Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch9 Flashcards
synarthroses
immovable joints
amphiarthroses
”"”of both kinds””, slightly movable joints”
diarthroses
freely movable joints
fibrous joints
bones are connected by fibrous tissue, namely dense regular connective tissue, no joint cavity is present
sutures
”"”seams””, bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue, occur only between bones of the skull, and their fibrous tissue is continuous with the periosteum around these flat bones”
syndesmoses
”"”with ligament””, bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue longer than thoes that occur in sutures (e.g., tibia and fibular, radius and ulna)”
gomphosis
”"”bolt””, peg-in-socket joint, the only example is the articulation of a tooth with its socket; the conecting ligament is the short periodontal ligament”
cartilaginous joints
articulating bones are united by cartilage, lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable
synchondrosis
”"”junction of cartilage””, joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bones, e.g. epiphyseal plates (immovable) or first rib’s costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternam (immovable)”
symphysis
”"”growing together””, joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones, e.g. intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis, slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses) that provide stringth with flexibility”
arthroscopic surgery
”"”looking into joints””, outpatient procedure for torn cortilage using miniaturized video and surgical equipment inserted into the joint tthrough a single small incesion, the surgeon removes cartilage fragments and repairs the ligaments, in the process minimizing scarring andn tissue damage and speeding healing”
sprain
ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
dislocation (luxation)
the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment
subluxation
a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, usually results from a physical blow or friction
“housemaid’s knee”
“painful bursitis of the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, can be caused by falling on one’s knee”
“stedent’s elbow”
aka olecranon bursitis, the swelling of a bursa just deep to the skin of the posterior elbow
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath
arthritis
describes over 100 kinds of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints, all have to a degree the same initial symptoms (pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint)
osteoarthritis (OA)
“most common type of arthritis, ““wear-and-tear arthritis””, affects the articular cartilages causing them to soften, fray, crack, and erode”
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic inflammatory disorder, affects many joints simultaneously and bilaterally esp small joints, symptoms include osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
autoimmune disease
“a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues”
ankylosis
”"”stiff condition””, end condition of RA that often produces bent, deformed fingers”
gouty arthritis, or gout
inflammatory respnose as the body tries to attack and digest the solid crystals of urate in the synovial membranes
synovial joints
”"”joint eggs””, most movable joints of the body, all diarthroses (freely movable), each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity, most joints esp those in the limbs”
fibrous layer (articular capsule)
outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue is continuous with the perosteum layer of the joining bones
articular cartilage
the ends of opposing bones are covered by articular cartilages composed of hyaline cartilage
joint (articular) cavity
potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
articular capsule
joint cavity is encclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule
synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule compsoed of loose connective tissue, also covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage, function is to make synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous liquid inside the joint cavity, primarily a filtrate of blood arising from capillaries in the synovial membrane, a slippery lubricant that eases the movement at the joint due to the glycoprotein molecules secreted by the fibroblasts in the synovial membrane
weeping lubrication
mechanism of squeezing synovial fluid into and out of the articular cartilages, nourishes the cells in the articular cartilages and lubricates the free surfaces of these cartilages allowing the adjoining bones to move across each other with a mimum of friction
reinforcing ligaments
some synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments, usually capsular (thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule) but sometimes extracapsular or intracapsular
articular disc
“aka meniscus ““crescent””, disc of fibrocartilage extends internally from the capsule and completely or partly divides the joint cavity in two (temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint, knee joint, few others)”
bursae and tendon sheaths
contain synovial fluid and often are sasociated with synovial joints, reduce friciton between body elements that move over one another
bursa (description)
flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane, occure where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subjected to friction (e.g. the carpal tunnel)
gliding
nearly flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other, e.g. between the carpals and tarsals and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
flexion
decreases the angle between the bones, brining these bones closer together (e.g. bringing chin to chest or face to floor, making a fist, or bicep curls, or when the shoulder is moved in an anterior direction (raising the arm) or the hip when the thigh moves anteriorly (butt kick))
extension
increasing the angle between bones and is a straightening action (bringing head back, standing up after leaning forward, bringing a shin forward from a butt kick, swinging an arm behind you, straigtening the fingers from a fist)
hyperextension
”"”superextension””, bending a joint back beyond its normal range of motion (e.g. a standing bridge)”
abduction
”"”moving away””, movement of a limb away from the body midline (raising the arm or thigh laterally, spreading the fingers or toes (midline is the longest digit–third finger or second toe); bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left is called lateral flexion instead of abduction)”
lateral flexion
bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left
adduction
”"”moving toward””, the movement of a limb toward the body midline (or longest digit, e.g. lowering a limb laterally or bringing toes or fingers close in a line)”
circumduction
”"”moving in a circle””, moving a limb or finger so that it describes a con in space, complex movement tha combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession”
rotation
turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis, this motion occurs along the transverse plane, the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae (entire vertebral column twists the trunk to the right or left, hip and shoulder joints, limbs)
medial rotation
rotating toward the median plane (pointing the big toe toward the other foot or the thum toward the other hand)
lateral rotation
rotating away from the median plane (pointing the toes away from the other foot or the thumb away from the other hand)
elevation
lifting a body part superiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
depression
moving an elevated body part inferiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
protraction and retraction
nonangular movements in the anterior and posterior direrections respectively, e.g. mandible to jut out the jaw and bring it back
supination
“occurs when the forearm, sepcifically the radius, rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (the hand is lying on its ““back””, supine), standard anatomical position”
pronation
“occurs when the radius rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (hand lying ““belly”” side down, as in a prone float), pronation brings the radius across the ulna so that the two bones form an X”
opposition
in the palm, the saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition of the thumb, the action by which you move your thumb across the palm enabling it to touch teh tips of the other fingers of the same hand
inversion and eversion
special movements of the foot at the intertarsal joints; to inevert the foot turn the sole medially, to evert the foot, turn the sole laterally
dorsiflexsion
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approches the shin
plantar flexion
depressing the foot or elevating the heel (pointing the toes)
nonaxial
adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis
uniaxial
movement occurs around a single axis
xiaxial
movement can occur around two axes; thus, the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes
multiaxial
movement can occur around all three axes and along all three body planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse)
muscle tone
an important factor in joint stabilization, a constant low level of contractile force generated by a muscle even when it is not causing movement
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
aka jaw joint, modified hinge joint, just anterior to the ear, condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone, articular surfaces covered with fibrocartilage (unique feature of the TMJ)
articular tubercle
anteriorly, the articular surface on the temporal bone forms a dense knob
lateral ligament (TMJ)
enclosing the TMJ is a loose articular capsule, the lateral aspect of which is thickened
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
saddle joint (only found in the sternoclavicular joint and the joint between the trapezium and metacarpal I/thumb)
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
four ligaments surround the SC
interclavicular ligament
extends between the medial end of the left and right clavicles
costoclavicular ligament
extends from the first costal cartilage to the inferior surface of the clavicle
shoulder joint
stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body, ball-and-socket, head of humerus and shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
glenoid labrum
slightly deepened rim of fibrocartilage of the glenoid cavity
coracohumeral ligament
only strong thickening of the articular cappsule is the superior _, which helps support the weight of the upper limb
glenohumeral ligaments
anterior part of the capsule thickens slightly into three rather weak _
rotator cuff
encircles the sohulder joint and merges with the joint capsule, muscles include the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, plus four tendons
elbow joint
humeroulnar joint, hinge, allows only extension and flexion
anular ligament of the radius
”"”ringlike””, articular capsule attaches to the humerus and ulna and to the _, a ring around the head of the radius”
radial collateral ligament
a triangular band on the lateral side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent lateral movements
ulnar collateral ligament
on the medial side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent medial movements
wrist joint
radiocarpal, joint between the radius and the proximal carpals, the scaphoid and lunate, condylar joint, premitting flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
intercarpal/midcarpal joint
located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals, gliding occurs at this joint
hip joint
“ball-and-socket structure, movements occur in all possible axes but are limited by the joint’s ligaments and deep socket”
acetabular labrum
circular rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of the acetabulum
iliofermoral ligament
strong, V-shaped, anteriorly located ligament reinforcing the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
“triangular thickening of the capsul’s inferior region to reinforce the hip joint”
ischiofemoral ligament
spiraling, posteriorly located ligament to reinforce the hip joint
ligament of the head of the femur
flat, intracapsular band that runs from the head of the femur to the inferior region of the acetabulum
knee joint
largest and most complex joint in the body, primarily acts as a hinge, permits some medial and lateral rotation when in the flexed position and during the act of leg extension, compound and bicondyloid because both the femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
often injured when the knee is bumped anteriorly
lateral and medial menisci
C-shaped, attach externally to the condyles of the tibia, occur within the joint cavity between the femoral and tibial condyles, help to stabilize the joint by guiding the condyles during flexion, extension, and rotation movements and preventing side-to-side rocking of the femur on the tibia
fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
located on the lateral and medial sides of the joint capsule, respectively, the fibular collateral ligament descends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula, the tibial collateral ligament runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
oblique popliteal ligament
”"”back of the knee””, crosses the posterior aspect of the capsule, part of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle that fuses with the joint capsule and helps stabilize the joint”
arcuate popliteal ligament
arcs superiorly from the head of the fibula over the politeus muscle to the posterior aspect of the joint capsule
anterior curciate ligament
attaches to the anterior part of the tibia in the intercondylar area, passes posteriorly to attach to the femur on the medial side of the lateral condyle, intracapsular ligament ligament (cruciate ligament) that stabilizes the knee
posterior cruiate ligament
arises from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes anteriorly to attach to the femur on the lateral side of the medial condyle, intracapsular ligament (cruciate ligament) that helps stabilize the knee
ankle joint
hinge joint between the united inferior ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus of the foot, allows only dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, inversion and eversion occur at the intertarsal joints
medial (deltoid) legament
runs from the medial malleolus of the tibia down to a long line of insertion on the navicular and talus bones, and on the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus bone
lateral ligament (ankle)
“consists of three bands that run from the fibula’s lateral malleolus to the foot bones: the horizontal anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments, and the calcaneofibular ligament which runs inferoposteriorly to reach tho calcaneus”
anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
tibiofibular syndesmosis stabilize the socket so that forces can be trasmitted to it from the foot
immovable joints
synarthroses
”"”of both kinds””, slightly movable joints”
amphiarthroses
freely movable joints
diarthroses
bones are connected by fibrous tissue, namely dense regular connective tissue, no joint cavity is present
fibrous joints
”"”seams””, bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue, occur only between bones of the skull, and their fibrous tissue is continuous with the periosteum around these flat bones”
sutures
”"”with ligament””, bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue longer than thoes that occur in sutures (e.g., tibia and fibular, radius and ulna)”
syndesmoses
”"”bolt””, peg-in-socket joint, the only example is the articulation of a tooth with its socket; the conecting ligament is the short periodontal ligament”
gomphosis
articulating bones are united by cartilage, lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable
cartilaginous joints
”"”junction of cartilage””, joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bones, e.g. epiphyseal plates (immovable) or first rib’s costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternam (immovable)”
synchondrosis
”"”growing together””, joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones, e.g. intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis, slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses) that provide stringth with flexibility”
symphysis
”"”looking into joints””, outpatient procedure for torn cortilage using miniaturized video and surgical equipment inserted into the joint tthrough a single small incesion, the surgeon removes cartilage fragments and repairs the ligaments, in the process minimizing scarring andn tissue damage and speeding healing”
arthroscopic surgery
ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
sprain
the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment
dislocation (luxation)
a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint
subluxation
inflammation of a bursa, usually results from a physical blow or friction
bursitis
“painful bursitis of the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, can be caused by falling on one’s knee”
“housemaid’s knee”
aka olecranon bursitis, the swelling of a bursa just deep to the skin of the posterior elbow
“stedent’s elbow”
inflammation of a tendon
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath
tenosynovitis
describes over 100 kinds of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints, all have to a degree the same initial symptoms (pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint)
arthritis
“most common type of arthritis, ““wear-and-tear arthritis””, affects the articular cartilages causing them to soften, fray, crack, and erode”
osteoarthritis (OA)
chronic inflammatory disorder, affects many joints simultaneously and bilaterally esp small joints, symptoms include osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
“a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues”
autoimmune disease
”"”stiff condition””, end condition of RA that often produces bent, deformed fingers”
ankylosis
inflammatory respnose as the body tries to attack and digest the solid crystals of urate in the synovial membranes
gouty arthritis, or gout
”"”joint eggs””, most movable joints of the body, all diarthroses (freely movable), each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity, most joints esp those in the limbs”
synovial joints
outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue is continuous with the perosteum layer of the joining bones
fibrous layer (articular capsule)
the ends of opposing bones are covered by articular cartilages composed of hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
joint (articular) cavity
joint cavity is encclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule
articular capsule
inner layer of the articular capsule compsoed of loose connective tissue, also covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage, function is to make synovial fluid
synovial membrane
viscous liquid inside the joint cavity, primarily a filtrate of blood arising from capillaries in the synovial membrane, a slippery lubricant that eases the movement at the joint due to the glycoprotein molecules secreted by the fibroblasts in the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
mechanism of squeezing synovial fluid into and out of the articular cartilages, nourishes the cells in the articular cartilages and lubricates the free surfaces of these cartilages allowing the adjoining bones to move across each other with a mimum of friction
weeping lubrication
some synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments, usually capsular (thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule) but sometimes extracapsular or intracapsular
reinforcing ligaments
“aka meniscus ““crescent””, disc of fibrocartilage extends internally from the capsule and completely or partly divides the joint cavity in two (temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint, knee joint, few others)”
articular disc
contain synovial fluid and often are sasociated with synovial joints, reduce friciton between body elements that move over one another
bursae and tendon sheaths
flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane, occure where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
bursa (description)
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subjected to friction (e.g. the carpal tunnel)
tendon sheath
nearly flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other, e.g. between the carpals and tarsals and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
gliding
decreases the angle between the bones, brining these bones closer together (e.g. bringing chin to chest or face to floor, making a fist, or bicep curls, or when the shoulder is moved in an anterior direction (raising the arm) or the hip when the thigh moves anteriorly (butt kick))
flexion
increasing the angle between bones and is a straightening action (bringing head back, standing up after leaning forward, bringing a shin forward from a butt kick, swinging an arm behind you, straigtening the fingers from a fist)
extension
”"”superextension””, bending a joint back beyond its normal range of motion (e.g. a standing bridge)”
hyperextension
”"”moving away””, movement of a limb away from the body midline (raising the arm or thigh laterally, spreading the fingers or toes (midline is the longest digit–third finger or second toe); bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left is called lateral flexion instead of abduction)”
abduction
bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left
lateral flexion
”"”moving toward””, the movement of a limb toward the body midline (or longest digit, e.g. lowering a limb laterally or bringing toes or fingers close in a line)”
adduction
”"”moving in a circle””, moving a limb or finger so that it describes a con in space, complex movement tha combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession”
circumduction
turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis, this motion occurs along the transverse plane, the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae (entire vertebral column twists the trunk to the right or left, hip and shoulder joints, limbs)
rotation
rotating toward the median plane (pointing the big toe toward the other foot or the thum toward the other hand)
medial rotation
rotating away from the median plane (pointing the toes away from the other foot or the thumb away from the other hand)
lateral rotation
lifting a body part superiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
elevation
moving an elevated body part inferiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
depression
nonangular movements in the anterior and posterior direrections respectively, e.g. mandible to jut out the jaw and bring it back
protraction and retraction
“occurs when the forearm, sepcifically the radius, rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (the hand is lying on its ““back””, supine), standard anatomical position”
supination
“occurs when the radius rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (hand lying ““belly”” side down, as in a prone float), pronation brings the radius across the ulna so that the two bones form an X”
pronation
in the palm, the saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition of the thumb, the action by which you move your thumb across the palm enabling it to touch teh tips of the other fingers of the same hand
opposition
special movements of the foot at the intertarsal joints; to inevert the foot turn the sole medially, to evert the foot, turn the sole laterally
inversion and eversion
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approches the shin
dorsiflexsion
depressing the foot or elevating the heel (pointing the toes)
plantar flexion
adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis
nonaxial
movement occurs around a single axis
uniaxial
movement can occur around two axes; thus, the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes
xiaxial
movement can occur around all three axes and along all three body planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse)
multiaxial
an important factor in joint stabilization, a constant low level of contractile force generated by a muscle even when it is not causing movement
muscle tone
aka jaw joint, modified hinge joint, just anterior to the ear, condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone, articular surfaces covered with fibrocartilage (unique feature of the TMJ)
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
anteriorly, the articular surface on the temporal bone forms a dense knob
articular tubercle
enclosing the TMJ is a loose articular capsule, the lateral aspect of which is thickened
lateral ligament (TMJ)
saddle joint (only found in the sternoclavicular joint and the joint between the trapezium and metacarpal I/thumb)
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
four ligaments surround the SC
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
extends between the medial end of the left and right clavicles
interclavicular ligament
extends from the first costal cartilage to the inferior surface of the clavicle
costoclavicular ligament
stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body, ball-and-socket, head of humerus and shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
shoulder joint
slightly deepened rim of fibrocartilage of the glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum
only strong thickening of the articular cappsule is the superior _, which helps support the weight of the upper limb
coracohumeral ligament
anterior part of the capsule thickens slightly into three rather weak _
glenohumeral ligaments
encircles the sohulder joint and merges with the joint capsule, muscles include the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, plus four tendons
rotator cuff
humeroulnar joint, hinge, allows only extension and flexion
elbow joint
”"”ringlike””, articular capsule attaches to the humerus and ulna and to the _, a ring around the head of the radius”
anular ligament of the radius
a triangular band on the lateral side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent lateral movements
radial collateral ligament
on the medial side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent medial movements
ulnar collateral ligament
radiocarpal, joint between the radius and the proximal carpals, the scaphoid and lunate, condylar joint, premitting flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
wrist joint
located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals, gliding occurs at this joint
intercarpal/midcarpal joint
“ball-and-socket structure, movements occur in all possible axes but are limited by the joint’s ligaments and deep socket”
hip joint
circular rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of the acetabulum
acetabular labrum
strong, V-shaped, anteriorly located ligament reinforcing the hip joint
iliofermoral ligament
“triangular thickening of the capsul’s inferior region to reinforce the hip joint”
pubofemoral ligament
spiraling, posteriorly located ligament to reinforce the hip joint
ischiofemoral ligament
flat, intracapsular band that runs from the head of the femur to the inferior region of the acetabulum
ligament of the head of the femur
largest and most complex joint in the body, primarily acts as a hinge, permits some medial and lateral rotation when in the flexed position and during the act of leg extension, compound and bicondyloid because both the femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces
knee joint
often injured when the knee is bumped anteriorly
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
C-shaped, attach externally to the condyles of the tibia, occur within the joint cavity between the femoral and tibial condyles, help to stabilize the joint by guiding the condyles during flexion, extension, and rotation movements and preventing side-to-side rocking of the femur on the tibia
lateral and medial menisci
located on the lateral and medial sides of the joint capsule, respectively, the fibular collateral ligament descends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula, the tibial collateral ligament runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
”"”back of the knee””, crosses the posterior aspect of the capsule, part of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle that fuses with the joint capsule and helps stabilize the joint”
oblique popliteal ligament
arcs superiorly from the head of the fibula over the politeus muscle to the posterior aspect of the joint capsule
arcuate popliteal ligament
attaches to the anterior part of the tibia in the intercondylar area, passes posteriorly to attach to the femur on the medial side of the lateral condyle, intracapsular ligament ligament (cruciate ligament) that stabilizes the knee
anterior curciate ligament
arises from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes anteriorly to attach to the femur on the lateral side of the medial condyle, intracapsular ligament (cruciate ligament) that helps stabilize the knee
posterior cruiate ligament
hinge joint between the united inferior ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus of the foot, allows only dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, inversion and eversion occur at the intertarsal joints
ankle joint
runs from the medial malleolus of the tibia down to a long line of insertion on the navicular and talus bones, and on the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus bone
medial (deltoid) legament
“consists of three bands that run from the fibula’s lateral malleolus to the foot bones: the horizontal anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments, and the calcaneofibular ligament which runs inferoposteriorly to reach tho calcaneus”
lateral ligament (ankle)
tibiofibular syndesmosis stabilize the socket so that forces can be trasmitted to it from the foot
anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
