BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 5 Flashcards
1,2-Diacylglycerol
A second messenger formed by phospholipase C.
accuracy
A term that refers to how close a measured value is to the actual value.
Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMet)
A method of polymer synthesis that uses the olein metathesis reaction of an open-chain diene.
aerobic interval
Intervals that are designed to stress the aerobic system and are also referred to as pace-tempo training. Aerobic intervals can be performed in a continuous or intermittent fashion.
agranulocyte
A leukocyte without visible granules in the cytoplasm when viewed through a light microscope; includes monocytes and lymphocytes.
Allele frequency
The proportion of one allele relative to all alleles at a locus in a population.
Alzheimer disease
The most common type of agerelated dementia.
anal pore
A site in certain protozoa for elimination of waste.
anorexia
A state of negative energy balance in which energy expenditure exceeds energy intake.
anti-IAP
Produced in response to various apoptotic stimuli and, by binding to IAPs and preventing their binding to a caspase, neutralize the inhibition of apoptosis provided by IAPs. antibiotic Substance such as penicillin or streptomycin that is toxic to microorganisms. Often a natural product of a particular microorganism or plant.
Apo-form
Metal-free form of a metallobiomolecule.
appositional
(ap-ō-zish′ŭn-ăl) Being placed or fitted together; e.g., appositional growth of bone.
area V4
An area of neocortex, anterior to striate cortex, that is in the ventral visual processing stream and appears to be important for both shape perception and color perception.
aspinous neuron
A neuron lacking dendritic spines. associative learning The learning of associations between events; two types are usually distinguished: classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
atopic march
The clinical observation that it is common for children with atopic eczema to later develop allergic rhinitis and/or asthma.
Autotrophic respiration (Ra)
Respiratory CO2 production by photosynthetically active and inactive plant tissues.
ballism
A movement disorder caused by damage to the subthalamus, characterized by violent, fl inging movements of the extremities.
basidium
A pedestal that produces basidiospores; found in the basidiomycetes.
bimolecular
An elementary step in a reaction that involves two particles, either the same species or different, that collide and go on to form products.
bioconversion
Changes in organic matter brought about by the growth of microorganisms.
bipolar disorder
A psychiatric affective disorder characterized by episodes of mania, sometimes interspersed with episodes of depression; also called manic-depressive disorder.
Bond angle
The angle formed between two adjacent bonds.
Broca’s area
A region of the frontal lobe associated with Broca’s (motor) aphasia when damaged.
bundle
A collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination.
capnophile
A microorganism that grows best at relatively high CO2 concentrations.
Case fatality ratio
Th e number of deaths divided by the number of clinically confi rmed infections. (Chapter 1)
Celsius (°C) scale
The temperature scale most often used by scientists (and by most countries other than the United States), on which pure water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C (at sea level).
cerebral hemispheres
The two sides of the cerebrum, derived from the paired telencephalic vesicles.
chelating agent
The coordinating ligand of a chelate.
Chimera (animal)
Individual derived from two embryos by experimental intervention.
chyle
(kı̄l) Chylomicroncontaining lymph drained from gastrointestinal tract.
classical monocyte
The major form of monocyte in circulation capable of recruitment to sites of inflammation and differentiation into macrophages.
cognition
(kog-ni′shŭn) Mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Combinatorial chemistry
A procedure in which anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred thousand substances are prepared simultaneously.
composition
The basic components that make up a substance.
conducting zone
Respiratory system passageways transporting air from the nose to the terminal bronchioles. Compare to respiratory zone.
constructive interference
The interaction of waves from two sources that align with overlapping crests, resulting in a wave of greater amplitude.
cortical white matter
A collection of axons lying just below the cerebral cortex.
cranium
(krā′nē-ŭm) Region of the skull composed of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
Critical quality attribute (CQA)
A physical, chemical or microbiological property or characteristic of a material that impacts the efficacy or safety of a drug product. An attribute for which deviations from established limits may result in decreased assurance of quality, safety and/or efficacy of the drug product.
Crystallites
Highly ordered crystal-like regions within a long polymer chain.
CXC chemokines
One of the two main classes of chemokines, distinguished by a Cys-X-Cys (CXC) motif near the amino terminus. They have names CXCL1, CXCL2, etc. See Appendix IV for a list of individual chemokines.
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
The law stating that the sum of the partial pressures of the components in a gas mixture must equal the total pressure.
decussation
(dē-kŭ-sā′shŭn) Any crossing over or intersection of parts.
Delta (d) scale
An arbitrary scale used to calibrate NMR charts. One delta unit (d) is equal to 1 part per million (ppm) of the spectrometer operating frequency.
dermatomycosis
A fungal infection of the skin; also known as tinea or ringworm.
detrusor
(dē-trū′ser, -sōr) Smooth muscle within urinary bladder wall that contracts to expel urine.
diffraction
The phenomena by which a wave emerging from an aperture spreads out to form a new wave front.
diplobacilli (singular: diplobacillus)
Rods that divide and remain attached in pairs.
distal attachment
the (typically more movable) attachment site of an appendicular skeletal muscle (previously called the insertion).
dopamine (DA)
A catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from dopa.
dynamic equilibrium
The point at which the rate of the reverse reaction or process equals the rate of the forward reaction or process.
Ecological restoration
The process for supporting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been disturbed or destroyed; increasing the provision of ecosystem services and reversing biodiversity loss.
elementary step
An individual step in a reaction mechanism.
Enantioselective synthesis
A reaction method that yields only a single enantiomer of a chiral product starting from an achiral reactant.
Endosymbiont hypothesis
The hypothesis that mitochondria (and chloroplasts) are derived from symbiotic prokaryotes.
entorhinal cortex
A cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that occupies the medial bank of the rhinal sulcus; provides input to the hippocampus.
epiphysis
(e-pif′i-sis; pl., epiphyses, -sēz) Expanded, knobby region at the end of a long bone.
Etiolation
Developmental strategy of plants in darkness that facilitates exposure to light.
exocrine
(ek′sō-krin) Glandular secretions delivered to an apical or luminal surface through a duct.
extraocular muscle
A muscle that moves the eye in the orbit.
fascicle
(fas′i-kl) Bundle of muscle fibers or axons.
Fetus
Prenatal stage of a viviparous animal between the embryonic stage and the time of birth; in humans, the final seven months before birth.
Flavonols
A subgroup of flavonoids that absorb UV light and function as protective sunscreens in the plant epidermis.
folliculogenesis
(fŏ-lik′yū-lōjen′ ě-sis) Development and maturation of ovarian follicles.
freezing
The phase transition from liquid to solid.
gas-evolution reaction
A reaction in which two aqueous solutions are mixed and a gas forms, resulting in bubbling.
Gerovital
Unsubstantiated antiaging elixir
Golgi stain
A method of staining brain tissue that shows neurons and all of their neurites; named for its discoverer, Italian histologist Camillo Golgi (1843–1926).
habituation
A type of nonassociative learning leading to decreased behavioral responses to repeated stimulation.
Hebbian modification
An increase in the effectiveness of a synapse caused by the simultaneous activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
Hemosiderosis
Abnormal accumulation of hemosiderin.
Heredity
Resemblance among individuals related by descent; transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
hiatus
(hı̄-ā′tŭs) Opening.
holdfast
The branched base of an algal stipe.
hydrometallurgy
The use of an aqueous solution to extract metals from their ores.
hyperlordosis
(hı̄′pĕr-lor-dō′sis) Exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar vertebral column.
ID50
The number of microorganisms required to produce a demonstrable infection in 50% of the test host population.
Inbreeding coefficient
The probability that two alleles in an individual are identical to each other by descent from a common ancestor.
inferior
Toward the feet.
integrated rate law
A relationship between the concentrations of the reactants in a chemical reaction and time.
interval training
The repeated performance of short to long bouts of exercise usually performed at or above the lactate threshold interspersed with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise.
Isothiocyanate
Secondary metabolites released from glucosinolates upon hydrolysis; with strong skin irritating properties.
kingdom
A taxonomic classification between domain and phylum.
lactation
(lak-tā′shŭn) Production of milk.
larva
The sexually immature stage of a helminth or arthropod.
law of conservation of mass
A law stating that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
lesion
(lē′zhŭn) Pathologic change in a tissue.
limit of resolution
In microscopy, the smallest distance apart at which two point objects can be resolved as separate. Just under 0.2 μm for conventional light microscopy, a limit determined by the wavelength of light.
lithium
An element, existing in solution as a monovalent cation, that is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
lumbar
(lŭm′bar) Relating to the lower back.
macule
A flat, reddened skin lesion.
MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3
Serine proteases of the classical and lectin pathway of complement activation that bind to C1q, ficolins, and mannosebinding lectin, and function in their activation to cleave C4.
McArdle disease
Deficiency of glycogen phosphorylase in muscle, causing muscle weakness.
memory trace
The physical representation or location of a memory; also known as an engram.
mesothelium
(mez-ō-thē′lē-ŭm) The simple squamous epithelium that lines serous cavities.
metaplasia
(met-ă-plā′zē-ă) Abnormal change in a tissue.
MEV pathway
Classical C2 Acetyl-CoA-based cytosolic pathway to isoprenoids.
microscopy
(mı̄-kros′kŏ-pē) Investigation of very small objects by means of a microscope.
mirror neuron
A neuron of the cerebral cortex that fires when an animal performs a motor act and when the animal merely observes the same act performed by another.
molar heat capacity
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by 1 °C.
Monohybrid cross
A cross between parents differing in only one trait or in which only one trait is being considered.
movement time
The athlete’s ability to quickly move a limb in the desired direction.
mycology
The scientific study of fungi.
nanometer (nm)
A unit of measurement equal to 10-9 m, 10-3 μm.
neural correlates of consciousness
The minimal neuronal events sufficient for a specific conscious percept.
non-canonical inflammasome
An alternate form of the inflammasome that is independent of caspase 1, but instead relies on caspase 11 (mice) or caspases 4 or 5 (human).
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase.
Numerical aperture
Number that describes the acceptance cone of an objective.
Olein metathesis reaction
A reaction in which two oleins (alkenes) exchange substituents on their double bonds.
optic tectum
A term used to describe the superior colliculus, particularly in nonmammalian vertebrates.
origin
(ōr′i-jin) The less movable of the two points of attachment of a muscle. (This term typically replaced with phrase superior attachment or proximal attachment in this text.)
otolith organ
The utricle or the saccule, organs of the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear that transduce head tilt and acceleration.
Oxirane
An alternative name for an epoxide.
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
parallel processing
The idea that different stimulus attributes are processed by the brain in parallel using distinct pathways.
Paternal
Pertaining to the father.
pedal
(ped′ăl) Relating to the foot.
perforant path
The axonal pathway from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Perforant path synapses exhibit LTP and LTD, forms of synaptic plasticity believed to be important for memory formation.
peristalsis
(per-i-stal′sis) Rhythmic contractions of the muscularis that propel material through tubes in the gastrointestinal tract.
phase locking
The consistent fi ring of an auditory neuron at the same phase of a sound wave.
phosphorus cycle
The various solubility stages of phosphorus in the environment.
phylum
A taxonomic classification between kingdom and class.
Pistil
The centrally located organ in flowers that contains the ovary.
Point source pollution
Environmental pollution which can be traced back to a single identifiable source or origin.
pons
The part of the rostral hindbrain that lies ventral to the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
posterior parietal cortex
The posterior region of the parietal lobe, mainly Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7, involved in visual and somatosensory integration and attention.
precision
A term that refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are.
primary auditory cortex // a1
Brodmann’s area 41 on the superior surface of the temporal lobe.
primary visual cortex
Brodmann’s area 17, located at the pole of the occipital lobe; also called striate cortex and V1.
Progeria
Inherited disease characterized by premature aging.
Protic solvents
Solvents such as water or alcohol that can act as a proton donor.
Pseudoreversion
Phenotypic reversion caused by second-site mutation; also known as suppression. (Chapter 3)
pyloric sphincter
A smooth muscular ring that separates the stomach from the duodenum.
R coniguration
The coniguration at a chirality center as speciied using the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog sequence rules.
rate law
A relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentration of the reactants.
Reciprocal crosses
Crosses between different strains with the sexes reversed; for example, female A × male B and male A × female B are reciprocal crosses.
reducing medium
A culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes.
relative refractory period
The period of time following an action potential during which more depolarizing current than usual is required to achieve threshold.
resting state activity
Activity in the brain during quiet restful wakefulness.
Retrosynthetic
Planning an organic synthesis by working backward from the inal product to the starting material.
Robinson annulation reaction
A method for synthesis of cyclohexenones by sequential Michael reaction and intramolecular aldol reaction.
S coniguration
The coniguration at a chirality center as speciied using the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog sequence rules.
scala tympani
A chamber in the cochlea that runs from the helicotrema to the round window.
sebum
(sē′bŭm) Secretion of a sebaceous gland.
Self-fertilization
The process by which pollen of a given plant fertilizes the ovules of the same plant. Plants fertilized in this way are said to have been selfed. An analogous process occurs in some animals, such as nematodes and molluscs.
serological testing
Techniques for identifying a microorganism based on its reaction with antibodies.
Shade avoidance syndrome
Developmental strategy of plants that enables adaptation to the canopy shade; responses are induced by high levels of far-red light below canopy shade.
silica
A silicate crystal that has a formula unit of SiO2; also called quartz.
soda-lime glass
A type of glass that is about 70% SiO2 with the balance being mostly Na2O and CaO. This type of glass is transparent to visible light (not ultraviolet) and has a high thermal expansion, but it is less expensive to make and form into desired shapes than vitreous silica.
Spectrin repeat
A three-stranded coiled-coil module in spectrin and dystrophin.
spinal canal
The CSF-filled space within the spinal cord.
sporangiospore
An asexual fungal spore formed within a sporangium.
standard enthalpy change (ΔH°)
The change in enthalpy for a process when all reactants and products are in their standard states.
state
A classification of the physical form of matter as a solid, liquid, or gas.
sterilization
The removal of all microorganisms, including endospores.
stretch shortening cycle (SSC)
A combination of eccentric and concentric muscle actions.
subcutaneous mycosis
A fungal infection of tissue beneath the skin.
superficial
(sū-per-fish′ăl) Toward the surface.
Symmetry-allowed, symmetry-disallowed
A symmetry-allowed reaction is a pericyclic process that has a favorable orbital symmetry for reaction through a concerted pathway. A symmetry-disallowed reaction is one that does not have favorable orbital symmetry for reaction through a concerted pathway.
synergist muscle
A muscle that contracts with other muscles to produce movement in one direction.
tachycardia
(tak′i-kar′dē-ă) Resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
tegmentum
The part of the midbrain lying ventral to the cerebral aqueduct.
Thalassemia
Underproduction of hemoglobin α-chains (α-thalassemia) or β-chains (β-thalassemia).
Thermosetting resins
Polymers that become highly cross-linked and solidify into a hard, insoluble mass when heated.
tincture
A solution in aqueous alcohol.
torr
A unit of pressure named after Evangelista Torricelli and equivalent to 1/760 of an atmosphere (atm).
trans face
Face on the other (far) side.
Tree diagram
A diagram used in NMR to sort out the complicated splitting patterns that can arise from multiple couplings.
tubercle
(tū′ber-kl) Nodule or slight elevation from the surface of a bone that allows attachment of a tendon or ligament.
umbilical
(ŭm-bil′i-kăl) Relating to the umbilicus (navel).
Upield
The right-hand portion of the NMR chart.
vapor pressure lowering (ΔP)
The change in vapor pressure that occurs in pure substance upon addition of a solute.
ventricular system
The cerebrospinal fluid–filled spaces inside the brain, consisting of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.
vestibular system
The neural system that monitors and regulates the sense of balance and equilibrium.
visual field
The total region of space viewed by both eyes when the eyes are fixated on a point.
volt
The SI unit of potential difference; defined as 1 J/C.
Wernicke–Geschwind model
A model for language processing involving interactions of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area with sensory and motor areas.
Xerophytes
Plants living in and adapted to dry areas, e.g., deserts.
Zoonoses (zoonotic infections)
Diseases that are transferred from other animals to humans
