Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch22 Flashcards
respiratory system
major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
respiration
four processes collectively called _:<br></br>pulmonary ventilation<br></br>external respiration<br></br>transport of respiratory gases<br></br>internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing
external respiration
gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs
transport of respiratory gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid
internal respiration
as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells
cellular respiration
oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
nose
only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
external nose
consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)
nares
aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _
posterior nasal apertures
aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _
palate
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways
soft palate
posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _
vestibule (nose)
”"”porch, entranceway””, the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose”
pharynx
funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air
nasopharynx
lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway
uvula
”"”little grape””, pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity”
tubal tonsil
a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx
oropharynx
lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx
fauces
”"”throat””, archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth”
laryngopharynx
serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx
larynx
voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly
thyroid cartilage
formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline
laryngeal prominence
“aka Adam’s apple, ““book spine”” of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck”
cricoid cartilage
only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea
arytenoid cartilages
three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx
epiglottis
lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet
vocal folds/(true) vocal cords
pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech
rima glottidis
(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes
glottis
vocal folds together with the rima glottidis
vestibular folds
aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds
“Valsalva’s maneuver”
during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load
trachea
or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax
thachealis
smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing
carina
ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi
mucosa
mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria
submucosa (respiratory)
”"”below the mucosa””, another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea”
fibromusculocartilaginous layer
cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea
adventitia
external layer of connective tissue
main bronchi
aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs
lobar brochi
second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe
segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)
bronchioles
”"”little bronchi””, bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter”
terminal brochioles
smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
alveoli
air-exchange chambers
resporiatory bronchioles
first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls
alveolar ducts
straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _
alveolar sacs
terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _
type I alveolar cells
single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus
respiratory membrane
alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood
type II alveolar cells
cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces
surfactant
detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli
alveolar pores
allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease
alveolar macrophages
live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus
lungs
paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface
apex (lungs)
just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung
base (lungs)
concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
hilum (lungs)
on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung
root
these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung
cardiac notch
a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart
lobes (lungs)
several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _
oblique fissure
seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
oblique and horizontal fissures
separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes
bronchopulmonary segments
each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus
lobule (lungs)
smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye
pulmonary arteries
deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi
pulmonary capillary networks
the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli
pleura
”"”the side””, serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac”
parietal pleura
covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
visceral pleura
covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung
pleural cavity
space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid
breathing
aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs
inspiration
enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it
pneumothorax
”"”air thorax””, the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity”
expiration
as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out
aortic bodies
located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors
coratid bodies
found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors
cystic fibrosis (CF)
an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body
adenocarcinoma
one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells
small cell carcinoma
one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema
chronic bronchitis
inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa
emphysema
”"”to inflate””, characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls”
olffactory placode
”"”plate””, by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face”
laryngotracheal bud
lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut
major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
respiratory system
four processes collectively called _:<br></br>pulmonary ventilation<br></br>external respiration<br></br>transport of respiratory gases<br></br>internal respiration
respiration
air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing
pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs
external respiration
oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid
transport of respiratory gases
as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells
internal respiration
oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
cellular respiration
only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
nose
consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)
external nose
aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _
nares
aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _
posterior nasal apertures
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways
palate
posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _
soft palate
”"”porch, entranceway””, the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose”
vestibule (nose)
funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air
pharynx
lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway
nasopharynx
”"”little grape””, pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity”
uvula
a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx
tubal tonsil
lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx
oropharynx
”"”throat””, archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth”
fauces
serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx
laryngopharynx
voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly
larynx
formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline
thyroid cartilage
“aka Adam’s apple, ““book spine”” of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck”
laryngeal prominence
only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea
cricoid cartilage
three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords
arytenoid cartilages
(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet
epiglottis
pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech
vocal folds/(true) vocal cords
(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes
rima glottidis
vocal folds together with the rima glottidis
glottis
aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds
vestibular folds
during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load
“Valsalva’s maneuver”
or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax
trachea
smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing
thachealis
ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi
carina
mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria
mucosa
”"”below the mucosa””, another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea”
submucosa (respiratory)
cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea
fibromusculocartilaginous layer
external layer of connective tissue
adventitia
aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs
main bronchi
second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe
lobar brochi
tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)
segmental bronchi
”"”little bronchi””, bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter”
bronchioles
smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
terminal brochioles
air-exchange chambers
alveoli
first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls
resporiatory bronchioles
straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _
alveolar ducts
terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _
alveolar sacs
single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus
type I alveolar cells
alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood
respiratory membrane
cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces
type II alveolar cells
detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli
surfactant
allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease
alveolar pores
live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus
alveolar macrophages
paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface
lungs
just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung
apex (lungs)
concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
base (lungs)
on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung
hilum (lungs)
these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung
root
a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart
cardiac notch
several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _
lobes (lungs)
seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
oblique fissure
separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes
oblique and horizontal fissures
each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus
bronchopulmonary segments
smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye
lobule (lungs)
deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi
pulmonary arteries
the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli
pulmonary capillary networks
”"”the side””, serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac”
pleura
covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
parietal pleura
covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung
visceral pleura
space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid
pleural cavity
aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs
breathing
enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it
inspiration
”"”air thorax””, the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity”
pneumothorax
as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out
expiration
located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic bodies
found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors
coratid bodies
an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body
cystic fibrosis (CF)
one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells
adenocarcinoma
one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid
small cell carcinoma
category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa
chronic bronchitis
”"”to inflate””, characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls”
emphysema
”"”plate””, by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face”
olffactory placode
lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut
laryngotracheal bud
