ak′sō-plazm) Cytoplasm within the axon.
Base peak
The most intense peak in a mass spectrum.
Betalains
Betacyanins and betaxanthins are referred to as betalains and have functionally replaced the anthocyanins in the Caryophyllales. Their phylogenetic origin is still a matter of debate.
Binomial probability
The frequency associated with the occurrence of an outcome in an experiment that has only two possible outcomes, such as head or tail in coin tossing.
Biometry
Application of statistical methods to the study of biological problems.
Bohr effect
Decreased oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin at low pH.
brachial
(brā′kē-ăl) Relating to the region between the shoulder and the elbow.
broth dilution test
A method of determining the minimal inhibitory concentration by using serial dilutions of an antimicrobial drug.
CAM plants
Succulent plants of hot, dry climates, in which CO2 is fixed into oxaloacetate in the dark, then fixed by rubisco in the light when stomata close to exclude O2.
cardiac muscle
A type of striated muscle found only in the heart; it contracts rhythmically even in the absence of innervation.
CC chemokines
One of the two main classes of chemokines, distinguished by two adjacent cysteines (C) near the amino terminus. They have names
cercaria
A free-swimming larva of trematodes.
characteristic frequency
The sound frequency to which a neuron in the auditory system gives its greatest response.
chemically defined medium
A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is known.
Choluric jaundice
Jaundice accompanied by the urinary excretion of bilirubin diglucuronide.
cis-trans position effect
The occurrence of different phenotypes when two mutations are present in cis- and trans-heterozygotes.
Codominant alleles
Alleles that produce independent effects when heterozygous.
Colloid osmotic pressure
The osmotic pressure of macromolecules.
community-acquired infection
Infection contracted outside the health care setting.
concrete
A mixture of Portland cement combined with sand and pebbles.
Consanguineous mating
A mating between relatives.
COPII-coated vesicles
Coated vesicles that transport material early in the secretory pathway, budding from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Coupling techniques
Also denoted as hyphenated techniques usually refers to online couplings of separation techniques with mass spectrometry. Most popular are couplings of liquid or gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS or GC-MS).
Critical material/process parameter
A material or process whose variability has an impact on a critical quality attribute, and which should therefore be monitored or controlled to ensure desired drug product quality.
cross-contamination
Transfer of pathogens from one fomite to another.
curd
The solid part of milk that separates from the liquid (whey) in the making of cheese, for example.
cysticercus
An encysted tapeworm larva.
decanting
A method of separating immiscible liquids by pouring the top layer into another container.
Dehydrogenase reactions
Hydrogen transfer reactions. Dementia Loss of mental capacities.
dentition
(den-tish′ŭn) Natural teeth in the dental arch, considered collectively.
destructive interference
The interaction of waves from two sources that are aligned so that the crest of one overlaps the trough of the other, resulting in cancellation.
diarthrosis
(dı̄-ar-thrō′sis; pl., diarthroses, -sēz) A freely movable (synovial) joint.
dimensional analysis
The use of units as a guide to solving problems.
Discontinuous variation
Phenotypic variability involving distinct classes such as red versus white, tall versus dwarf (cf. Continuous variation).
diverticulum
(dı̄′ver-tik′yū-lŭm; pl., diverticula) A pouch or sac opening from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gut or bladder; small bulge in the intestinal wall.
Downield
Referring to the left-hand portion of the NMR chart.
Early successional species
Species abundant mainly during early ecosystem development.
ejaculation
(ē-jak-ū-lā′shŭn) Expulsion of semen from the penis.
Emergent properties
When individual components in an environment come together and create distinct, collective and interactive properties and functions.
endocochlear potential
The voltage difference between the endolymph and the perilymph, about 80 mV.
Enhanced natural attenuation
Biostimulation approaches specifically addressing in-situ treatment.
Epilimnion
Uppermost layer of water in a lake during stratification.
ergogenesis
Literally translated as “energy creation,” it indicates the dominant energy systems of an activity.
excess postexercise oxygen consumption
(EPOC)—The oxygen debt; an oxygen consumption that is elevated above resting after exercise.
extensive property
A property that depends on the amount of a given substance, such as mass.
Fahrenheit (°F) scale
The temperature scale that is most familiar in the United States, on which pure water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F at sea level.
Feedforward stimulation
Stimulation of a metabolic pathway by its substrate.
fixed macrophage
A macrophage that is located in a certain organ or tissue (e.g., liver, lungs, spleen, or lymph nodes); also called a histiocyte.
fluorosis
The appearance of white specks or streaks on tooth enamel due to excess fluoride intake.
FPOM
Fine particulate organic matter.
Gallstones
Calculi formed from cholesterol or other poorly soluble substances in the biliary system.
germ layer
One of the three primary tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) of an animal embryo.
glutamatergic
Describing neurons or synapses that produce and release glutamate.
Gymnosperms
Plants with naked seeds; includes conifers, cycads, ginkgo.
heat (q)
The flow of energy caused by a temperature difference.
hemoflagellate
A parasitic flagellate found in the circulatory system of its host.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Brain dysfunction caused by hyperammonemia and other aberrations in patients with liver cirrhosis.
heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which the composition varies from one region to another.
hippocampus
A region of the cerebral cortex lying adjacent and medial to the olfactory cortex. In humans, the hippocampus is in the temporal lobe and plays important roles in learning and memory and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
hyaline
(hı̄′a-lin, -lēn) Clear, homogeneous substance; a type of cartilage.
hyperbaric chamber
An apparatus to hold materials at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere.
Hyporheic zone
Habitat below stream bed.
IKKε
A kinase that interacts with TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1) in the phosphorylation of IRF3 downstream of TLR-3 signaling.
index of overall demand
(IOD)—Index indicating the systematic impact of a training session.
insertion
(in-ser′shŭn) The usually distal and more movable attachment of a muscle. (This term typically is replaced with the phrase inferior attachment or distal attachment in this text.)
internal capsule
A large collection of axons that connects the telencephalon with the diencephalon.
iodophor
A complex of iodine and a detergent.
Kernicterus
Brain damage caused by deposition of bilirubin in the basal ganglia.
kyphosis
(kī-fō′sis) Convex curvature of the thoracic part of the vertebral column.
lamina
(lam′i-nă) Thin layer (i.e., epithelial tissue basal lamina).
lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP)
A cortical area buried in the intraparietal sulcus that is involved in guiding eye movements; the responses of LIP neurons suggest that they are involved in working memory.
Lecithin
Synonym for phosphatidylcholine, a phosphoglyceride.
light microscope
One of a class of microscopes that uses visible light to create the image.
lingual
(lin′gwăl) Relating to the tongue.
Lotic
Refers to running waters, e.g., streams, rivers.
M1
Primary motor cortex, area 4.
mania
An elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is characteristic of bipolar disorder.
maximal aerobic capacity
The maximal capacity for oxygen consumption; also known as the V . O2max, maximal oxygen uptake, or maximal aerobic power.
Melt transition temperature, Tm
The temperature at which crystalline regions of a polymer melt to give an amorphous material.
menstruation
(men-strū-ā′shŭn) Cyclic endometrial shedding and discharge of menses.
Metalimnion
Middle layer of water in a lake during stratification.
Methotrexate
An anticancer drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
microcycle
A short training cycle that lasts 3 to 7 days.
minimum growth temperature
The lowest temperature at which a species will grow.
MMWR
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; a CDC publication containing data on notifiable diseases and topics of special interest.
monocular deprivation
An experimental manipulation that deprives one eye of normal vision.
Morris water maze
A task used to assess spatial memory in which a rodent must swim to a hidden platform below the surface of a pool of water.
muscle
Contractile tissue of animals.
myosin heavy chain
(MHC)—MHC consists primarily of the head of the cross-bridge and is typically associated with the fiber type of the muscle.
negative feedback
Control mechanism that keeps a variable within normal levels. Compare to positive feedback.
Nissl stain
A class of basic dyes that stain the somata of neurons; named for its discoverer, German histologist Franz Nissl (1860–1919).
nonheme iron
All dietary iron that is not in the heme form.
Normal operating range (NOR)/ optimized operating range
Range of material attributes and process parameters that are utilized during normal manufacture.
ocular dominance column
A region of striate cortex receiving information predominantly from one eye.
opposition
(op′pō-si′shŭn) Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the palmar side of the fingertips.
Ordinate
The vertical axis in a graph.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Disorder characterized by brittle bones, caused by inherited defects of type I collagen.
overreaching
A short-term period during which the athlete intentionally overtrains.
P element
A transposable element in Drosophila that, when activated, causes hybrid dysgenesis.
Para (p)
A naming preix used for 1,4-disub stituted benzenes.
pascal (Pa)
The SI unit of pressure, defined as 1 N/m².
Pattern baldness
A hereditary form of baldness in which the thinning of the hair begins on the crown of the head.
Penicillamine
A metal chelator used to treat Wilson disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
periodic law
A law based on the observation that when the elements are arranged in order of increasing mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically.
pharynx
(far′ingks) Funnelshaped muscular tube extending from the posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx; composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
phosphagen system
(ATP-PC)—An anaerobic energy system that primarily provides energy for shortterm, high-intensity activities and contains three major enzymatic reactions including the ATPase, creatine kinase, and myokinase reactions.
Photoperiodic flowering
Induced transition to flower formation in response to the length of the light and dark periods during a day.
Phytoextraction
The removal of contaminants from soil sediment or water through uptake by plants, which can be harvested.
planum temporale
An area on the superior surface of the temporal lobe that is frequently larger in the left than in the right hemisphere.
Polydactyly
The occurrence of more than the usual number of fingers or toes.
positron emission tomography (PET)
A specialized imaging technique that employs positron-emitting nuclides, such as fluorine-18, as a radiotracer.
power clean
A weightlifting movement in which the barbell is lifted from the ground to the shoulders in one movement.
Presentation time
Required period a stimulus has to be continuously present to elicit a recognizable physiological response in the plant.
primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann’s area 3b located in the postcentral gyrus; also called S1.
probiotics
Microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche and prevent growth of pathogens.
Prospective studies
Studies in which cohorts of subjects with and without the condition(s) or treatment(s) of interest are examined for a specifi ed period. (Chapter 1)
proximal (girdle) muscle
A muscle that controls the shoulder or pelvis.
puromycin
An antibiotic that inhibits polypeptide synthesis by being incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, causing its premature termination.
quantitative analysis
A systematic way to determine the amounts of substances in a solution or mixture.
rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)
A stage of sleep characterized by low-amplitude, highfrequency EEG waves, vivid dreams, rapid eye movements, and atonia. See also non-REM sleep.
readiness
The ability of the athlete to display his preparation level in the specific performance.
recruited
Activated.
Regiospecific
A term describing a reaction that occurs with a speciic regiochemistry to give a single product rather than a mixture of products.
Replicative transposon
A transposable element that is replicated during the transposition process. Tn3 in E. coli is an example.
retrograde amnesia
Memory loss for events before an illness or brain trauma.
Rigor
Stiffness of skeletal muscles.
roundworm
An animal belonging to the phylum Nematoda.
saturated solution
A solution in which the dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with any undissolved solute; any added solute will not dissolve in a saturated solution.
scintillation counter
A device that detects radioactivity using a material that emits ultraviolet or visible light in response to excitation by energetic particles.
Selection pressure
Effectiveness of differential survival and reproduction in changing the frequency of alleles in a population.
sensation
(sen-sā′shun) Conscious perception of a stimulus.
set
The total number of repetitions an athlete performs before taking a rest.
Sib-mating (crossing of siblings)
Matings involving two individuals of the same parentage; brother–sister matings.
slow motor unit
A motor unit with a small alpha motor neuron innervating slowly contracting and slowly fatiguing red muscle fibers.
Space occupation
Growth of roots and leaves aimed at optimizing resource acquisition.
Spermiogenesis
Formation of sperm from spermatids; the part of spermatogenesis that follows the meiotic divisions of spermatocytes.
split-brain study
An examination of behavior in animals or humans whose cerebral hemispheres have been disconnected by cutting the corpus callosum.
sprain
Tearing or overstretching ligaments without fracturing the nearby bone; results in localized pain and swelling.
standard state
For a gas, the standard state is the pure gas at a pressure of exactly 1 atm; for a liquid or solid, the standard state is the pure substance in its most stable form at a pressure of 1 atm and the temperature of interest (often taken to be 25 °C); for a substance in solution, the standard state is a concentration of exactly 1 M.
Stereogenic center
An alternative name for a chirality center.
Stratification
Refers to the separation of lake water into epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion.
stupor
(stū′per) State of impaired consciousness from which the individual can be aroused only by continual stimulation.
substantia gelatinosa
A thin dorsal part of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that receives input from unmyelinated C fibers; important in the transmission of nociceptive signals.
surroundings
In thermodynamics, everything in the universe that exists outside the system under investigation.
synchronization
The simultaneous activation of numerous motor units.
systemic mycosis
A fungal infection in deep tissues.
Tautomers
Isomers that interconvert spontaneously, usually with the change in position of a hydrogen.
termolecular
An elementary step of a reaction in which three particles collide and go on to form products.
thermoduric
Heat resistant.
threshold
A level of depolarization sufficient to trigger an action potential.
tonnage
A method for quantifying volume in resistance training; it is calculated by multiplying the number of repetitions performed by the number of sets and the resistance in kilograms used.
training age
The number of years an individual has been training.
transmission-based precautions
Precautions used when standard precautions alone are not sufficient to prevent the spread of an infectious agent. Transmission-based precautions are based upon the mode of transmission of the infectious agent.
triple point
The unique set of conditions at which all three phases of a substance are equally stable and in equilibrium.
Tyndall effect
The scattering of light by a colloidal dispersion.
unmyelinated
(ŭn-mı̄′ĕ-li-nā-ted) Not covered by a myelin sheath.
use-dilution test
A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions.
VDRL test
A rapid screening test to detect the presence of antibodies against Treponema pallidum. (VDRL stands for Venereal Disease Research Laboratory.)
vertebral
(ver′tĕ-brăl) Relating to a vertebra or the vertebral column.
visceral
Relating to an internal organ; e.g., visceral pleura that adheres to the lungs.
VO2max
Maximum volume of oxygen consumed in a given time period. Also termed peak VO2.
Wada procedure
A procedure in which one cerebral hemisphere is anesthetized to enable testing of the function of the other hemisphere.
white pulp
The discrete areas of lymphoid tissue in the spleen.
Z line
A band delineating sarcomeres in a myofibril of a muscle fiber.
α1-Antiprotease
A circulating protease inhibitor, the deficiency of which causes lung emphysema.
