BIO - TERMS - FACTOR Flashcards
A-N factor
Obsolete term for the “antineuritic factor” (thiamin)
Achondroplasia
A dominantly inherited form of dwarfism caused by constitutive activation of a growth factor receptor.
Additive allelic effects
Genetic factors that raise or lower the value of a phenotype on a linear scale of measurement.
age-related macular degeneration
A leading cause of blindness in the elderly, for which some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the factor H genes confer an increased risk.
Antithrombin III
A circulating inhibitor of thrombin and some other activated clotting factors.
BAFF
B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family that binds the receptors BAFF-R and TACI to promote B cell survival.
BATF3
A transcription factor expressed in dendritic cells belonging to the AP1 family, which includes many other factors such as c-Jun and Fos.
biological effectiveness factor (RBE)
A correction factor multiplied by the dose of radiation exposure in rad to obtain the dose in rem.
Bios factors
Obsolete terms for yeast growth factors now known to include biotin
Biotic stress
Environmental factors that influence plant growth and development that arise from coinhabiting organisms such as other plants, soil microbes, fungi, or animals.
Broad-sense heritability
In quantitative genetics, the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is due to genetic factors.
c-Maf
A transcription factor acting in the development of TFH cells. coagulation system A collection of proteases and other proteins in the blood that trigger blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.
C3f
A small fragment of C3b that is removed by factor I and MCP to leave iC3b on the microbial surface.
collision frequency
A factor in collision theory that represents the number of collisions that occur per unit time.
conversion factor
A fractional quantity with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top; a conversion factor can be constructed from any two quantities known to be equivalent.
Cryoprecipitate
A plasma protein preparation enriched in some clotting factors.
CstF-64
Subunit of cleavage stimulation factor that favors polyadenylation at pAS leading to the secreted form of IgM.
Diphtheria toxin
A bacterial toxin that inactivates an elongation factor of eukaryotic protein synthesis.
drivers
Mutations that are causal factors in the development of cancer.
E2F
A transcription factor that is negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma protein.
ELL2
A transcription elongation factor that favors the polyadenylation at pAS leading to the secreted form of IgM.
Emerging virus
A viral population responsible for a marked increase in disease incidence, usually as result of changed societal, environmental, or population factors. (Chapter 11)
endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
A nonclassical MHC class I protein induced on endothelial cells that can interact with the blood coagulation factor XIV (protein C) and can be recognized by some γ:δ T cells.
eomesodermin
A transcription factor involved in development and function of certain types of NK cells, ILCs, and CD8 T cells.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
A growth factor that is mitogenic for epithelial cells.
Episome
A genetic element that may be present or absent in different cells and that may be inserted in a chromosome or independent in the cytoplasm (for example, the fertility factor (F) in Escherichia coli).
eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α)
Subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor that helps form the preinitiation complex that begins protein translation from mRNA. When it is phosphorylated by PKR, protein translation is suppressed.
F+ cell
A bacterium that contains an autonomous fertility (F) factor. See F factor.
factor D
A serine protease in the alternative pathway of complement activation, which cleaves factor B into Ba and Bb.
factor I deficiency
A genetically determined lack of the complementregulatory protein factor I. This results in uncontrolled complement activation, so that complement proteins rapidly become depleted. Those with the deficiency suffer repeated bacterial infections, especially with ubiquitous pyogenic bacteria.
Factor R
Obsolete term for chick antianemic factor now known as a form of folate
Factor U
Obsolete term for chick anti-anemic factor now known as a form of folate
Filtrate factor
Obsolete term for the antiblack tongue disease activity, now known to be niacin that could be isolated from the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth; also used to describe the chick antidermatitis factor, now known to be pantothenic acid, isolated from acid solutions of the “B2 complex” by filtration through fuller’s earth
fitness–fatigue relationship
The relationship between fitness and fatigue and how they modulate athlete preparedness. This concept is a major factor associated with periodization.
Flavin
Term originally used to describe the water-soluble fluorescent rat growth factors isolated from yeast and animal tissues; now, a general term for isoalloxazine derivatives including riboflavin and its active forms, FMN and FAD
Hard-soft-acid base theory(HASB)
A qualitative concept developed by Pearson to understand the factors that drive and stabilize metal complexes with organic reactants.The selectivity ofmetal ions for biochemical donor ligands can be anticipated.
Hepatoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from liver
Hfr cell
A bacterial cell in which the F factor has become integrated into the chromosome; Hfr stands for high frequency of recombination.
hypoxia inducible factors (HIF)
Transcription factors or proteins produced when tissue oxygen is low and that targets the promoters of genes involved in improving oxygen availability in the cell. An example is when oxygen levels are low in cells; these factors can upregulate those genes that promote iron absorption.
Interaction
In statistics, an effect that cannot be explained by the additive action of contributing factors; a departure from strict additivity.
intergenic control regions
Sites in non-coding regions of genes that control their expression and rearrangement by interactions with transcription factors and chromatin-modifying proteins.
intervention trial
An experimental study in which a factor under study is modified and a number of variables measured to determine the response.
IRF9
A member of the IRF family of transcription factors that interacts with activated STAT1 and STAT2 to form the complex called ISGF3, which induces transcription of many ISGs.
Jun kinase
A protein kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor c-Jun, enabling it to bind to c-Fos to form the AP-1 transcription factor.
Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)
A transcription factor that binds to a gene promoter to up-regulate the mRNA transcription for transporter ZIP4 when zinc deficiency is present.
Lactoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from whey
lymphotoxins (LTs)
Cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that are directly cytotoxic for some cells. They occur as trimers of LT-α chains (LT-α3) and heterotrimers of LT-α and LT-β chains (LT-α2:β1).
MEK1
A MAPK kinase in the Raf–MEK1–Erk signaling module, which is a part of a signaling pathway in lymphocytes leading to activation of the transcription factor AP-1.
membrane cofactor of proteolysis (MCP or CD46)
A complement regulatory protein, a host-cell membrane protein that acts in conjunction with factor I to cleave C3b to its inactive derivative iC3b and thus prevent convertase formation.
metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1)
A transcription factor that binds to gene promoters that regulate zinccontaining proteins, such as ZnT-1 and metallothionein.
Multifactorial trait
A trait determined by a combination of several genetic and environmental factors.
neurotrophic factor
Factor released in limited amounts by a target tissue that the neurons innervating that tissue require to survive.
Norit eluate
Obsolete term for Lactobacillus casei growth promotant, factor now known as folic acid, that could be isolated from liver and yeasts by adsorption on norit
orientation factor
A factor in collision theory (usually between 0 and 1) that represents the fraction of collisions having an orientation that can allow the reaction to occur.
Ovoflavin
Obsolete term for the water-soluble rat growth factor, now known to be riboflavin, isolated from egg white
parts by mass
A unit for expressing solution concentration as the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution multiplied by a multiplication factor.
parts by volume
A unit for expressing solution concentration as the volume of the solute divided by the volume of the solution multiplied by a multiplication factor.
parts per billion (ppb)
A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass in which the multiplication factor is 10⁹.
parts per million (ppm)
A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass in which the multiplication factor is 10⁶.
percent by mass
A unit for expressing solution concentration in parts by mass with a multiplication factor of 100%.
periodization
The logical and systematic sequencing of training factors in an integrative fashion in order to optimize specific training outcomes at pre-determined time points.
Phytochrome interacting factor
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that bind to the physiologically active Pfr-form of phytochrome photoreceptors.
PKR
Serine/threonine kinase activated by IFN-α and IFN-β. It phosphorylates the eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2, inhibiting translation and thus contributing to the inhibition of viral replication.
PREX1
A guanine exchange factor (GEF) activated downstream of small G proteins in response to activation of GPCRs such as the fMLP or C5a receptor.
protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS)
A small family of proteins that inhibit STAT family transcription factors.
Q10 value
The factor by which the reaction rate increases in response to a 10 °C rise in the temperature.
r-determinant
A group of genes for antibiotic resistance carried on R factors.
Ras-GEFs
Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors; stimulate the dissociation of GDP and the subsequent uptake of GTP from the cytosol, thereby activating Ras.
release factors
Protein factors of the cytosol required for the release of a completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome; also known as termination factors.
Relish
A distinct member of the Drosophila NFκB transcription factor family that induces the expression of several antimicrobial peptides in response to Gram-negative bacteria.
resistance transfer factor (RTF)
A group of genes for replication and conjugation on the R factor.
Retrospective study
A study that looks backwards in time and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to a particular outcome. (Chapter 1)
Rhizopterin
Obsolete synonym for the “SLR factor”, i.e., a factor from Rhizobium sp. fermentation that stimulated the growth of Streptococcus lactis R. (now called Streptococcus faecalis), which is now known to be a folate activity
RIP2
A CARD domain containing serine-threonine kinase that functions in signaling by NOD proteins to activate the NFκB transcription factor.
Selection
Differential survival and reproduction among genotypes; the most important of the factors that change allele frequencies in large populations.
Sex factor
A bacterial episome (for example, the F plasmid in E. coli) that enables the cell to be a donor of genetic material. The sex factor may be propagated in the cytoplasm, or it may be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
Sexduction
The incorporation of bacterial genes into F factors and their subsequent transfer by conjugation to a recipient cell.
SRY (Sex-determining region Y)
A Y-linked gene in humans and other mammals encoding a protein, the testis-determining factor, which plays a key role in male development.
Suppressor-sensitive mutant
An organism that can grow when a second genetic factor—a suppressor—is present, but not in the absence of this factor.
Tenase complex
The complex of clotting factors VIII and IX that activates factor X.
Thrombin
An activated serine protease in the blood clotting system that acts on fibrinogen and on factors V, VII, VIII, XI, and XIII.
thromboplastin
Sometimes referred to as factor III. It is found in white blood cells, tissues, and platelets. In the presence of calcium, it can facilitate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Tissue factor
A glycoprotein in the plasma membrane of nonendothelial cells that activates factor VII.
TNF family
Cytokine family, the prototype of which is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF or TNF-α). It contains both secreted (for example TNF-α and lymphotoxin) and membrane-bound (for example CD40 ligand) members.
total training demand
A summation of all the training factors contained in the plan.
Wills’ factor
Obsolete term for the antianemic factor in yeast now known to be a form of folate
XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1)
A transcription factor that induces genes required for optimal protein secretion by plasma cells, and is part of the unfolded protein response. XBP1 mRNA is spliced from an inactive to an active form by signals produced by ER stress.
XCR1
A chemokine receptor selectively expressed by a subset of dendritic cells that are specialized for cross-presentation whose development requires the transcription factor BATF3.
Basal transcription factors
Proteins required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes.
Citrovorum factor
Infrequently used term for a naturally occurring form of folic acid (N5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamic acid), which is required for the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum
clotting factor
Substance in the blood that promotes clot formation.
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
General name for numerous signal molecules that control differentiation of blood cells.
decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55)
A cell-surface protein that protects cells from lysis by complement. Its absence causes the disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
edema factor
One of the two A subunits of anthrax toxin; an adenylyl cyclase that catalyzes production of cAMP, leading to ion imbalance and consequent edema in the skin or lung.
eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3)
Multisubunit complex that acts in formation of the 43S preinitiation complex. It can bind interferon-induced transmembrane (IFIT) proteins which thereby suppress translation of viral proteins.
exponential factor
A number between zero and one that represents the fraction of molecules that have enough energy to make it over the activation barrier on a given approach.
factor B
Protein in the alternative pathway of complement activation, in which it is cleaved to Ba and an active protease, Bb, the latter binding to C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb.
factor I
Complement-regulatory protease in plasma that cleaves C3b to the inactive derivative iC3b, thus preventing the formation of a C3 convertase.
factor P
Plasma protein released by activated neutrophils that stabilizes the C3 convertase C3bBb of the alternative pathway.
factorial method
A method to determine the amount of nitrogen needed to take in to keep the body in nitrogen balance. This method determines obligatory nitrogen losses (the nitrogen loss in urine, feces, sweat, nails, and dermal sources) when a protein-free diet is given to test subjects.
fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)
A protein that works in tandem with the Klotho protein that decreases serum phosphate levels when elevated.
frequency factor
The number of times that reactants approach the activation energy per unit time.
granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
A cytokine involved in the growth and differentiation of cells of the myeloid lineage, including dendritic cells, monocytes and tissue macrophages, and granulocytes.
histone chaperone (chromatin assembly factor)
Protein that binds free histones, releasing them once they have been incorporated into newly replicated chromatin.
hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)
Transcription regulator, the intracellular levels of which increase in response to a shortage of oxygen, that stimulates transcription of the VEGF gene to promote angiogenesis.
Initiation factors
Soluble proteins required for the initiation of translation.
Multiple Factor Hypothesis
A theory advanced by R. A. Fisher and others to explain variation in complex phenotypes such as height, weight, and disease susceptibility.
nerve growth factor (NGF)
A neurotrophin required for survival of the cells of the sympathetic division of the ANS; also important for aspects of CNS development.
organic growth factor
An essential organic compound that an organism is unable to synthesize.
P–P factor
Obsolete term for the thermostable “pellagra-preventive” component, now known as niacin, of the “water-soluble B” activity of yeast
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Released from activated platelets during blood clotting.
predisposing factor
Anything that makes the body more susceptible to a disease or alters the course of a disease.
R factor
A plasmid that carries genes for antibiotic resistance.
Release factors (RF)
Soluble proteins that recognize termination codons in mRNAs and terminate translation in response to these codons.
restriction factors
Host proteins that act in a cell-autonomous manner to inhibit the replication of retroviruses such as HIV.
SLR factor
Obsolete term for the Streptococcus lactis R. (now called S. faecalis) growth promotant later called “rhizopterin” and now known to be a folic acid activity
survival factor
Extracellular signal that promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis.
Testis-determining factor (TDF)
A protein produced early in the development of male mammals that stimulates the differentiation of the testes from the embryonic gonads.
TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6)
An E3 ligase that produces a K63 polyubiquitin signaling scaffold in TLR-4 signaling to activate the NFκB pathway.
TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)
A member of the TNF cytokine family expressed on the cell surface of some cells, such as NK cells, that induces cell death in target cells by ligation of the ‘death’ receptors DR4 and DR5.
trophic factor
Any molecule that promotes cell survival.
Tumor necrosis factor
An apoptosis-inducing cytokine.
tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)
A polypeptide released by phagocytes in response to bacterial endotoxins.
van’t Hoff factor (i)
The ratio of moles of particles in a solution to moles of formula units dissolved.
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Secreted protein that stimulates the growth of blood vessels.
virulence factor
Protein, encoded by a virulence gene, that contributes to an organism’s ability to cause disease.
von Willebrand factor
A plasma protein that mediates the binding of platelets to collagen.
X factor
Substances from the heme fraction of blood hemoglobin.
