Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - FACTOR > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - FACTOR Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A-N factor

A

Obsolete term for the “antineuritic factor” (thiamin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A dominantly inherited form of dwarfism caused by constitutive activation of a growth factor receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Additive allelic effects

A

Genetic factors that raise or lower the value of a phenotype on a linear scale of measurement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

age-related macular degeneration

A

A leading cause of blindness in the elderly, for which some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the factor H genes confer an increased risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antithrombin III

A

A circulating inhibitor of thrombin and some other activated clotting factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BAFF

A

B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family that binds the receptors BAFF-R and TACI to promote B cell survival.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BATF3

A

A transcription factor expressed in dendritic cells belonging to the AP1 family, which includes many other factors such as c-Jun and Fos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

biological effectiveness factor (RBE)

A

A correction factor multiplied by the dose of radiation exposure in rad to obtain the dose in rem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bios factors

A

Obsolete terms for yeast growth factors now known to include biotin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biotic stress

A

Environmental factors that influence plant growth and development that arise from coinhabiting organisms such as other plants, soil microbes, fungi, or animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Broad-sense heritability

A

In quantitative genetics, the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is due to genetic factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

c-Maf

A

A transcription factor acting in the development of TFH cells. coagulation system A collection of proteases and other proteins in the blood that trigger blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

C3f

A

A small fragment of C3b that is removed by factor I and MCP to leave iC3b on the microbial surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

collision frequency

A

A factor in collision theory that represents the number of collisions that occur per unit time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conversion factor

A

A fractional quantity with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top; a conversion factor can be constructed from any two quantities known to be equivalent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cryoprecipitate

A

A plasma protein preparation enriched in some clotting factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CstF-64

A

Subunit of cleavage stimulation factor that favors polyadenylation at pAS leading to the secreted form of IgM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

A bacterial toxin that inactivates an elongation factor of eukaryotic protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

drivers

A

Mutations that are causal factors in the development of cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

E2F

A

A transcription factor that is negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ELL2

A

A transcription elongation factor that favors the polyadenylation at pAS leading to the secreted form of IgM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emerging virus

A

A viral population responsible for a marked increase in disease incidence, usually as result of changed societal, environmental, or population factors. (Chapter 11)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)

A

A nonclassical MHC class I protein induced on endothelial cells that can interact with the blood coagulation factor XIV (protein C) and can be recognized by some γ:δ T cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

eomesodermin

A

A transcription factor involved in development and function of certain types of NK cells, ILCs, and CD8 T cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

A growth factor that is mitogenic for epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Episome

A

A genetic element that may be present or absent in different cells and that may be inserted in a chromosome or independent in the cytoplasm (for example, the fertility factor (F) in Escherichia coli).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α)

A

Subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor that helps form the preinitiation complex that begins protein translation from mRNA. When it is phosphorylated by PKR, protein translation is suppressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

F+ cell

A

A bacterium that contains an autonomous fertility (F) factor. See F factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

factor D

A

A serine protease in the alternative pathway of complement activation, which cleaves factor B into Ba and Bb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

factor I deficiency

A

A genetically determined lack of the complementregulatory protein factor I. This results in uncontrolled complement activation, so that complement proteins rapidly become depleted. Those with the deficiency suffer repeated bacterial infections, especially with ubiquitous pyogenic bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Factor R

A

Obsolete term for chick antianemic factor now known as a form of folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Factor U

A

Obsolete term for chick anti-anemic factor now known as a form of folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Filtrate factor

A

Obsolete term for the antiblack tongue disease activity, now known to be niacin that could be isolated from the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth; also used to describe the chick antidermatitis factor, now known to be pantothenic acid, isolated from acid solutions of the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fitness–fatigue relationship

A

The relationship between fitness and fatigue and how they modulate athlete preparedness. This concept is a major factor associated with periodization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Flavin

A

Term originally used to describe the water-soluble fluorescent rat growth factors isolated from yeast and animal tissues; now, a general term for isoalloxazine derivatives including riboflavin and its active forms, FMN and FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hard-soft-acid base theory(HASB)

A

A qualitative concept developed by Pearson to understand the factors that drive and stabilize metal complexes with organic reactants.The selectivity ofmetal ions for biochemical donor ligands can be anticipated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hepatoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hfr cell

A

A bacterial cell in which the F factor has become integrated into the chromosome; Hfr stands for high frequency of recombination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hypoxia inducible factors (HIF)

A

Transcription factors or proteins produced when tissue oxygen is low and that targets the promoters of genes involved in improving oxygen availability in the cell. An example is when oxygen levels are low in cells; these factors can upregulate those genes that promote iron absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Interaction

A

In statistics, an effect that cannot be explained by the additive action of contributing factors; a departure from strict additivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

intergenic control regions

A

Sites in non-coding regions of genes that control their expression and rearrangement by interactions with transcription factors and chromatin-modifying proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

intervention trial

A

An experimental study in which a factor under study is modified and a number of variables measured to determine the response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

IRF9

A

A member of the IRF family of transcription factors that interacts with activated STAT1 and STAT2 to form the complex called ISGF3, which induces transcription of many ISGs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Jun kinase

A

A protein kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor c-Jun, enabling it to bind to c-Fos to form the AP-1 transcription factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)

A

A transcription factor that binds to a gene promoter to up-regulate the mRNA transcription for transporter ZIP4 when zinc deficiency is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Lactoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from whey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

lymphotoxins (LTs)

A

Cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that are directly cytotoxic for some cells. They occur as trimers of LT-α chains (LT-α3) and heterotrimers of LT-α and LT-β chains (LT-α2:β1).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

MEK1

A

A MAPK kinase in the Raf–MEK1–Erk signaling module, which is a part of a signaling pathway in lymphocytes leading to activation of the transcription factor AP-1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

membrane cofactor of proteolysis (MCP or CD46)

A

A complement regulatory protein, a host-cell membrane protein that acts in conjunction with factor I to cleave C3b to its inactive derivative iC3b and thus prevent convertase formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1)

A

A transcription factor that binds to gene promoters that regulate zinccontaining proteins, such as ZnT-1 and metallothionein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Multifactorial trait

A

A trait determined by a combination of several genetic and environmental factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

neurotrophic factor

A

Factor released in limited amounts by a target tissue that the neurons innervating that tissue require to survive.

53
Q

Norit eluate

A

Obsolete term for Lactobacillus casei growth promotant, factor now known as folic acid, that could be isolated from liver and yeasts by adsorption on norit

54
Q

orientation factor

A

A factor in collision theory (usually between 0 and 1) that represents the fraction of collisions having an orientation that can allow the reaction to occur.

55
Q

Ovoflavin

A

Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from egg white

56
Q

parts by mass

A

A unit for expressing solution concentration as the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution multiplied by a multiplication factor.

57
Q

parts by volume

A

A unit for expressing solution concentration as the volume of the solute divided by the volume of the solution multiplied by a multiplication factor.

58
Q

parts per billion (ppb)

A

A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass in which the multiplication factor is 10⁹.

59
Q

parts per million (ppm)

A

A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass in which the multiplication factor is 10⁶.

60
Q

percent by mass

A

A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass with a multiplication factor of 100%.

61
Q

periodization

A

The logical and systematic sequencing of training factors in an integrative fashion in order to optimize specific training outcomes at pre-determined time points.

62
Q

Phytochrome interacting factor

A

Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that bind to the physiologically active Pfr-form of phytochrome photoreceptors.

63
Q

PKR

A

Serine/threonine kinase activated by IFN-α and IFN-β. It phosphorylates the eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2, inhibiting translation and thus contributing to the inhibition of viral replication.

64
Q

PREX1

A

A guanine exchange factor (GEF) activated downstream of small G proteins in response to activation of GPCRs such as the fMLP or C5a receptor.

65
Q

protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS)

A

A small family of proteins that inhibit STAT family transcription factors.

66
Q

Q10 value

A

The factor by which the reaction rate increases in response to a 10 °C rise in the temperature.

67
Q

r-determinant

A

A group of genes for antibiotic resistance carried on R factors.

68
Q

Ras-GEFs

A

Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors; stimulate the dissociation of GDP and the subsequent uptake of GTP from the cytosol, thereby activating Ras.

69
Q

release factors

A

Protein factors of the cytosol required for the release of a completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome; also known as termination factors.

70
Q

Relish

A

A distinct member of the Drosophila NFκB transcription factor family that induces the expression of several antimicrobial peptides in response to Gram-negative bacteria.

71
Q

resistance transfer factor (RTF)

A

A group of genes for replication and conjugation on the R factor.

72
Q

Retrospective study

A

A study that looks backwards in time and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to a particular outcome. (Chapter 1)

73
Q

Rhizopterin

A

Obsolete synonym for the “SLR factor”, i.e., a factor from Rhizobium sp. fermentation that stimulated the growth of Streptococcus lactis R. (now called Streptococcus faecalis), which is now known to be a folate activity

74
Q

RIP2

A

A CARD domain containing serine-threonine kinase that functions in signaling by NOD proteins to activate the NFκB transcription factor.

75
Q

Selection

A

Differential survival and reproduction among genotypes; the most important of the factors that change allele frequencies in large populations.

76
Q

Sex factor

A

A bacterial episome (for example, the F plasmid in E. coli) that enables the cell to be a donor of genetic material. The sex factor may be propagated in the cytoplasm, or it may be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

77
Q

Sexduction

A

The incorporation of bacterial genes into F factors and their subsequent transfer by conjugation to a recipient cell.

78
Q

SRY (Sex-determining region Y)

A

A Y-linked gene in humans and other mammals encoding a protein, the testis-determining factor, which plays a key role in male development.

79
Q

Suppressor-sensitive mutant

A

An organism that can grow when a second genetic factor—a suppressor—is present, but not in the absence of this factor.

80
Q

Tenase complex

A

The complex of clotting factors VIII and IX that activates factor X.

81
Q

Thrombin

A

An activated serine protease in the blood clotting system that acts on fibrinogen and on factors V, VII, VIII, XI, and XIII.

82
Q

thromboplastin

A

Sometimes referred to as factor III. It is found in white blood cells, tissues, and platelets. In the presence of calcium, it can facilitate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

83
Q

Tissue factor

A

A glycoprotein in the plasma membrane of nonendothelial cells that activates factor VII.

84
Q

TNF family

A

Cytokine family, the prototype of which is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF or TNF-α). It contains both secreted (for example TNF-α and lymphotoxin) and membrane-bound (for example CD40 ligand) members.

85
Q

total training demand

A

A summation of all the training factors contained in the plan.

86
Q

Wills’ factor

A

Obsolete term for the antianemic factor in yeast now known to be a form of folate

87
Q

XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1)

A

A transcription factor that induces genes required for optimal protein secretion by plasma cells, and is part of the unfolded protein response. XBP1 mRNA is spliced from an inactive to an active form by signals produced by ER stress.

88
Q

XCR1

A

A chemokine receptor selectively expressed by a subset of dendritic cells that are specialized for cross-presentation whose development requires the transcription factor BATF3.

89
Q

Basal transcription factors

A

Proteins required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes.

90
Q

Citrovorum factor

A

Infrequently used term for a naturally occurring form of folic acid (N5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamic acid), which is required for the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum

91
Q

clotting factor

A

Substance in the blood that promotes clot formation.

92
Q

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

General name for numerous signal molecules that control differentiation of blood cells.

93
Q

decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55)

A

A cell-surface protein that protects cells from lysis by complement. Its absence causes the disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

94
Q

edema factor

A

One of the two A subunits of anthrax toxin; an adenylyl cyclase that catalyzes production of cAMP, leading to ion imbalance and consequent edema in the skin or lung.

95
Q

eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3)

A

Multisubunit complex that acts in formation of the 43S preinitiation complex. It can bind interferon-induced transmembrane (IFIT) proteins which thereby suppress translation of viral proteins.

96
Q

exponential factor

A

A number between zero and one that represents the fraction of molecules that have enough energy to make it over the activation barrier on a given approach.

97
Q

factor B

A

Protein in the alternative pathway of complement activation, in which it is cleaved to Ba and an active protease, Bb, the latter binding to C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb.

98
Q

factor I

A

Complement-regulatory protease in plasma that cleaves C3b to the inactive derivative iC3b, thus preventing the formation of a C3 convertase.

99
Q

factor P

A

Plasma protein released by activated neutrophils that stabilizes the C3 convertase C3bBb of the alternative pathway.

100
Q

factorial method

A

A method to determine the amount of nitrogen needed to take in to keep the body in nitrogen balance. This method determines obligatory nitrogen losses (the nitrogen loss in urine, feces, sweat, nails, and dermal sources) when a protein-free diet is given to test subjects.

101
Q

fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)

A

A protein that works in tandem with the Klotho protein that decreases serum phosphate levels when elevated.

102
Q

frequency factor

A

The number of times that reactants approach the activation energy per unit time.

103
Q

granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

A

A cytokine involved in the growth and differentiation of cells of the myeloid lineage, including dendritic cells, monocytes and tissue macrophages, and granulocytes.

104
Q

histone chaperone (chromatin assembly factor)

A

Protein that binds free histones, releasing them once they have been incorporated into newly replicated chromatin.

105
Q

hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)

A

Transcription regulator, the intracellular levels of which increase in response to a shortage of oxygen, that stimulates transcription of the VEGF gene to promote angiogenesis.

106
Q

Initiation factors

A

Soluble proteins required for the initiation of translation.

107
Q

Multiple Factor Hypothesis

A

A theory advanced by R. A. Fisher and others to explain variation in complex phenotypes such as height, weight, and disease susceptibility.

108
Q

nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

A neurotrophin required for survival of the cells of the sympathetic division of the ANS; also important for aspects of CNS development.

109
Q

organic growth factor

A

An essential organic compound that an organism is unable to synthesize.

110
Q

P–P factor

A

Obsolete term for the thermostable “pellagra-preventive” component, now known as niacin, of the “water-soluble B” activity of yeast

111
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

Released from activated platelets during blood clotting.

112
Q

predisposing factor

A

Anything that makes the body more susceptible to a disease or alters the course of a disease.

113
Q

R factor

A

A plasmid that carries genes for antibiotic resistance.

114
Q

Release factors (RF)

A

Soluble proteins that recognize termination codons in mRNAs and terminate translation in response to these codons.

115
Q

restriction factors

A

Host proteins that act in a cell-autonomous manner to inhibit the replication of retroviruses such as HIV.

116
Q

SLR factor

A

Obsolete term for the Streptococcus lactis R. (now called S. faecalis) growth promotant later called “rhizopterin” and now known to be a folic acid activity

117
Q

survival factor

A

Extracellular signal that promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis.

118
Q

Testis-determining factor (TDF)

A

A protein produced early in the development of male mammals that stimulates the differentiation of the testes from the embryonic gonads.

119
Q

TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6)

A

An E3 ligase that produces a K63 polyubiquitin signaling scaffold in TLR-4 signaling to activate the NFκB pathway.

120
Q

TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)

A

A member of the TNF cytokine family expressed on the cell surface of some cells, such as NK cells, that induces cell death in target cells by ligation of the ‘death’ receptors DR4 and DR5.

121
Q

trophic factor

A

Any molecule that promotes cell survival.

122
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

An apoptosis-inducing cytokine.

123
Q

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)

A

A polypeptide released by phagocytes in response to bacterial endotoxins.

124
Q

van’t Hoff factor (i)

A

The ratio of moles of particles in a solution to moles of formula units dissolved.

125
Q

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

Secreted protein that stimulates the growth of blood vessels.

126
Q

virulence factor

A

Protein, encoded by a virulence gene, that contributes to an organism’s ability to cause disease.

127
Q

von Willebrand factor

A

A plasma protein that mediates the binding of platelets to collagen.

128
Q

X factor

A

Substances from the heme fraction of blood hemoglobin.

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions