Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch4 Flashcards
hormones
messenger molecules produced by the endocrine glands and released into the extracellular space before entering nearby capillaries and traveling to specific target organs
ducts
carry the prodect of multicellular exocrine glands to the epithelial surfaces
goblet cell
produces mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted, forming mucus
tight junction, aka
“zonula occludens ““small zone that shuts off”” aka”
adhesive belt junctions, aka
sonula adherens, a type of anchoring junction, aka
basal lamina
supporting sheet at the border between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
basement membrane
basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers derectly deep to it that belong to the underlying connective tissue
cilia
whiplike, highly motile extensions of the apical surface membranes of certain epithelial cells
flagellum
an extremely long, isolate cilium (the only ones in the humon body are sperm)
basal body
centriole at the base of each cilium
collagen fibers
strongest and most abundant type of fiber in connective tissues, resist tension (pulling forces) and contribute strength to a connective tissue
reticular fibers
bundles of a special type of collagen biril, cluster into a meshline network that covers and supports the structures bordering the connective tissue
elastic fibers
contain the rubberlike protein elastin, which allows the elastic fibers to recoil when tension is released and the stretched tissue resumes its original shape
interstitial fluid
tissue fluid, derived from leakage of fluid and small molecules from the blood as it travels through the cappillaries
adipose tissue
similar to areolar connective tissue in structure and function, but its nutrient-storing function is much greater
brown adipose tissue
produces heat and is a nutrient consumer (subcutaneous tissue between the two scapulae, on the side of the anterior neck, and on the anterior abdominal wall)
reticular connective tissue
resembles areolar tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers
reticular cells
fibroblasts that lie along the reticular network of reticular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
similar to areolar tissue, but its collagen fibers are much thicker, and these fibers run in different lanes, allowing this tissue to resist strong tensions from different directions
dense regular connective tissue
all collagen fibers usually run in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull
elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers are the predominant type of fiber, and bundles of elastic fibers outnumber the bundles of collagen fibers
cartilage (description)
a firm but flexible tissue, consisting of up to 80% water
chondrocyte
the only type of cell in cartilage; each chondrocyte resides within a cavity in the matrix called a lacuna
bone tissue (description)
rocklike hardness, tremendous ability to support and protect body structures; contains inorganic calcium salts, which enable bone to resist compression, and an abundance of collagen fibers, which allow bone to withstand strong tension
osteocytes
mature bone cells (post- secreting the matrix), inhabit cavities called lacuna in this hardened matrix
blood (description)
atypical connective tissue, classified as such because it arises from mesenchyme and censists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix, the liquid blood plasma
covering or lining membranes
consist of an epithelial sheet plus the underlying layer of connective tissue proper; are of three types: cutaneous, mucous, and serous
cutaneous membrane
skin, a dry membrane consisting of the thick epidermis (epithelium) and dense dermis (connective tissue)
mucous membrane, or mucosa
“lines the inside of enery holow internal organ that opens to the outside of the body (specifically, tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems); many mucous membranes (but not all) secrete mucous; an epithelial sheet directly underlain by a layer of losoe areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria (““one’s own layer””)”
serous membranes, or serosae
slippery membranes that line the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; consists of a simple squamous epithelium, called mesothelium, lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; produces a slippery serous fluid
muscle tissues
bring about most kinds of body movements
muscle fibers
elongated shape and contract forcefully as they shorten; contain many myofilaments, cellular organellse filled with actin and myosin filaments; three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
neurons
highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses
dendrites
cell processes that extend from the cell body of a neuron like branches of a tree, and transmit signals toward the cell body
axon
singular, long cell process that generates nerve impulses and transmits them away from the cell body
neuroglia
supporting cells, nonconducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
edema
accumulation of fluid
regeneration
replacement of a destroyed tissue by new tissue of the same kind
fibrosis
proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue
organization (repair)
process by which the clot is replaced by granulation tissue
granulation tissue
delicate pink tissue made of several elements: capillaries that grow in from nearby areas, and proliferating fibroblasts that produce new collagen fibers to bridge the gash
adhesions
irritation of visceral organs can case them to adhere to one another or to the body wall as they scare, and can prevent the normal churning actions of loops of the intestine
stem cells
relatively undifferentiated cells that renew themselves continually and divide to produce new tissue cells as needed
messenger molecules produced by the endocrine glands and released into the extracellular space before entering nearby capillaries and traveling to specific target organs
hormones
carry the prodect of multicellular exocrine glands to the epithelial surfaces
ducts
produces mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted, forming mucus
goblet cell
“zonula occludens ““small zone that shuts off”” aka”
tight junction, aka
sonula adherens, a type of anchoring junction, aka
adhesive belt junctions, aka
supporting sheet at the border between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
basal lamina
basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers derectly deep to it that belong to the underlying connective tissue
basement membrane
whiplike, highly motile extensions of the apical surface membranes of certain epithelial cells
cilia
an extremely long, isolate cilium (the only ones in the humon body are sperm)
flagellum
centriole at the base of each cilium
basal body
strongest and most abundant type of fiber in connective tissues, resist tension (pulling forces) and contribute strength to a connective tissue
collagen fibers
bundles of a special type of collagen biril, cluster into a meshline network that covers and supports the structures bordering the connective tissue
reticular fibers
contain the rubberlike protein elastin, which allows the elastic fibers to recoil when tension is released and the stretched tissue resumes its original shape
elastic fibers
tissue fluid, derived from leakage of fluid and small molecules from the blood as it travels through the cappillaries
interstitial fluid
similar to areolar connective tissue in structure and function, but its nutrient-storing function is much greater
adipose tissue
produces heat and is a nutrient consumer (subcutaneous tissue between the two scapulae, on the side of the anterior neck, and on the anterior abdominal wall)
brown adipose tissue
resembles areolar tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers
reticular connective tissue
fibroblasts that lie along the reticular network of reticular connective tissue
reticular cells
similar to areolar tissue, but its collagen fibers are much thicker, and these fibers run in different lanes, allowing this tissue to resist strong tensions from different directions
dense irregular connective tissue
all collagen fibers usually run in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull
dense regular connective tissue
elastic fibers are the predominant type of fiber, and bundles of elastic fibers outnumber the bundles of collagen fibers
elastic connective tissue
a firm but flexible tissue, consisting of up to 80% water
cartilage (description)
the only type of cell in cartilage; each chondrocyte resides within a cavity in the matrix called a lacuna
chondrocyte
rocklike hardness, tremendous ability to support and protect body structures; contains inorganic calcium salts, which enable bone to resist compression, and an abundance of collagen fibers, which allow bone to withstand strong tension
bone tissue (description)
mature bone cells (post- secreting the matrix), inhabit cavities called lacuna in this hardened matrix
osteocytes
atypical connective tissue, classified as such because it arises from mesenchyme and censists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix, the liquid blood plasma
blood (description)
consist of an epithelial sheet plus the underlying layer of connective tissue proper; are of three types: cutaneous, mucous, and serous
covering or lining membranes
skin, a dry membrane consisting of the thick epidermis (epithelium) and dense dermis (connective tissue)
cutaneous membrane
“lines the inside of enery holow internal organ that opens to the outside of the body (specifically, tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems); many mucous membranes (but not all) secrete mucous; an epithelial sheet directly underlain by a layer of losoe areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria (““one’s own layer””)”
mucous membrane, or mucosa
slippery membranes that line the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; consists of a simple squamous epithelium, called mesothelium, lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; produces a slippery serous fluid
serous membranes, or serosae
bring about most kinds of body movements
muscle tissues
elongated shape and contract forcefully as they shorten; contain many myofilaments, cellular organellse filled with actin and myosin filaments; three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscle fibers
highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses
neurons
cell processes that extend from the cell body of a neuron like branches of a tree, and transmit signals toward the cell body
dendrites
singular, long cell process that generates nerve impulses and transmits them away from the cell body
axon
supporting cells, nonconducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
neuroglia
accumulation of fluid
edema
replacement of a destroyed tissue by new tissue of the same kind
regeneration
proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue
fibrosis
process by which the clot is replaced by granulation tissue
organization (repair)
delicate pink tissue made of several elements: capillaries that grow in from nearby areas, and proliferating fibroblasts that produce new collagen fibers to bridge the gash
granulation tissue
irritation of visceral organs can case them to adhere to one another or to the body wall as they scare, and can prevent the normal churning actions of loops of the intestine
adhesions
relatively undifferentiated cells that renew themselves continually and divide to produce new tissue cells as needed
stem cells
