BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 6 Flashcards
12D treatment
A sterilization process that would result in a decrease of the number of Clostridium botulinum endospores by 12 logarithmic cycles.
Acetylide anion
The anion formed by removal of a proton from a terminal alkyne, R-C≡C:⁻.
acyclic skill
Integral functions performed in one action.
aerobic power
Maximum rate of ATP production via the aerobic energy system.
airway tissue remodeling
A thickening of the airway walls that occurs in chronic asthma due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer and mucus glands, with the eventual development of fibrosis. Often results in an irreversible decrease of lung function.
Allele specific
Complementing only a specific change; refers to suppressor mutations. (Chapter 3)
Ammon’s horn
A layer of neurons in the hippocampus that sends axons into the fornix.
analgesia
The absence of normal sensations of pain.
Anoxia
Complete loss of oxygen.
Antifungal
A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi.
ApoA-I, apoA-II
The major apolipoproteins of highdensity lipoprotein (HDL).
Aptamer domain
The metabolite-binding region of a riboswitch.
Arene
An alkyl-substituted benzene.
Assortative mating
Mating in which the partners are chosen because they are phenotypically similar.
attention
The state of selectively allocating mental energy to a sensory stimulus.
Avogadro’s law
The law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its amount in moles (V ∝ n).
band gap
An energy gap that exists between the valence band and conduction band of semiconductors and insulators.
BCM theory
A theory proposing that synapses are bidirectionally modifi able. Synaptic potentiation results when presynaptic activity correlates with a strong postsynaptic response, and synaptic depression results when presynaptic activity correlates with a weak postsynaptic response. An extension of the Hebb synapse concept, proposed by Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro at Brown University. See also Hebb synapse, Hebbian modifi cation.
Bimolecular reaction
A reaction whose ratelimiting step occurs between two reactants.
bioenergetic specificity
Training the specific bioenergetic characteristics of a specified sport or activity.
bipolar neuron
A neuron with two neurites.
Bond strength
An alternative name for bond dissociation energy.
Bromohydrin
A 1,2-bromoalcohol; obtained by addition of HOBr to an alkene.
C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)
A kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal tyrosine of Src-family kinases in lymphocytes, thus inactivating them.
carbapenems
Antibiotics that contain a b-lactam antibiotic and cilastatin.
caspase 11
This caspase is homologous to human capsase 4 and 5. Its expression is induced by TLR signaling. Intracellular LPS can directly activate it, leading to pyroptosis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
A branch of the U.S. Public Health Service that serves a central source of epidemiological information.
cerumen
(sĕ-rū′men) Soft, waxy secretion of the ceruminous gland; found in the external acoustic meatus.
chemical carcinogens
Disparate chemicals that are carcinogenic—due to the ability to cause mutations—when fed to experimental animals or painted repeatedly on their skin.
chlamydoconidium
An asexual fungal spore formed within a hypha.
Chymotrypsin
A serine protease from the pancreas.
Clinical latency
A state of persistent viral infection in which no clinical symptoms are manifested. (Chapter 7)
cognitive map theory
The idea that the hippocampus is specialized to form a spatial map of the environment.
commercial sterilization
A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum.
composting
A method of solid waste disposal, usually plant material, by encouraging its decomposition by microbes.
conduction aphasia
A type of aphasia associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus, characterized by good comprehension and speech but difficulty repeating words.
contact transmission
The spread of disease by direct or indirect contact or via droplets.
corticospinal tract
The tract that originates in the neocortex and terminates in the spinal cord; involved in the control of voluntary movement.
creatinine
(krē-at′i-nēn) Nitrogenous waste product resulting from the breakdown of creatine and excreted in urine. Used to estimate glomerular filtration rate by the kidney.
critical temperature
The temperature above which a liquid cannot exist, regardless of pressure.
Cubitus interruptus (Ci)
Latent transcription regulator that mediates the effects of Hedgehog.
cyclic neutropenia
A dominantly inherited disease in which neutrophil numbers fluctuate from near normal to very low or absent, with an approximate cycle time of 21 days. This is in contrast to severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), in which the inherited defect results in persistently low neutrophil numbers.
dark adaptation
The process by which the retina becomes more sensitive to light in dim light.
defecation
(def-ĕ-kā′shŭn) Discharge of feces from the rectum. deglutition (dē-glū-tish′ŭn) Swallowing.
dendritic tree
All the dendrites of a single neuron.
dermatophyte
A fungus that causes a cutaneous mycosis.
Deuterium isotope efect
A tool used in mechanistic investigations to establish whether a C-H bond is broken in the rate-limiting step of a reaction.
diffuse modulatory system
One of several systems of CNS neurons that project widely and diffusely onto large areas of the brain and use modulatory neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
diplococci (singular: diplococcus)
Cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs.
distal muscle
A muscle that controls the hands, feet, or digits.
dorsal column
A white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptive axons to the brain stem.
dyslexia
Difficulty learning to read despite normal intelligence and training.
Ecological stoichiometry
The study of the balance of chemical elements in ecological interactions.
Elimination reactions
What occurs when a single reactant splits into two products.
encephalitis
Infection of the brain.
endpoint
The point of pH change where an indicator changes color.
Environmental risk assessment
Calculation of adverse effects of human impact on ecosystems and their parts.
EPSP summation
A simple form of synaptic integration whereby excitatory postsynaptic potentials combine to produce a larger postsynaptic depolarization.
Euphotic zone
Zone in lakes or oceans where photosynthesis can occur.
exogenous attention
Attention reflexively directed to an external stimulus because of its salience; also called bottom-up attention.
Extraradical mycelium
Hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi reaching out into the soil beyond the rhizosphere.
fasciculation
A process in which axons growing together stick to one another.
fibrinolysin
A kinase produced by streptococci.
flexibility
The range of motion of a joint or set of joints, dependent on the length of the muscles crossing the joints.
foramen
(fō-rā′men) Hole; usually in a bone; e.g., foramen magnum, obturator foramen.
freezing point depression
The effect of a solute that causes a solution to have a lower melting point than the pure solvent.
Gastric banding
A type of bariatric surgery. A silicon band is placed around the top portion of the stomach to leave a small volume pouch, which allows for a greater sense of “fullness”
gestation
(jes-tā′shŭn) Pregnancy.
Gouty arthritis
Arthritis caused by sodium urate deposits in the joints.
Halohydrin
A 1,2-haloalcohol, such as that obtained on addition of HOBr to an alkene.
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
The principle stating that due to the wave–particle duality, it is fundamentally impossible to precisely determine both the position and velocity of a particle at a given moment in time.
hemostasis
(hē′mō-stā′sı̆s) Process of stopping bleeding; steps include vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
Heritability
Degree to which a given trait is controlled by inheritance. (See also Broad-sense heritability and Narrow-sense heritability.)
High irradiance response
Class of light responses that need prolonged irradiation with high light intensities for full expression; magnitude of high irradiance responses depends on light intensities.
homing
The direction of a lymphocyte into a particular tissue.
Hydrogenolysis
Cleavage of a bond by reaction with hydrogen. Benzylic ethers and esters, for instance, are cleaved by hydrogenolysis.
Hypochromia
Reduced hemoglobin content of erythrocytes.
ideal gas
A hypothetical gas that follows the ideal gas law under all conditions.
Inbreeding depression
The observation that inbred lines are weaker than noninbred lines.
inferior attachment
the (typically less movable) attachment site of an axial skeletal muscle (previously called the origin).
integration
A process of constructing whole skills.
intervertebral
(in-ter-ver′te-brăl) Between vertebrae.
isotonic contraction
Muscle contraction during which tension exceeds the resistance, resulting in movement.
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
A constellation of symptoms resulting from bilateral temporal lobectomy in humans and monkeys that includes decreased fear and aggression (flattened emotions), the tendency to identify objects by oral examination rather than visual inspection, and altered sexual behavior.
Lactones
Cyclic esters.
larynx
(lar′ingks) Organ of voice production that lies between the pharynx and the trachea.
layer of photoreceptor outer segments
A layer of the retina farthest from the center of the eye containing the light-sensitive elements of the photoreceptors.
lethargy
(leth′ar-jē) Mild impairment of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness and alertness.
limiting reactant
The reactant that has the smallest stoichiometric amount in a reactant mixture and consequently limits the amount of product in a chemical reaction.
Locally acting
The active pharmaceutical ingredient acts directly on the skin.
lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymph vessels.
magnetic quantum number (m1)
An integer that specifies the orientation of an orbital.
mass
A measure of the quantity of matter making up an object.
Mean
The arithmetic average; the sum of all measurements or values in a sample divided by the sample size.
menarche
(me-nar′kē) Time of the first menstrual period.
Meta (m)
A naming preix used for 1,3-disubstituted benzenes.
Metastable
Stable kinetically but not thermodynamically.
MF-59
A proprietary adjuvant based on squaline and water used in Europe and Canada in conjunction with influenza vaccine.
Microspore
One of the four end products of meiosis in the male reproductive tissues of plants.
miscibility
The ability to mix without separating into two phases.
molar solution
One mole of solute dissolved in water to give a total volume of 1,000 mL.
mononuclear phagocytic system
A system of fixed macrophages located in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
Muller’s ratchet
A model positing how small, asexual populations decline in fitness over time if the mutation rate is high. (Chapter 10)
Mycoremediation
A special form of bioremediation using fungi to remove (degrade, or sequester) contaminants from the environment.
naris
(nā′ris; pl., nares, -res) Anterior opening to the nasal cavity; a nostril.
neural map
Regular mapping of neurons of a similar type from one territory to another, such that there are orderly projections of one array of neurons onto another.
non-REM sleep
A stage of sleep characterized by large, slow EEG waves, a paucity of dreams, and some muscle tone. See also rapid eye movement sleep.
nonvolatile
Not easily vaporized.
Nylons
Synthetic polyamide step-growth polymers.
olfactory cortex
The region of the cerebral cortex connected to the olfactory bulb and separated from the neocortex by the rhinal fissure.
optical activity
The capacity of a substance to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
Ortho (o)
A naming preix used for 1,2-disubstituted benzenes.
Outbreeding
Mating of unrelated individuals.
oxyanion
A polyatomic anion containing oxygen and another element.
panic disorder
A mental disorder characterized by recurring, seemingly unprovoked panic attacks and a persistent worry about having further attacks.
Parameter
A value or constant based on an entire population (cf. Statistic).
pathogenic microorganisms
Microorganism that typically causes disease when it infects a host.
Pedigree
A table, chart, or diagram representing the ancestry of an individual.
performance oxygen uptake
The highest value of oxygen consumption during the performance of an exercise without the accumulation of lactate.
periventricular zone
A hypothalamic region that lies most medially, bordering the third ventricle.
phenolic
A derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant.
Photochemical reactions
A reaction carried out by irradiating the reactants with light.
physical change
A change that alters only the state or appearance of a substance but not its chemical composition.
PITC
Phenylisothiocyanate; used in the Edman degradation.
Pollen grain
The male gametophyte in higher plants.
pontine reticulospinal tract
A tract originating in the pontine reticular formation and terminating in the spinal cord, involved in the control of movement.
postexercise recovery
A form of recovery that occurs after the cessation of exercise.
Precursor
Metabolite used as a starting point for a biosynthetic pathway.
primary infection
An acute infection that causes the initial illness.
priority map
A map of visual space that shows locations where attention should be directed based on stimulus salience or cognitive input.
progressive overloading
A progressive increase in the training load (i.e., intensity, volume) above a normal magnitude.
protofilament
Linear string of microtubule subunits joined end to end; multiple protofilaments associate with one another laterally to construct and provide strength and adaptability to microtubules.
psychosurgery
Brain surgery used to treat mental or behavioral disorders.
pyramidal tract
A tract running along the ventral medulla that carries corticospinal axons.
Rab cascade
An ordered recruitment of sequentially acting
rate of force development (RFD)
The rate at which force is developed; it is calculated by dividing the change in force by the change in time.
reciprocal inhibition
The process whereby the contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of antagonist muscles.
refining
A process in which the crude material is purified.
rem
A unit of the dose of radiation exposure that stands for roentgen equivalent man, where a roentgen is defined as the amount of radiation that produces 2.58 x 10⁻⁴ C of charge per kg of air.
Resurrection plants
Can survive extreme dehydration and are able to regain normal biochemical activities within a short period after rewatering.
reversible
As applied to a reaction, the ability to proceed in either the forward or the reverse direction.
robustness
The ability of biological regulatory systems to function normally in the face of perturbations such as exposure to frequent and/or extreme variations in external conditions or the concentrations or activities of key components.
s-Cis conformation
The conformation of a conjugated diene that is cis-like around the single bond.
scala vestibuli
A chamber in the cochlea that runs from the oval window to the helicotrema.
Second-order reaction
A reaction whose ratelimiting step is bimolecular and whose kinetics are therefore dependent on the concentration of two reactants.
Self-incompatibility
Complex recognition and rejection events to avoid self-fertilization in certain plants.
serotonergic
Describing neurons or synapses that produce and release serotonin.
sham rage
A display of great anger in a situation that would not normally cause anger; behavior produced by brain lesions.
simmons–smith reaction
The reaction of an alkene with CH2I2 and Zn-Cu to yield a cyclo propane.
solid-phase synthesis
A technique of synthesis whereby the starting material is covalently bound to a solid polymer bead and reactions are carried out on the bound substrate. After the desired transformations have been effected, the product is cleaved from the polymer.
spectrum of microbial activity
The range of distinctly different types of microorganisms affected by an antimicrobial drug; a wide range is referred to as a broad spectrum of activity.
spinal segment
One set of dorsal and ventral roots plus the portion of spinal cord related to them.
sporangium
A sac containing one or more spores.
standard entropy change for a reaction (ΔS°rxn)
The change in entropy for a process in which all reactants and products are in their standard states.
state function
A function whose value depends only on the state of the system, not on how the system got to that state.
stochastic
Random. Involving chance, probability, or random variables.
stria
(strı̄′ă; pl., striae, strı̄′ē) Stripes, bands, streaks, or lines distinguished by a difference in color, texture, or elevation from surrounding tissue.
sublevel (subshell)
Those orbitals in the same principal level with the same value of n and l.
superinfection
The growth of a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen.
sympathetic ophthalmia
Autoimmune response that occurs in the other eye after one eye is damaged.
synostosis
(sin-os-tō′sis; pl., synostoses, -sēz) Osseous union between two bones that were initially separate.
tachyzoite
A rapidly growing trophozoite form of a protozoan.
teleomorph
The sexual stage in the life cycle of a fungus; also refers to a fungus that produces both sexual and asexual spores.
theoretical yield
The greatest possible amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant.
Thiamine
The dietary precursor of thiamine pyrophosphate.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
A fibrin-binding protease that activates plasminogen to plasmin.
total fiber
The sum of dietary fiber plus functional fiber.
Transdermal drug delivery
The application of a formulation to the skin to deliver a drug to the systemic circulation (e.g. fentanyl patches).
Tremor
Trembling.
tuberosity
(tū′ber-os′i-tē) Large tubercle or rounded elevation, as on the surface of a bone.
unconscious emotion
The experience or expression of emotion in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimulus that evoked the emotion.
Uremia
Retention of nitrogenous wastes in patients with kidney failure.
vaporization
The phase transition from liquid to gas.
ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome
Obesity associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area.
vestibule
(ves′ti-byūl) Small space near the entryway of a canal; e.g., nasal vestibule, inner ear vestibule.
visual hemifield
The half of the visual fi eld to one side of the fixation point.
volume load
A method for quantifying volume in speed and agility training; it is calculated by the intensity and distance completed per repetition.
Wernicke’s aphasia
A language disturbance in which speech is fluent but comprehension is poor.
Xylem
Part of the plant vascular tissue where water is transported. It can form long tubes called vessels.
zoospore
An asexual algal spore; has two flagella.
