Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch17 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

internal regulatory system, helps to maintain the internal environment of the body within normal ranges, organs are a dispersed group of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the circulation

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2
Q

endocrinology

A

scientific study of hormones and the endocrine glands

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3
Q

amino acid-based hormones

A

include modified amino acids (or amines), peptides (short chanis of amino acids), and proteins (long chains of amino acids). the cells that produce amino acid-based homones have an elaborate rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to produce these protein-based molecules and abundant secretory granules that secrete these hormones via exocytosis.

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4
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid molecules derived from cholesterol. steroid-secreting cells have an extensive smooth ER, which produces the steroid molecules, and abundant lipid droplets, which contain the raw material from which steroids are made. these cells lack secretory granules; steroid hormones are secreted by diffusion across the plama membrane.

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5
Q

target cells

A

specific tissue cells influenced by a given hormone, once binding has occurred the target cell reacts in a preprogrammed way

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6
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

”"”producing salty urine””, a hormane that decreases blood volume, lowers blood pressure, and decreases blood sodium concentration, primarily by stimulating the kidney to increase its secretion of salt and its production of salty urine”

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7
Q

diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

A

enteroendocrine cells are homone-secretenig cells scattered within the epithelial lining of the digestive tract. related endocrine cells occur within organs that derive from the embryonic gut, such as the respiratory tubes, pancrease, prostate, and thyroid gland. collectively, all these scattered epithelial cells make up the _

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8
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecretion of GH in which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall often reaching 2.4m

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9
Q

acromegaly

A

“excessive amounts of GH are secreted after the bones’ epiphyseal plates have closed; characterized by enlargement of bondy areas that are still responsive to GH—the hands, feet, and face”

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10
Q

pituitary dawrfs

A

hyposecretion of GH in children, bodies of normal proportions but rarely reach 1.2m

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11
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

”"”passing of dilute [urine]””, caused by insufficient production or secretion of antidiuretic horm (ADH) or more lrarely by the kidney’s lack of response to this hormone”

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12
Q

dibetes mellitus

A

“caused either by insufficient secretion of insulin or by resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin; as a result, glucose cannot enter most cells, so blood surgar remains high and large volumes of urine containing glucose are excreted; because glucose in unavailable as fuel, the body’s cells metabolize fats, whose acid breakdown products, ketones, accumulate in the blood; left untreated, the increased urination depletes the body of water and electrolytes, and the ketone acidosis depresses almost all physiological punctions and leads to coma”

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13
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

(formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes), autoimmune response destroys the insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas, insulin must be administered to type 1 diabetics several times daily to control blood glucose levels

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14
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

(non-insulin-dependent diabetes), most produce some insulin, but their cells have a reduced sensitivity to the effects of insulin, can usually be controlled by dietary modification and regular exercise

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15
Q

“Graves’ disease”

A

most common form of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system makes abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH and stimulate the oversecretion of TH by follicular cells of the thyroid; elevated metabolic rate, rapid heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss despite normal food intake

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16
Q

adult hypothyroidism

A

“or myxedema ““mucous swelling””, typically an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue (hyposecretion of TH); low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethary, constant cihllienss, puffy eyes, edema, and mental sluggishnes”

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17
Q

endemic goiter

A

the thyroid gland enlarges due to insufficient iodine in the diet

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18
Q

“Cushing’s disease/Cushing’s syndrome”

A

hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones caused either by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tomor or (rarly) by a tumor of the adrenal cortex or clinical administation of glucocorticoids to suppress inflammation; high levels of glucose in the blood, loss of protein from muscles, lethargy and can lead to water and salt retention resulting in hypertension and edema

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19
Q

“Addison’s disease”

A

major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves dificiencies of both glcocorticoids and mineralcorticoids; blood levels of glucose and sodium drop and sever dehydration and low blood pressure are common, fatiguge, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain

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20
Q

hypophyseal pouch

A

“or Rathke’s pouch, pouch of ectoderm that arises from the roof of the mouth and turns into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland”

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21
Q

neurohypophyseal bud

A

future posterior lobe of the pituitary gland grows inferiorly from the floor of the brain

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22
Q

pituitary gland

A

aka hypophysis (undergrowth [from the brain]), important endocrine organe that secretes at least nine major hormones; sits just inferior to the brain in the hypophyseal fossa, a depression in the sella turcica of tehe sphenoid bone

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23
Q

infundibulum

A

”"”funnel””, stalk of the pituitary”

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24
Q

anterior lobe

A

aka adenohypophysis (glandular hypophysis), composed of glandular tissue; has three subdivisions, the anteriormost pars distalis, just posterior lies the pars intermedia, and ust suprerior to it lies the pars tuberalis which wraps around the infundibulum like a tube

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25
Q

posterior lobe

A

aka neurohypophysis, composed of neural tissue and a part of the brain; has two subdivisions, the pars nervosa inferiorly, and the infundibulum

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26
Q

superior hypophyseal artery

A

supplies the entire anterior lobe and the infundibulum

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27
Q

inferior hypophyseal artery

A

supplies the pars nervosa

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28
Q

pars distalis

A

contains five different types of endocrine cells that make and secrete at least seven different hormones. four are tropic hormones and the remaining three adenohypophysis hormones act directly on nonendocrine target tissues (growth hormone, prolactin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

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29
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones secreted by the anterior lobe that regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands (thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocortico-tropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone)

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30
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

produced by thyrotropic cells; TSH signals the thyroid gland to secrete its own hornmone, thyroid hormone, and thus ultimately controls metabolic rate

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31
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

”"”adrenal cortex changing””, and melanocyte-stimulating horone are splite from a common parent molecule produced by corticotropic cells in the anterior lobe; ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help the body cope with stress”

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32
Q

follicle-stimulating horome (FSH) and lueinizing hormone (LH)

A

produced by gonadotropic cells in the anteriol lobe and together are referred to as gonadotropins; stimulate maturation of the sex cells and induce the secretion of sex hormones

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33
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

produced by prolactin cells in the anterior lobe; targets the milk-producing glands in the breast, the lactiferous glands, and stimulates the manufacture of milk

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34
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

formed from the precursor molecule produced by corticotropic cells; functions in the CNS in appetite suppression, its actions outside the CNS are not well understood

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35
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

aka somatotropic hormone (body changing), produced in the somatotropic cells, the most abundant cell type in the anterior lobe; stimulates growth of the entire body by stimulate body cells to increase their production of proteins and by stimulating growth of the epiphyseal plates of the skeleton

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36
Q

acidophils

A

stain with acidic stains and include the somatotropic and prolactin cells

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37
Q

basophils

A

stain with basic stains and include the thyrotropic, corticotropic, and gonadotropic cells<br></br>nucleus usually has two lobes and may be bent into the shape of a U or an S, granules contain histamine and other molecules that are secreted to mediate inflammation uring allergic respnoses and parasitic infections (direct later stages)

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38
Q

chromophobes

A

”"”color avoiders””, stain poorly, either immature cells or cels whose supply of hormone has been depleted”

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39
Q

pars intermedia

A

contains corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH

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40
Q

pars tuberalis

A

contains gonadotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, and unique, pars-tuberalis-specific endocrine cells that have receptors for melatonin, a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates daily (circadion) rhythms according to light/dark cycles (photoperiod)

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41
Q

releasing hormones/releasing factors

A

secreted by the hypothalamus, prompt cells in the anterior lobe to release their hormones

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42
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

secreted by the hypothalamus, turn off the secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe when necessary

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43
Q

primary capillary plexus

A

secreted releasing hormones enter a _ in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and then travel inferiorly in hypophyseal portal veins to a secondary capillary plexus in the anterior lobe

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44
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

the primary and secondary capillary plexuses in the pituitary gland, plus the intervening hypophyseal portal veins

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45
Q

pituicytes

A

neuroglial cells found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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46
Q

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

A

formed by axons of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the _ arises from neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and end in axon terminals in the pars nervosa

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47
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

aka vasopressin, targets the kidneys, which respond by resorbing more water and returning it to the bloodstream

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48
Q

oxytocin

A

produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induces scontraction of the smooth musculature of reproductive organs in both males and females, including the wall of the uterus

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49
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx, largest purely endocrine gland in the body and has a copious blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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50
Q

lobes (thyroid)

A

“the buttterfly’s ““wings”” of the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland (two lateral _)”

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51
Q

isthmus

A

median bridge that connect the two thyroid lobes

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52
Q

follicles

A

thyroid gland is composed of hollow, approximately spherical _ separated by an arealar connective tissue rich in capillaries

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53
Q

follicular cells

A

layer of cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells that form the walls of each follicle

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54
Q

colloid

A

”"”gluelike””, jellylike substance that fills the central lumen of the thyroid gland”

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55
Q

thyroglobulin

A

a protein from which thyroid hormone is ultimately derived, colloid consists of it

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56
Q

parafollicular (C) cells

A

lying within the follicular epithelium, appear to porject into the surrounding connective tissue

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57
Q

thyroid hormone (TH)

A

actually two similar molecules called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), secreted by the folicular cells of the thyroid gland, each is constructed from a pair of amino acids and contains the element iodine, main function is to increase the metabolic rate

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58
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood levels of Ca2+ by slowing the calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone and increasing calcium secretion by the kidney

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59
Q

parathyroid glands

A

lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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60
Q

parathyroid cells

A

one type of endocrine cells contained in the parathyroid gland are small, abundant _

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61
Q

oxyphil cells

A

”"”acid loving”” (stains with acidic dyes), rare, larger parathyroid _ contained in the gland, function unknown”

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62
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

aka parathormone, increases the blood concentration of Ca2+ whenever it falls below some threshold value, by:<br></br>stimulating osteoclasts to release more Ca2+ from bone<br></br>dercreasing the excretion of Ca2+ by the kidney<br></br>activating vitamin D, which stimulates the uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine

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63
Q

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

pyramidal or crescent-shaped paired organs perched on the superior surface of the kidneys, each supplied by up to 60 small suprarenal arteries, each is two endocrine glands in one–the internal adrenal medulla is more like a cluster of neurons than a gland and is derived from the neural crest, and the external adrenal cortex surrounding the medulla and forming the bulk of the gland is derived from somatic mesoderm

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64
Q

medullary chromaffin cells

A

spherical modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepineprine into the blood to enhance the fight-or-flight response

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65
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes a variety of hormones, all of which are lipid-based steroid hormones; microscopically, exhibts three distinct layers/zones, from external to internal: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

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66
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

(ball of yarn), contains cells arranged in spherical clusters

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67
Q

zona fasciculata

A

(bundle of parallel sticks), cells are arranged in parallel cords and contain an abundance of lipid droplets

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68
Q

zona reticularis

A

cells are arranged in a branching network and stain intensely with the pink dye eosin

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69
Q

corticosteroids

A

“along with the sex hormones are the body’s major steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, two main classes (mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids)”

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70
Q

aldosterone

A

the main mineralocorticoid, secreted by the zona glomeurolosa in response to a decline in either blood volume or blood pressure, prompts the ducts in the kidney to resorb more sodium into the blood

71
Q

cortisol

A

“main type of glucocorticoid, secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to help the body deal with stressful situations, keep blood glucose levels high enough to support the brain’s activities while forcing most other body cells to switch to fats and amino acids as energy sources”

72
Q

interstitial endocrine cells

A

in the testes, between the sperm-forming tubles, secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)

73
Q

androgens

A

maintain the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics of males and help promote the formation of sperm

74
Q

estrogens

A

maintain the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics of females

75
Q

progesterone

A

signals the uterus to prepare for pregnancy

76
Q

thymus

A

located in the lower neck and anterior thorax, lobulated, important immune organ, the site at which the white blood cells called T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells

77
Q

thymic hormones

A

secreted by the structural cells of the thymus, epithelial reticular cells; stimulate the transformation of T lymphocytes from precursor cells; family of peptide molecules, including thymopoietin and thymosin

78
Q

pancreas

A

contains both exocrine and endocrine cells, located in the posterior wall of the abdominal covity, tadpole-shaped

79
Q

pancreatic islets

A

or islets of Langerhans, spherical bodies which contain the endocrine cells of the pancreas, about a million scattered among the exocrine icini, main cell types are alpha and beta cells

80
Q

glucagon

A

protein hormone that signals liver cells to release glucose from their glycogen stores, thus raising blood sugar levels whetever they fall too low

81
Q

alpha cells (A cells)

A

secrete glucagon

82
Q

insulin

A

”"”hormone from the islets””, a protein hormone that signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, thus lowering excessive blood sugar levels”

83
Q

beta cells (B cells)

A

secrete insulin

84
Q

somatostatin

A

a peptide hormone that inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin by the nearby alpha and beta cells

85
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

a hormone that may inhibit the exocrine activity of the pancrease

86
Q

delta cells

A

secrete somatostatin

87
Q

PP cells

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

88
Q

internal regulatory system, helps to maintain the internal environment of the body within normal ranges, organs are a dispersed group of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the circulation

A

endocrine system

89
Q

scientific study of hormones and the endocrine glands

A

endocrinology

90
Q

include modified amino acids (or amines), peptides (short chanis of amino acids), and proteins (long chains of amino acids). the cells that produce amino acid-based homones have an elaborate rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to produce these protein-based molecules and abundant secretory granules that secrete these hormones via exocytosis.

A

amino acid-based hormones

91
Q

lipid molecules derived from cholesterol. steroid-secreting cells have an extensive smooth ER, which produces the steroid molecules, and abundant lipid droplets, which contain the raw material from which steroids are made. these cells lack secretory granules; steroid hormones are secreted by diffusion across the plama membrane.

A

steroid hormones

92
Q

specific tissue cells influenced by a given hormone, once binding has occurred the target cell reacts in a preprogrammed way

A

target cells

93
Q

”"”producing salty urine””, a hormane that decreases blood volume, lowers blood pressure, and decreases blood sodium concentration, primarily by stimulating the kidney to increase its secretion of salt and its production of salty urine”

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

94
Q

enteroendocrine cells are homone-secretenig cells scattered within the epithelial lining of the digestive tract. related endocrine cells occur within organs that derive from the embryonic gut, such as the respiratory tubes, pancrease, prostate, and thyroid gland. collectively, all these scattered epithelial cells make up the _

A

diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

95
Q

hypersecretion of GH in which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall often reaching 2.4m

A

gigantism

96
Q

“excessive amounts of GH are secreted after the bones’ epiphyseal plates have closed; characterized by enlargement of bondy areas that are still responsive to GH—the hands, feet, and face”

A

acromegaly

97
Q

hyposecretion of GH in children, bodies of normal proportions but rarely reach 1.2m

A

pituitary dawrfs

98
Q

”"”passing of dilute [urine]””, caused by insufficient production or secretion of antidiuretic horm (ADH) or more lrarely by the kidney’s lack of response to this hormone”

A

diabetes insipidus

99
Q

“caused either by insufficient secretion of insulin or by resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin; as a result, glucose cannot enter most cells, so blood surgar remains high and large volumes of urine containing glucose are excreted; because glucose in unavailable as fuel, the body’s cells metabolize fats, whose acid breakdown products, ketones, accumulate in the blood; left untreated, the increased urination depletes the body of water and electrolytes, and the ketone acidosis depresses almost all physiological punctions and leads to coma”

A

dibetes mellitus

100
Q

(formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes), autoimmune response destroys the insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas, insulin must be administered to type 1 diabetics several times daily to control blood glucose levels

A

type 1 diabetes

101
Q

(non-insulin-dependent diabetes), most produce some insulin, but their cells have a reduced sensitivity to the effects of insulin, can usually be controlled by dietary modification and regular exercise

A

type 2 diabetes

102
Q

most common form of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system makes abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH and stimulate the oversecretion of TH by follicular cells of the thyroid; elevated metabolic rate, rapid heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss despite normal food intake

A

“Graves’ disease”

103
Q

“or myxedema ““mucous swelling””, typically an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue (hyposecretion of TH); low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethary, constant cihllienss, puffy eyes, edema, and mental sluggishnes”

A

adult hypothyroidism

104
Q

the thyroid gland enlarges due to insufficient iodine in the diet

A

endemic goiter

105
Q

hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones caused either by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tomor or (rarly) by a tumor of the adrenal cortex or clinical administation of glucocorticoids to suppress inflammation; high levels of glucose in the blood, loss of protein from muscles, lethargy and can lead to water and salt retention resulting in hypertension and edema

A

“Cushing’s disease/Cushing’s syndrome”

106
Q

major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves dificiencies of both glcocorticoids and mineralcorticoids; blood levels of glucose and sodium drop and sever dehydration and low blood pressure are common, fatiguge, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain

A

“Addison’s disease”

107
Q

“or Rathke’s pouch, pouch of ectoderm that arises from the roof of the mouth and turns into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland”

A

hypophyseal pouch

108
Q

future posterior lobe of the pituitary gland grows inferiorly from the floor of the brain

A

neurohypophyseal bud

109
Q

aka hypophysis (undergrowth [from the brain]), important endocrine organe that secretes at least nine major hormones; sits just inferior to the brain in the hypophyseal fossa, a depression in the sella turcica of tehe sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland

110
Q

”"”funnel””, stalk of the pituitary”

A

infundibulum

111
Q

aka adenohypophysis (glandular hypophysis), composed of glandular tissue; has three subdivisions, the anteriormost pars distalis, just posterior lies the pars intermedia, and ust suprerior to it lies the pars tuberalis which wraps around the infundibulum like a tube

A

anterior lobe

112
Q

aka neurohypophysis, composed of neural tissue and a part of the brain; has two subdivisions, the pars nervosa inferiorly, and the infundibulum

A

posterior lobe

113
Q

supplies the entire anterior lobe and the infundibulum

A

superior hypophyseal artery

114
Q

supplies the pars nervosa

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

115
Q

contains five different types of endocrine cells that make and secrete at least seven different hormones. four are tropic hormones and the remaining three adenohypophysis hormones act directly on nonendocrine target tissues (growth hormone, prolactin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

A

pars distalis

116
Q

hormones secreted by the anterior lobe that regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands (thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocortico-tropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone)

A

tropic hormones

117
Q

produced by thyrotropic cells; TSH signals the thyroid gland to secrete its own hornmone, thyroid hormone, and thus ultimately controls metabolic rate

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

118
Q

”"”adrenal cortex changing””, and melanocyte-stimulating horone are splite from a common parent molecule produced by corticotropic cells in the anterior lobe; ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help the body cope with stress”

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

119
Q

produced by gonadotropic cells in the anteriol lobe and together are referred to as gonadotropins; stimulate maturation of the sex cells and induce the secretion of sex hormones

A

follicle-stimulating horome (FSH) and lueinizing hormone (LH)

120
Q

produced by prolactin cells in the anterior lobe; targets the milk-producing glands in the breast, the lactiferous glands, and stimulates the manufacture of milk

A

prolactin (PRL)

121
Q

formed from the precursor molecule produced by corticotropic cells; functions in the CNS in appetite suppression, its actions outside the CNS are not well understood

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

122
Q

aka somatotropic hormone (body changing), produced in the somatotropic cells, the most abundant cell type in the anterior lobe; stimulates growth of the entire body by stimulate body cells to increase their production of proteins and by stimulating growth of the epiphyseal plates of the skeleton

A

growth hormone (GH)

123
Q

stain with acidic stains and include the somatotropic and prolactin cells

A

acidophils

124
Q

stain with basic stains and include the thyrotropic, corticotropic, and gonadotropic cells<br></br>nucleus usually has two lobes and may be bent into the shape of a U or an S, granules contain histamine and other molecules that are secreted to mediate inflammation uring allergic respnoses and parasitic infections (direct later stages)

A

basophils

125
Q

”"”color avoiders””, stain poorly, either immature cells or cels whose supply of hormone has been depleted”

A

chromophobes

126
Q

contains corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH

A

pars intermedia

127
Q

contains gonadotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, and unique, pars-tuberalis-specific endocrine cells that have receptors for melatonin, a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates daily (circadion) rhythms according to light/dark cycles (photoperiod)

A

pars tuberalis

128
Q

secreted by the hypothalamus, prompt cells in the anterior lobe to release their hormones

A

releasing hormones/releasing factors

129
Q

secreted by the hypothalamus, turn off the secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe when necessary

A

inhibiting hormones

130
Q

secreted releasing hormones enter a _ in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and then travel inferiorly in hypophyseal portal veins to a secondary capillary plexus in the anterior lobe

A

primary capillary plexus

131
Q

the primary and secondary capillary plexuses in the pituitary gland, plus the intervening hypophyseal portal veins

A

hypophyseal portal system

132
Q

neuroglial cells found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pituicytes

133
Q

formed by axons of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the _ arises from neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and end in axon terminals in the pars nervosa

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

134
Q

aka vasopressin, targets the kidneys, which respond by resorbing more water and returning it to the bloodstream

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

135
Q

produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induces scontraction of the smooth musculature of reproductive organs in both males and females, including the wall of the uterus

A

oxytocin

136
Q

located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx, largest purely endocrine gland in the body and has a copious blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

A

thyroid gland

137
Q

“the buttterfly’s ““wings”” of the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland (two lateral _)”

A

lobes (thyroid)

138
Q

median bridge that connect the two thyroid lobes

A

isthmus

139
Q

thyroid gland is composed of hollow, approximately spherical _ separated by an arealar connective tissue rich in capillaries

A

follicles

140
Q

layer of cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells that form the walls of each follicle

A

follicular cells

141
Q

”"”gluelike””, jellylike substance that fills the central lumen of the thyroid gland”

A

colloid

142
Q

a protein from which thyroid hormone is ultimately derived, colloid consists of it

A

thyroglobulin

143
Q

lying within the follicular epithelium, appear to porject into the surrounding connective tissue

A

parafollicular (C) cells

144
Q

actually two similar molecules called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), secreted by the folicular cells of the thyroid gland, each is constructed from a pair of amino acids and contains the element iodine, main function is to increase the metabolic rate

A

thyroid hormone (TH)

145
Q

lowers blood levels of Ca2+ by slowing the calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone and increasing calcium secretion by the kidney

A

calcitonin

146
Q

lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

147
Q

one type of endocrine cells contained in the parathyroid gland are small, abundant _

A

parathyroid cells

148
Q

”"”acid loving”” (stains with acidic dyes), rare, larger parathyroid _ contained in the gland, function unknown”

A

oxyphil cells

149
Q

aka parathormone, increases the blood concentration of Ca2+ whenever it falls below some threshold value, by:<br></br>stimulating osteoclasts to release more Ca2+ from bone<br></br>dercreasing the excretion of Ca2+ by the kidney<br></br>activating vitamin D, which stimulates the uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

150
Q

pyramidal or crescent-shaped paired organs perched on the superior surface of the kidneys, each supplied by up to 60 small suprarenal arteries, each is two endocrine glands in one–the internal adrenal medulla is more like a cluster of neurons than a gland and is derived from the neural crest, and the external adrenal cortex surrounding the medulla and forming the bulk of the gland is derived from somatic mesoderm

A

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

151
Q

spherical modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepineprine into the blood to enhance the fight-or-flight response

A

medullary chromaffin cells

152
Q

secretes a variety of hormones, all of which are lipid-based steroid hormones; microscopically, exhibts three distinct layers/zones, from external to internal: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

A

adrenal cortex

153
Q

(ball of yarn), contains cells arranged in spherical clusters

A

zona glomerulosa

154
Q

(bundle of parallel sticks), cells are arranged in parallel cords and contain an abundance of lipid droplets

A

zona fasciculata

155
Q

cells are arranged in a branching network and stain intensely with the pink dye eosin

A

zona reticularis

156
Q

“along with the sex hormones are the body’s major steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, two main classes (mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids)”

A

corticosteroids

157
Q

the main mineralocorticoid, secreted by the zona glomeurolosa in response to a decline in either blood volume or blood pressure, prompts the ducts in the kidney to resorb more sodium into the blood

A

aldosterone

158
Q

“main type of glucocorticoid, secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to help the body deal with stressful situations, keep blood glucose levels high enough to support the brain’s activities while forcing most other body cells to switch to fats and amino acids as energy sources”

A

cortisol

159
Q

in the testes, between the sperm-forming tubles, secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)

A

interstitial endocrine cells

160
Q

maintain the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics of males and help promote the formation of sperm

A

androgens

161
Q

maintain the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics of females

A

estrogens

162
Q

signals the uterus to prepare for pregnancy

A

progesterone

163
Q

located in the lower neck and anterior thorax, lobulated, important immune organ, the site at which the white blood cells called T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells

A

thymus

164
Q

secreted by the structural cells of the thymus, epithelial reticular cells; stimulate the transformation of T lymphocytes from precursor cells; family of peptide molecules, including thymopoietin and thymosin

A

thymic hormones

165
Q

contains both exocrine and endocrine cells, located in the posterior wall of the abdominal covity, tadpole-shaped

A

pancreas

166
Q

or islets of Langerhans, spherical bodies which contain the endocrine cells of the pancreas, about a million scattered among the exocrine icini, main cell types are alpha and beta cells

A

pancreatic islets

167
Q

protein hormone that signals liver cells to release glucose from their glycogen stores, thus raising blood sugar levels whetever they fall too low

A

glucagon

168
Q

secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells (A cells)

169
Q

”"”hormone from the islets””, a protein hormone that signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, thus lowering excessive blood sugar levels”

A

insulin

170
Q

secrete insulin

A

beta cells (B cells)

171
Q

a peptide hormone that inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin by the nearby alpha and beta cells

A

somatostatin

172
Q

a hormone that may inhibit the exocrine activity of the pancrease

A

pancreatic polypeptide

173
Q

secrete somatostatin

A

delta cells

174
Q

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cells