Anatomy_ Body Parts Flashcards
What does the Integumentary System do?
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.
What does the Skeletal System do?
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
What does the Muscular System do?
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
What does the Nervous System do?
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
What does the Endocrine System do?
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
What does the Cardiovascular System do?
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
What does the Lymphatic System/Immunity do?
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
What does the Respiratory System do?
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dixbide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
What does the Digestive System do?
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distrbution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
What does the Urinary System do?
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
What does the Male Reproductive System do?
Overall function is production of ofspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
What does the Female Reproductive System do?
Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Name parts of the Integumentary System
hair; skin; nails
Name parts of the Skeletal System
bones; joints
Name parts of the Muscular System
skeletal muscles
Name parts of the Nervous System
brain; spinal cord; nerves
Name parts of the Endocrine System
pineal gland; pituitary gland; thyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; ovary; testis
Name parts of the Cardiovascular System
heart; blood vessels
Name parts of the Lymphatic System/Immunity
red bone marrow; thymus; lymphatic vessels; thoracic duct; spleen; lymph nodes
Name parts of the Respiratory System
nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx; trachea; lung; bronchus
Name parts of the Digestive System
oral cavity; esophagus; liver; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus
Name parts of the Urinary System
kidney; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra
Name parts of the Male Reproductive System
prostate gland; ductus deferens; testis; scrotum; penis
Name parts of the Female Reproductive System
mammary glands (in breasts); ovary; uterus; uterine tube; vagina
two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral cavities
dorsal body cavity subdivisions
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
ventral body cavity subdivisions
[superior] thoracic cavity, [inferior] abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity parts
two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity, and a central band of organs called the mediastinum, containing the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity and other major thoracic organs
abdominopelvic cavity parts
[superior] abdominal cavity constains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs; [inferior] pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum; many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity
plasma membrane
membrane made of a double layer of lipids (phosopholipids, cholesterol, etc.) embedded with proteins; externally facing proteins and some lipids have attached sugar groups
cytoplasm
cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigment granules), and organelles, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm
ribosomes
dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER
rough endoplasmic reticulum
membrane system of sacs and tubules externally studded with ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes
golgi apparatus
a stack of smooth membane sacs close to the nucleus
lysosomes
membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases
mitochondria
rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae
peroxisomes
membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
microfilaments
fine filaments of the contractile protein actin
intermediate filaments
protein fibers; composition varies
microtubles
cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
centrioles
paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubles
nucleus
surrounded by the nuclear envelope; contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin
nuclear envelope
double-membrane struture; pierced by the pores; continuous with the cytoplasmic ER
nucleoli
dense spherical (non-membrane-bounded) bodies
chromatin
granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins
epithelium: simple squamous
single layer of flattened cells with dis-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia<br></br>kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae
epithelium: simple cuboidal
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei<br></br>kidney tubles; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
epithelium: simple columnar
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)<br></br>nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronch, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
epithelium: pseudostratified columnar
“single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia<br></br>ciliated variety lines the tracha and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males’ sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands”
epithelium: stratified squamous
thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers<br></br>nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, nd vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium
epithelium: stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally two layers of cubelike cells<br></br>largest gducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
epithelium: stratified columnar epithelium
several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar<br></br>rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
epithelium: transitional
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch<br></br>lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
connective tissue, umbryonic, mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells<br></br>primarily in embryo
connective tissue, proper, loose, areolar
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells<br></br>widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
connective tissue, proper, loose, adipose
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet<br></br>under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
connective tissue, proper, loose, reticular
loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers<br></br>lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
connective tissue, proper, dense, irregular
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the maor cell type; defense cells and fat cells also present<br></br>fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucose of digestive tract
connective tissue, proper, dense, regular
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the biroblast<br></br>tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
connective tissue, proper, dense, elastic
dense regular conneective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers<br></br>walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
connective tissue, cartilage, hyaline
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chordroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae<br></br>forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
connective tissue, cartilage, elastic
similar to hyaline cartilage, with amorphous but firm matrix; extensive elastic fibers in matrix<br></br>supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
connective tissue, cartilage, fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less firm that that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate<br></br>intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
connective tissue, bone
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacuae; very well vascularized<br></br>bones
connective tissue, blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)<br></br>contained within blood vessels
skeletal muscle
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations<br></br>in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
cardiac muscle
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at speciallize junctions (intercalated discs)<br></br>the walls of the heart
smooth muscle
cells are spindle shaped (tapered on both ends) with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets<br></br>mostly in the walls of hollow organs
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are NONconducting supporting cells, called neuroglia<br></br>brain, spinal cord, and nerves
connective tissue proper
subclasses: loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)<br></br>cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells<br></br>matrix: gel-like gorund substance, all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
cartilage
subclasses: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage<br></br>cells: chondroblasts fonud in growing cartilage, chondrocytes<br></br>matrix: gel-like ground substance, fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
bone tissue
subclasses: compact bone, spongy bone<br></br>cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes<br></br>matrix: gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts, fibers: collagen
blood (tissue)
blood cell formation and differentiation are quite complex<br></br>cells erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets<br></br>matrix: plasma, no fibers
cranial bones: frontal
forms forehead, superior part of orbits, and most of the anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses
cranial bones: parietal
(2) forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
cranial bones: occipital
(1) forms posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull
cranial bones: temporal
(2) forms inferolateral aspects of the skull and contributes to the middle cranial fossa; has squamous, tympanic, and petrous parts
cranial bones: sphenoid
(1) keystone of the cranium; contributes to the middle cranial fossa and orbits; main parts are the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
cranial bones: ethmoid
(1) small contribution to the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity; contributes ot the medial wall of the orbit
facial bones: nasal
(2) form the bridge of the nose
facial bones: lacrimal
(2) form part of the medial orbit wall
facial bones: zygomatic
(2) form the cheek and part of the orbit
facial bones: inferior nasal concha
(2) form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
facial bones: mandible
(1) the lower jaw
facial bones: maxilla
(2) keystone bones of the face; form the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
facial bones: palatine
(2) form posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls
facial bones: vomer
(1) inferior part of the nasal septum
facial bones: auditory ossicles
(malleus, incus, and stapes, 2 each) found in middle ear cavity; involved in sound transmission
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, cervical
small, wide side to side
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, cervical
short; forked; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, cervical
triangular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, cervical
contain foramina
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, cervical
superior facets directed superposteriorly; inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, cervical
flexion and extension; lateral flexsion; rotation; the spine region with the greatest range of movement
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, thoracic
larger than cervical; heart-shaped; superior and inferior costal facets near pedicle
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, thoracic
long; sharp; projects inferiorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, thoracic
circular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, thoracic
costal facets for tubercle of rib (except T11 and T12) on anterior surfaces
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, thoracic
superior facets directed posteriorly; inferior facets directed anteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, thoracic
rotation; lateral flexion possible but restricted by ribs; flexion and extension limited
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, lumbar
massive; kidney-shaped
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, lumbar
short; blunt; rectangular; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, lumbar
triangular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, lumbar
thin and tapered
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, lumbar
superior facets directed posteromedially (or medially); inferior facets derected anterolaterally (or laterally)
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, lumbar
flexion and extension; some lateral flexion; rotation prevented
clavicle: location
clavicle is in superanterior thorax; articulates medially with sternum and laterally with scapula
clavicle: markings
acromial end; sternal end; conoid tubercle
scapula: location
scapula is in posterior thorax; forms part of the shoulder; articulates with humerus and clavicle
scapula: markings
glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous, supraspinous, and subscapular fossae
humerus: markings
head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial groove; deltoid tuberosity; trochlea; caputulum; coronoid and olecranon fossae; modial and lateral epicondyles
ulna: location
ulna is medial bone of forearm between elbow and wrist; forms elbow joint
ulna: markings
coronoid process; olecranon; radial notch; trocklear notch; ulnar styloid process; head
humerus: location
humerus is sole bone of arm; between scapula and elbow
radius: location
radius is lateral bone of forearm; articulates with proximal carpals to form part of the wrist joint
radius: markings
head; radial tuberosity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch
carpals: location
carpals form a bony crescent at the wrist; arranged in two rows of four bones each
metacarpals: location
metacarpals form the palm; one in line with each digit
phalanges: location
phalanges form the fingers (or toes); three in digits II-V; two in digit I (the thumb (or the great toe))
phalanges: names
proximal<br></br>middle<br></br>distal
carpals: names
scaphoid<br></br>lunate<br></br>triquetrum<br></br>pisiform<br></br>trapezium<br></br>trapezoid<br></br>capitate<br></br>hamate
hip: location
each hip bone is formed by the fusion of an ilium, ischium, and pubis; the hip bones fuse anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and form sacroiliac joints with the sacrum posteriorly; girdle consisting of both hip bones and the sacrum is basinlike
hip: markings
iliac crest; anterior and posterior iliac spines; auricular surface; greater and lesser sciatic notches; obturator foramen; ischial tuberosity and spine; acetabulum; pubic arch; pubic crest; pubic tubercle
femur: location
femur is the sole bone of thigh; between hip joint and knee; largest bone of the body
femur: markings
head; greater and lesser trochanters; neck; lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles; gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera
patella: location
patella is a sesamoid bone formed within the tendon of the quadriceps (anterior thigh) muscles
tibia: location
tibia is the larger and more medial bone of leg; between knee and foot
tibia: markings
medial and lateral condyles; tibial tuberosity; anterior border; medial malleolus
fibula: location
fibula is the lateral bone of leg; sticklike
fibula: markings
head; lateral malleolus
tarsals: location
tarsals are seven bones forming the proximal part of the foot; the talus articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint; the calcaneus, the largest tarsal, forms the heel
metatarsals: location
metatarsals are five bones numbered I-V
tarsals: names
talus<br></br>calcaneus<br></br>navicular<br></br>cuboid<br></br>lateral cuneiform<br></br>intermediate cuneiform<br></br>medial cuneiform
plane joint, nonaxial movement
gliding, e.g. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
hinge joint, uniaxial movement
flexion and extension; e.g. elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
pivot joint, uniaxial movement
rotation, e.g. proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
condylar joint, biaxial movement
flexion and extension, adduction and abecktion, e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
saddle joint, biaxial movement
adduction and abduction, flexion and extension, e.g. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
ball-and-socket joint, multiaxial movement
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation, e.g. shoulder joints and hip joints
articulating bones: skull
cranial and facial bones
articulating bones: temporomandibular
temporal bone of skull and mandible
articulating bones: atlanto-occipital
occipital bone of skull and atlas
articulating bones: atlantoaxial
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
articulating bones: intervertebral
between adjacent vertebral bodies
articulating bones: intervertebral (?)
between articular processes
articulating bones: costovertebral
vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs
articulating bones: sternoclavicular
sternum and clavicle
articulating bones: sternocostal (first)
sternum and rib 1
articulating bones: sternocostal
sternum and ribs 2-7
articulating bones: acromioclavicular
acromion of scapula and clavicle
articulating bones: shoulder (glenohumeral)
scapula and humerus
articulating bones: elbow
ulna (and radius) with humerus)
articulating bones: proximal radioulnar
radius and ulna
articulating bones: distal radioulnar
radius and ulna
articulating bones: wrist
radius and proximal carpals
articulating bones: intercarpal
adjacent carpals
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal I
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
carpal(s) and metacarpal(s)
articulating bones: metacarpophalangeal
metacarpal and proximal phalanx
articulating bones: interphalangeal
adjacent phalanges
articulating bones: sacroiliac
sacrum and coxal bone
articulating bones: pubic symphysis
pubic bones
articulating bones: hip
hip bone and femur
articulating bones: knee (tibofemoral)
femur and tibia
articulating bones: knee (femoropatellar)
femur and patella
articulating bones: superior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula (proximally)
articulating bones: inferior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula (distally)
articulating bones: ankle
tibia and fibula with talus
articulating bones: intertarsal
adjacent tarsals
articulating bones: tarsometatarsal
tarsal(s) and metatarsal(s)
articulating bones: metatarsophalangeal
metatarsal and proximal phalanx
structural type: sacroiliac
synovial in childhood; increasingly fibrous in adult
structural type: pubic symphysis
cartilaginous; symphysis
structural type: hip
synovial; ball and socket
structural type: knee (tibiofemoral)
synovial; modified hinge (structurally bycondylar) (contains articular discs)
structural type: knee (femoropatellar)
synovial; plane
structural type: superior tibiofibular
synovial; plane
structural type: inferior tibiofibular
fibrous; syndesmosis
structural type: ankle
synovial; hinge
structural type: intertarsal
synovial; plane
structural type: tarsometatarsal
synovial; plane
structural type: metatarsophalangeal
synovial; condylar
structural type: interphalangeal
synovial; hinge
structural type: acromioclavicular
synovial; plane (contains articular disc)
structural type: shoulder (glenohumeral)
synovial; ball-and-socket
structural type: elbow
synovial; hinge
structural type: proximal radioulnar
synovial; pivot
structural type: distal radioulnar
synovial; pivot (contains articular disc)
structural type: wrist
synovial; condylar
structural type: intercarpal
synovial; plane
structural type: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
synovial; saddle
structural type: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
synovial; plane
structural type: metacarpophalangeal
synovial; condylar
