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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch22 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch22 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system

A

major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

respiration

A

four processes collectively called _:<br></br>pulmonary ventilation<br></br>external respiration<br></br>transport of respiratory gases<br></br>internal respiration

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3
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing

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4
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs

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5
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells

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7
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)

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8
Q

nose

A

only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors

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9
Q

external nose

A

consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)

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10
Q

nares

A

aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _

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11
Q

posterior nasal apertures

A

aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _

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12
Q

palate

A

separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways

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13
Q

soft palate

A

posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _

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14
Q

vestibule (nose)

A

”"”porch, entranceway””, the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose”

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15
Q

pharynx

A

funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air

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16
Q

nasopharynx

A

lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway

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17
Q

uvula

A

”"”little grape””, pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity”

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18
Q

tubal tonsil

A

a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx

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19
Q

oropharynx

A

lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx

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20
Q

fauces

A

”"”throat””, archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth”

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21
Q

laryngopharynx

A

serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx

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22
Q

larynx

A

voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly

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23
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline

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24
Q

laryngeal prominence

A

“aka Adam’s apple, ““book spine”” of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck”

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25
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea

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26
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords

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27
Q

arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages

A

(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx

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28
Q

epiglottis

A

lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet

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29
Q

vocal folds/(true) vocal cords

A

pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech

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30
Q

rima glottidis

A

(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes

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31
Q

glottis

A

vocal folds together with the rima glottidis

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32
Q

vestibular folds

A

aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds

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33
Q

“Valsalva’s maneuver”

A

during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load

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34
Q

trachea

A

or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax

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35
Q

thachealis

A

smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing

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36
Q

carina

A

ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi

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37
Q

mucosa

A

mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria

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38
Q

submucosa (respiratory)

A

”"”below the mucosa””, another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea”

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39
Q

fibromusculocartilaginous layer

A

cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea

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40
Q

adventitia

A

external layer of connective tissue

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41
Q

main bronchi

A

aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs

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42
Q

lobar brochi

A

second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe

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43
Q

segmental bronchi

A

tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)

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44
Q

bronchioles

A

”"”little bronchi””, bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter”

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45
Q

terminal brochioles

A

smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter

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46
Q

alveoli

A

air-exchange chambers

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47
Q

resporiatory bronchioles

A

first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls

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48
Q

alveolar ducts

A

straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _

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49
Q

alveolar sacs

A

terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _

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50
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus

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51
Q

respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood

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52
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces

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53
Q

surfactant

A

detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli

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54
Q

alveolar pores

A

allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease

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55
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus

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56
Q

lungs

A

paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface

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57
Q

apex (lungs)

A

just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung

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58
Q

base (lungs)

A

concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

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59
Q

hilum (lungs)

A

on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung

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60
Q

root

A

these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung

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61
Q

cardiac notch

A

a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart

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62
Q

lobes (lungs)

A

several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _

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63
Q

oblique fissure

A

seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe

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64
Q

oblique and horizontal fissures

A

separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes

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65
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus

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66
Q

lobule (lungs)

A

smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye

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67
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi

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68
Q

pulmonary capillary networks

A

the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli

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69
Q

pleura

A

”"”the side””, serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac”

70
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum

71
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung

72
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid

73
Q

breathing

A

aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs

74
Q

inspiration

A

enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it

75
Q

pneumothorax

A

”"”air thorax””, the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity”

76
Q

expiration

A

as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out

77
Q

aortic bodies

A

located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors

78
Q

coratid bodies

A

found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors

79
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body

80
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells

81
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid

82
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema

83
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa

84
Q

emphysema

A

”"”to inflate””, characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls”

85
Q

olffactory placode

A

”"”plate””, by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face”

86
Q

laryngotracheal bud

A

lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut

87
Q

major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

A

respiratory system

88
Q

four processes collectively called _:<br></br>pulmonary ventilation<br></br>external respiration<br></br>transport of respiratory gases<br></br>internal respiration

A

respiration

89
Q

air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation

90
Q

gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs

A

external respiration

91
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid

A

transport of respiratory gases

92
Q

as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells

A

internal respiration

93
Q

oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)

A

cellular respiration

94
Q

only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors

A

nose

95
Q

consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)

A

external nose

96
Q

aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _

A

nares

97
Q

aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _

A

posterior nasal apertures

98
Q

separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways

A

palate

99
Q

posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _

A

soft palate

100
Q

”"”porch, entranceway””, the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose”

A

vestibule (nose)

101
Q

funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air

A

pharynx

102
Q

lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway

A

nasopharynx

103
Q

”"”little grape””, pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity”

A

uvula

104
Q

a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx

A

tubal tonsil

105
Q

lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx

A

oropharynx

106
Q

”"”throat””, archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth”

A

fauces

107
Q

serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

108
Q

voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly

A

larynx

109
Q

formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline

A

thyroid cartilage

110
Q

“aka Adam’s apple, ““book spine”” of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck”

A

laryngeal prominence

111
Q

only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea

A

cricoid cartilage

112
Q

three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords

A

arytenoid cartilages

113
Q

(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx

A

arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages

114
Q

lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet

A

epiglottis

115
Q

pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech

A

vocal folds/(true) vocal cords

116
Q

(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes

A

rima glottidis

117
Q

vocal folds together with the rima glottidis

A

glottis

118
Q

aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds

A

vestibular folds

119
Q

during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load

A

“Valsalva’s maneuver”

120
Q

or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax

A

trachea

121
Q

smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing

A

thachealis

122
Q

ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi

A

carina

123
Q

mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria

A

mucosa

124
Q

”"”below the mucosa””, another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea”

A

submucosa (respiratory)

125
Q

cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea

A

fibromusculocartilaginous layer

126
Q

external layer of connective tissue

A

adventitia

127
Q

aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs

A

main bronchi

128
Q

second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe

A

lobar brochi

129
Q

tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)

A

segmental bronchi

130
Q

”"”little bronchi””, bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter”

A

bronchioles

131
Q

smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter

A

terminal brochioles

132
Q

air-exchange chambers

A

alveoli

133
Q

first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls

A

resporiatory bronchioles

134
Q

straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _

A

alveolar ducts

135
Q

terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _

A

alveolar sacs

136
Q

single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus

A

type I alveolar cells

137
Q

alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood

A

respiratory membrane

138
Q

cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces

A

type II alveolar cells

139
Q

detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli

A

surfactant

140
Q

allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease

A

alveolar pores

141
Q

live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus

A

alveolar macrophages

142
Q

paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface

A

lungs

143
Q

just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung

A

apex (lungs)

144
Q

concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

A

base (lungs)

145
Q

on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung

A

hilum (lungs)

146
Q

these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung

A

root

147
Q

a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart

A

cardiac notch

148
Q

several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _

A

lobes (lungs)

149
Q

seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe

A

oblique fissure

150
Q

separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes

A

oblique and horizontal fissures

151
Q

each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus

A

bronchopulmonary segments

152
Q

smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye

A

lobule (lungs)

153
Q

deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi

A

pulmonary arteries

154
Q

the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli

A

pulmonary capillary networks

155
Q

”"”the side””, serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac”

A

pleura

156
Q

covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum

A

parietal pleura

157
Q

covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung

A

visceral pleura

158
Q

space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid

A

pleural cavity

159
Q

aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs

A

breathing

160
Q

enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it

A

inspiration

161
Q

”"”air thorax””, the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity”

A

pneumothorax

162
Q

as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out

A

expiration

163
Q

located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors

A

aortic bodies

164
Q

found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors

A

coratid bodies

165
Q

an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body

A

cystic fibrosis (CF)

166
Q

one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells

A

adenocarcinoma

167
Q

one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid

A

small cell carcinoma

168
Q

category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

169
Q

inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa

A

chronic bronchitis

170
Q

”"”to inflate””, characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls”

A

emphysema

171
Q

”"”plate””, by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face”

A

olffactory placode

172
Q

lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut

A

laryngotracheal bud

Anatomy (42 decks)

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