Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch2 Flashcards
plasma membrane
forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
ribosomes
produce proteins
endoplasmic riticulum
rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium
golgi
packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell
lysosomes
break down used proteins and other cellular debris
mitochondria
make energy
peroxisomes
neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell
cytoskeletal
maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell
nucleus
directs the operation of the cell
plasma membrane/plasmalemma
defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
integral proteins
firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface
receptors
have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell
simple diffusion
tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
facilitated diffusion
diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein
active transport
integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy
endocytosis
the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells
vesicle
membrane-walled sac
phagocytosis
”"”cell eating””, protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body’s dead and diseased cells”
pinocytosis
”"”cell drinking””, and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid”
receptor-mediated endocytosis
an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)
exocytosis
”"”out of the cell”” is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell”
cytoplasm
”"”cell-forming material”” is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions”
cytosol
jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
ribosomal RNA
construct, with proteins, ribosomes
messenger RNA
carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes
free ribosomes
make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself
rough endoplasmic reticulum
consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns
cisterns
”"”fluid-filled cavities”” that make up rough ER”
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
consists of tubules arranged in a branching network
Golgi apparatus
stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane
cis face
the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER
trans face
new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus
transport vesicles
spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus
secretory vesicles
“ultimately release their contents to the cell’s exterior by exocytosis”
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions
free radicals
“normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell’s proteins, membranes, and DNA”
microfilaments
strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)
myosin
interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell
intermediate filaments
tough, insoluable protein fibers
microtubles
hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins
centrosome
spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus
centrosome matrix
outer cloud of protein in the centrosome
centrioles
inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome
lipid droplets
spherical drops of stored fat
glycosomes
“store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell’s main energy source”
deoxyribonucleic acid
“directs the cell’s activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis”
neclear envelope
consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus
nuclear lamina
protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus
nuclear pores
penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse
nucleolus
“contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell’s ribosome-producing machine”
chromatin
DNA molecule plus the proteins
histones
each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones
nucleosome
cluster of DNA and histones
extended chromatin
chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance
condensed chromatin
further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber
transcription
“the process where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules”
chromosome
”"”colored body”” contains a single, very long molecule of DNA”
cell life cycle
series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase
interphase
a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division
G1 (gap 1)
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
S (synthetic) phase
DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material
G2 (gap 2)
the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
M (mitotic) phase
cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis
Mitosis
series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus
cytokenesis
”"”cells moving (apart)””, the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle”
telomeres
structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide
translation (ribosomes)
building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules
inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)
temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)
forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
produce proteins
ribosomes
rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium
endoplasmic riticulum
packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell
golgi
break down used proteins and other cellular debris
lysosomes
make energy
mitochondria
neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell
peroxisomes
maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell
cytoskeletal
directs the operation of the cell
nucleus
defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
plasma membrane/plasmalemma
firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer
integral proteins
not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface
peripheral proteins
have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell
receptors
tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient
simple diffusion
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
osmosis
diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein
facilitated diffusion
integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy
active transport
the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells
endocytosis
membrane-walled sac
vesicle
”"”cell eating””, protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body’s dead and diseased cells”
phagocytosis
”"”cell drinking””, and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid”
pinocytosis
an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
”"”out of the cell”” is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell”
exocytosis
”"”cell-forming material”” is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions”
cytoplasm
jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
cytosol
construct, with proteins, ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes
messenger RNA
make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself
free ribosomes
consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns
rough endoplasmic reticulum
”"”fluid-filled cavities”” that make up rough ER”
cisterns
consists of tubules arranged in a branching network
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane
Golgi apparatus
the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER
cis face
new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus
trans face
spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus
transport vesicles
“ultimately release their contents to the cell’s exterior by exocytosis”
secretory vesicles
the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
“normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell’s proteins, membranes, and DNA”
free radicals
strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)
microfilaments
interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell
myosin
tough, insoluable protein fibers
intermediate filaments
hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins
microtubles
spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus
centrosome
outer cloud of protein in the centrosome
centrosome matrix
inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome
centrioles
spherical drops of stored fat
lipid droplets
“store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell’s main energy source”
glycosomes
“directs the cell’s activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis”
deoxyribonucleic acid
consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus
neclear envelope
protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus
nuclear lamina
penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse
nuclear pores
“contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell’s ribosome-producing machine”
nucleolus
DNA molecule plus the proteins
chromatin
each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones
histones
cluster of DNA and histones
nucleosome
chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance
extended chromatin
further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber
condensed chromatin
“the process where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules”
transcription
”"”colored body”” contains a single, very long molecule of DNA”
chromosome
series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase
cell life cycle
a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division
interphase
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
G1 (gap 1)
DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material
S (synthetic) phase
the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
G2 (gap 2)
cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis
M (mitotic) phase
series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus
Mitosis
”"”cells moving (apart)””, the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle”
cytokenesis
structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide
telomeres
building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules
translation (ribosomes)
temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)
inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)
