Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch2 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ribosomes

A

produce proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endoplasmic riticulum

A

rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

golgi

A

packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lysosomes

A

break down used proteins and other cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mitochondria

A

make energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

peroxisomes

A

neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytoskeletal

A

maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nucleus

A

directs the operation of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

plasma membrane/plasmalemma

A

defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

integral proteins

A

firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

receptors

A

have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

simple diffusion

A

tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

active transport

A

integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

endocytosis

A

the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vesicle

A

membrane-walled sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phagocytosis

A

”"”cell eating””, protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body’s dead and diseased cells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pinocytosis

A

”"”cell drinking””, and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

exocytosis

A

”"”out of the cell”” is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cytoplasm

A

”"”cell-forming material”” is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cytosol

A

jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

construct, with proteins, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

messenger RNA

A

carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

free ribosomes

A

make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cisterns

A

”"”fluid-filled cavities”” that make up rough ER”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

consists of tubules arranged in a branching network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cis face

A

the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

trans face

A

new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

transport vesicles

A

spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

secretory vesicles

A

“ultimately release their contents to the cell’s exterior by exocytosis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

free radicals

A

“normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell’s proteins, membranes, and DNA”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

microfilaments

A

strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

myosin

A

interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

intermediate filaments

A

tough, insoluable protein fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

microtubles

A

hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

centrosome

A

spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

centrosome matrix

A

outer cloud of protein in the centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

centrioles

A

inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

lipid droplets

A

spherical drops of stored fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

glycosomes

A

“store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell’s main energy source”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

“directs the cell’s activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

neclear envelope

A

consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

nuclear lamina

A

protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

nuclear pores

A

penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

nucleolus

A

“contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell’s ribosome-producing machine”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

chromatin

A

DNA molecule plus the proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

histones

A

each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

nucleosome

A

cluster of DNA and histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

extended chromatin

A

chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

condensed chromatin

A

further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber

58
Q

transcription

A

“the process where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules”

59
Q

chromosome

A

”"”colored body”” contains a single, very long molecule of DNA”

60
Q

cell life cycle

A

series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase

61
Q

interphase

A

a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division

62
Q

G1 (gap 1)

A

cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously

63
Q

S (synthetic) phase

A

DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material

64
Q

G2 (gap 2)

A

the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized

65
Q

M (mitotic) phase

A

cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis

66
Q

Mitosis

A

series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus

67
Q

cytokenesis

A

”"”cells moving (apart)””, the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle”

68
Q

telomeres

A

structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide

69
Q

translation (ribosomes)

A

building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules

70
Q

inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)

A

temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)

71
Q

forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

72
Q

produce proteins

A

ribosomes

73
Q

rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium

A

endoplasmic riticulum

74
Q

packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell

A

golgi

75
Q

break down used proteins and other cellular debris

A

lysosomes

76
Q

make energy

A

mitochondria

77
Q

neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell

A

peroxisomes

78
Q

maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell

A

cytoskeletal

79
Q

directs the operation of the cell

A

nucleus

80
Q

defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid

A

plasma membrane/plasmalemma

81
Q

firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer

A

integral proteins

82
Q

not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface

A

peripheral proteins

83
Q

have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell

A

receptors

84
Q

tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient

A

simple diffusion

85
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

A

osmosis

86
Q

diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein

A

facilitated diffusion

87
Q

integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy

A

active transport

88
Q

the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells

A

endocytosis

89
Q

membrane-walled sac

A

vesicle

90
Q

”"”cell eating””, protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body’s dead and diseased cells”

A

phagocytosis

91
Q

”"”cell drinking””, and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid”

A

pinocytosis

92
Q

an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

93
Q

”"”out of the cell”” is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell”

A

exocytosis

94
Q

”"”cell-forming material”” is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions”

A

cytoplasm

95
Q

jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

A

cytosol

96
Q

construct, with proteins, ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA

97
Q

carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes

A

messenger RNA

98
Q

make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself

A

free ribosomes

99
Q

consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

100
Q

”"”fluid-filled cavities”” that make up rough ER”

A

cisterns

101
Q

consists of tubules arranged in a branching network

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane

A

Golgi apparatus

103
Q

the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER

A

cis face

104
Q

new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus

A

trans face

105
Q

spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus

A

transport vesicles

106
Q

“ultimately release their contents to the cell’s exterior by exocytosis”

A

secretory vesicles

107
Q

the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

108
Q

“normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell’s proteins, membranes, and DNA”

A

free radicals

109
Q

strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)

A

microfilaments

110
Q

interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell

A

myosin

111
Q

tough, insoluable protein fibers

A

intermediate filaments

112
Q

hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins

A

microtubles

113
Q

spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus

A

centrosome

114
Q

outer cloud of protein in the centrosome

A

centrosome matrix

115
Q

inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome

A

centrioles

116
Q

spherical drops of stored fat

A

lipid droplets

117
Q

“store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell’s main energy source”

A

glycosomes

118
Q

“directs the cell’s activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis”

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

119
Q

consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus

A

neclear envelope

120
Q

protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus

A

nuclear lamina

121
Q

penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse

A

nuclear pores

122
Q

“contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell’s ribosome-producing machine”

A

nucleolus

123
Q

DNA molecule plus the proteins

A

chromatin

124
Q

each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones

A

histones

125
Q

cluster of DNA and histones

A

nucleosome

126
Q

chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance

A

extended chromatin

127
Q

further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber

A

condensed chromatin

128
Q

“the process where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules”

A

transcription

129
Q

”"”colored body”” contains a single, very long molecule of DNA”

A

chromosome

130
Q

series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase

A

cell life cycle

131
Q

a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division

A

interphase

132
Q

cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously

A

G1 (gap 1)

133
Q

DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material

A

S (synthetic) phase

134
Q

the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized

A

G2 (gap 2)

135
Q

cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis

A

M (mitotic) phase

136
Q

series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus

A

Mitosis

137
Q

”"”cells moving (apart)””, the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle”

A

cytokenesis

138
Q

structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide

A

telomeres

139
Q

building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules

A

translation (ribosomes)

140
Q

temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)

A

inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)

Anatomy (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions