BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 6 Flashcards
12D treatment
A sterilization process that would result in a decrease of the number of Clostridium botulinum endospores by 12 logarithmic cycles.
Acetylide anion
The anion formed by removal of a proton from a terminal alkyne, R-C≡C:⁻.
acyclic skill
Integral functions performed in one action.
aerobic power
Maximum rate of ATP production via the aerobic energy system.
airway tissue remodeling
A thickening of the airway walls that occurs in chronic asthma due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer and mucus glands, with the eventual development of fibrosis. Often results in an irreversible decrease of lung function.
Allele specific
Complementing only a specific change; refers to suppressor mutations. (Chapter 3)
Ammon’s horn
A layer of neurons in the hippocampus that sends axons into the fornix.
analgesia
The absence of normal sensations of pain.
Anoxia
Complete loss of oxygen.
Antifungal
A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi.
ApoA-I, apoA-II
The major apolipoproteins of highdensity lipoprotein (HDL).
Aptamer domain
The metabolite-binding region of a riboswitch.
Arene
An alkyl-substituted benzene.
Assortative mating
Mating in which the partners are chosen because they are phenotypically similar.
attention
The state of selectively allocating mental energy to a sensory stimulus.
Avogadro’s law
The law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its amount in moles (V ∝ n).
band gap
An energy gap that exists between the valence band and conduction band of semiconductors and insulators.
BCM theory
A theory proposing that synapses are bidirectionally modifi able. Synaptic potentiation results when presynaptic activity correlates with a strong postsynaptic response, and synaptic depression results when presynaptic activity correlates with a weak postsynaptic response. An extension of the Hebb synapse concept, proposed by Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro at Brown University. See also Hebb synapse, Hebbian modifi cation.
Bimolecular reaction
A reaction whose ratelimiting step occurs between two reactants.
bioenergetic specificity
Training the specific bioenergetic characteristics of a specified sport or activity.
bipolar neuron
A neuron with two neurites.
Bond strength
An alternative name for bond dissociation energy.
Bromohydrin
A 1,2-bromoalcohol; obtained by addition of HOBr to an alkene.
C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)
A kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal tyrosine of Src-family kinases in lymphocytes, thus inactivating them.
carbapenems
Antibiotics that contain a b-lactam antibiotic and cilastatin.
caspase 11
This caspase is homologous to human capsase 4 and 5. Its expression is induced by TLR signaling. Intracellular LPS can directly activate it, leading to pyroptosis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
A branch of the U.S. Public Health Service that serves a central source of epidemiological information.
cerumen
(sĕ-rū′men) Soft, waxy secretion of the ceruminous gland; found in the external acoustic meatus.
chemical carcinogens
Disparate chemicals that are carcinogenic—due to the ability to cause mutations—when fed to experimental animals or painted repeatedly on their skin.
chlamydoconidium
An asexual fungal spore formed within a hypha.
Chymotrypsin
A serine protease from the pancreas.
Clinical latency
A state of persistent viral infection in which no clinical symptoms are manifested. (Chapter 7)
cognitive map theory
The idea that the hippocampus is specialized to form a spatial map of the environment.
commercial sterilization
A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum.
composting
A method of solid waste disposal, usually plant material, by encouraging its decomposition by microbes.
conduction aphasia
A type of aphasia associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus, characterized by good comprehension and speech but difficulty repeating words.
contact transmission
The spread of disease by direct or indirect contact or via droplets.
corticospinal tract
The tract that originates in the neocortex and terminates in the spinal cord; involved in the control of voluntary movement.
creatinine
(krē-at′i-nēn) Nitrogenous waste product resulting from the breakdown of creatine and excreted in urine. Used to estimate glomerular filtration rate by the kidney.
critical temperature
The temperature above which a liquid cannot exist, regardless of pressure.
Cubitus interruptus (Ci)
Latent transcription regulator that mediates the effects of Hedgehog.
cyclic neutropenia
A dominantly inherited disease in which neutrophil numbers fluctuate from near normal to very low or absent, with an approximate cycle time of 21 days. This is in contrast to severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), in which the inherited defect results in persistently low neutrophil numbers.
dark adaptation
The process by which the retina becomes more sensitive to light in dim light.
defecation
(def-ĕ-kā′shŭn) Discharge of feces from the rectum. deglutition (dē-glū-tish′ŭn) Swallowing.
dendritic tree
All the dendrites of a single neuron.
dermatophyte
A fungus that causes a cutaneous mycosis.
Deuterium isotope efect
A tool used in mechanistic investigations to establish whether a C-H bond is broken in the rate-limiting step of a reaction.
diffuse modulatory system
One of several systems of CNS neurons that project widely and diffusely onto large areas of the brain and use modulatory neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
diplococci (singular: diplococcus)
Cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs.
distal muscle
A muscle that controls the hands, feet, or digits.
dorsal column
A white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptive axons to the brain stem.
dyslexia
Difficulty learning to read despite normal intelligence and training.
Ecological stoichiometry
The study of the balance of chemical elements in ecological interactions.
Elimination reactions
What occurs when a single reactant splits into two products.
encephalitis
Infection of the brain.
endpoint
The point of pH change where an indicator changes color.
Environmental risk assessment
Calculation of adverse effects of human impact on ecosystems and their parts.
EPSP summation
A simple form of synaptic integration whereby excitatory postsynaptic potentials combine to produce a larger postsynaptic depolarization.
Euphotic zone
Zone in lakes or oceans where photosynthesis can occur.
exogenous attention
Attention reflexively directed to an external stimulus because of its salience; also called bottom-up attention.
Extraradical mycelium
Hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi reaching out into the soil beyond the rhizosphere.
fasciculation
A process in which axons growing together stick to one another.
fibrinolysin
A kinase produced by streptococci.
flexibility
The range of motion of a joint or set of joints, dependent on the length of the muscles crossing the joints.
foramen
(fō-rā′men) Hole; usually in a bone; e.g., foramen magnum, obturator foramen.
freezing point depression
The effect of a solute that causes a solution to have a lower melting point than the pure solvent.
Gastric banding
A type of bariatric surgery. A silicon band is placed around the top portion of the stomach to leave a small volume pouch, which allows for a greater sense of “fullness”
gestation
(jes-tā′shŭn) Pregnancy.
Gouty arthritis
Arthritis caused by sodium urate deposits in the joints.
Halohydrin
A 1,2-haloalcohol, such as that obtained on addition of HOBr to an alkene.
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
The principle stating that due to the wave–particle duality, it is fundamentally impossible to precisely determine both the position and velocity of a particle at a given moment in time.
hemostasis
(hē′mō-stā′sı̆s) Process of stopping bleeding; steps include vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.