Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch14 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

pick up stimuli from inside and outside the body and then initiate impulses in sensory axons, which carry the impulse to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nerves

A

bundles of peripheral axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

motor endings

A

terminal boutons of motor neurons that innervate the effector organs, muscles, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

peripheral sensory receptors

A

structures that pick up sensory stimuli and then initiate signals in the sensory axons; most fit into two main categories: free nerve endings of sensory neurons and complete receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

exteroceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body; most located at or near the body surface and include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature in the skin and most receptors of the special sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interoceptors

A

aka veseroceptors, receive stimuli from the internal viscera e.g. digestive tube, bladder, and lungs; different ones monitor a variety of stimuli, including changes in chemical concentration, taste stimuli, the stretching of tissues, and temperature; their activation causes us to feel visceral pain, nausea, hunger, orfullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proprieceptors

A

located in the musculoskeletal organs, e.g. skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments; monitor the degree of stretch of these locomotory organs and send input on body movemeents to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, stretch, and vibrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

baroreceptor

A

mechanoreceptor that monitors blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to temperature changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals in solution (such as molecules tasted or smelled) and to changes in blood chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

photoreceptors

A

in the eye respond to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nociceptors

A

(noci=harm), respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

general sensory receptors

A

nerve endings of sensory neurons that monitor touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, pain, temperatur, and proprioception; two broad groups: free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

free nerve endings

A

invade almost all tissues of the body but are particularly abundant in epithelia and in the connective tissue that underlies epithelia; primarily nociceptors and thermoreceptors; monitor the affective sense, those to which people have an emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epithelial tactile complexes

A

aka Merkel discs, lie in the epidermis of the skin; each consists of a disc-shaped tactile epithelial cell innervated by a sensory nerve ending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

A

continue to respond and send out action potentials even after a long period of contiual stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

free nerve endings that wrap around hair follicles, mechanoreceptors for light touch that monitor the bending of hairs (rapidly adapting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rapidly adapting

A

sensation disappears quickly even if the stimulus is maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tactile corpuscles

A

“aka Meissner’s corpuscle, a few spiraling nerve endings are surrounded by Schwann cells, which in turn are surrounded by an egg-shaped capsule of connective tissue; occur in the dermal papillae beneath the epidermis; rapidly adapting receptors for fine, discriminative touch; mainly occur in sensitive and hairless areas of the skin e.g. soles, palms, fingertips, nipples, lips”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lamellar corpuscles

A

aka Pacinian corpuscles, scattered throughout the deep connective tissues of the body e.g. in the subcutaneous tissue deep to the skin; respond only to the initial application of pressure before they tire and stop firing (rapidly adapting receptors), best suited to moitory vibration; ~0.5-1mm wide and 1-2mm long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A

aka Ruffini endings, located in the dermis and elsewhere, contain an array of nerve endings enclosed in a thin, flattened capsule; adapt slowly and thus can monitory continuous pressure placed on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

proprioceptors

A

virtually all are encapsulated nerve endings that monitor stretch in the locomotory organs; include muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kenesthetic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

muscle spindles

A

(neuromuscular spindles), measure the changing length of a muscle as that muscle contracts and is stretched back to its original length; an average muscle contains 50-100, which are embedded in the perimysium between tho fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers

A

(intra=within, fusal=the spindal), each spindle contains several modified skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

extrafusal muscle fibers

A

(extra=outside), the ordinary muscle cells outside the spindles, have more striations that the intrafusal muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

anulospiral endings

A

aka primary sensory endings, twirl around the noncontractile middle of the intrafusal fibers innervating the spindle center; these receptors are stimulated by the rate and degree of stretch of the muscle spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

flower spray endings

A

(secondary sensory endings), monitor the spindle ends (the only contractile parts of the spindle) and respond only to degree of stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

alpha efferent neurons

A

spinal motor neurons that cause the entire muscle (extrafusal fibers) to generate conractile force and resist further stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

gamma efferent neurons

A

neurons preset the sensitivity of the spindle to stretch, most active when balance reflexes must be razor sharp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

tendon organs

A

aka Golgi tendon organs, proprioceptors located near the muscle-tendon junction, where they monitor tension within tendons; each consists of an encapsulated bundle of tendon fibers (collagen fibers) whithin wihch sensory nerve endings are intertwined; relaxation reflex is important in motor activities that involve rapid alternation between flexion and extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

”"”movement feeling””, proprioceptors that monitor stretch in the synovial joints, specifically, they they are sensory nerve endings within the joint capsules”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

these rapidly adapting stretch receptors are idal for measuring acceleration and rapid movement of the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

A

these slowly adapting stretch receptors are ideal for measuring the positions of nonmoving joints and the stretch of joints that undergo slow, sustained movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

free nerve endings (joints)

A

may be pain receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

receptors resembling tendon organs

A

their function in joints is not known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cranial nerves

A

“12 pairs that attach to the brain and pass through various foramina in the skull; numbered from I through XII in a rostral to coudal direction; first two pairs attach to the forebrain, the rest to the brain stem<br></br>"”Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AH!”””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

I. Olfactory

A

this is the sensory nerve of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

II. Optic

A

because it develops as an outgrowth of the brain, this sensory nerve of vision is not a true nerve at all; it is more correctly called a brain tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

”"”eye mover””, this nerve innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles–muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

”"”pulley””, this nerve innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

”"”threefold””, which refers to this nerve’s three major branches; the nerve provides general sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

VI. Abducens

A

this nerve was so named because it innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns the eye laterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

VII. Facial

A

this nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression as well as other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

XIII. Vestibulocochlear

A

This sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium was once called the auditory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal

A

”"”tongue and pharynx””, structures that this nerve helps to innervate”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

X. Vagus

A

”"”vagabond”” or ““wanderer””, this nerve ““wanders”” beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

XI. Accessory

A

once called the spinal accessory nerve; originates from the cervical region of the spinal cord, enters the skull through the foramen magnum, and exits the skull with the vagus nerve; carries motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

XII. Hypoglossal

A

”"”below the tongue””, this nerve runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cranial sensory ganglia

A

lie along some cranial nerves (V, VII-X) just external to the bran; directly comparable to the dorsal root ganglie on teh spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

primarily or exclusively sensory nerves

A

(I, II, VIII) that contain special sensory fibers for smell (I), vision (II), and hearing and equilibrium (VIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

primarily motor nerves

A

(III, IV, VI, XI, XII) that contain somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the eye, neck, and tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

mixed (motor and sensory) nerves

A

(V, VII, IX, X), these mixed nerves supply sensory innervation to the face (through general somatic sensory fibers) and to the mouth and viscera (general visceral sensory), including the taste buds for the sense of taste (specialy visceral sensory); these nerves also innervate pharyngeal arch muscles (somatic motor), such as the chewing mucles (V) and the muscles of facial expression (VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

spinal nerves

A

thirty-one pairs, each containing thousands of nerve fibers, attach to the spinal cord; named accourding to their paint of issue from the vertebral column: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

rootlets

A

attach along the whole length of the corresponding spinal cord segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

dorsal root

A

contains the axonal processes of sensory neurons arising from cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ventral root

A

contains the axonal processes of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

dorsal ramus/i

A

supply the dorsum of the neck and the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

ventral ramus/i

A

supply the anterior and lateral regions of the neck and trunk, and all regions of the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

intercostal nerves

A

supply the intercostal muscles, the skin of the anterior and lateral thorax, and most of the abdominal wall inferior to the rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of nerves; the ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2-T12 branch and join one another lateral to the vertebral column, forming __(es)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

cervical plexus

A

buried deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and extends into the posterior triangle of the next; formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves; forms an irregular series of interconnecting loops from which branches arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

sutaneous nerves

A

(cutane=skin), carry sensory impulses from the skin (cervical plexus: skin of the neck, the back of the head, and the most superior part of the shoulder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

phrenic nerve

A

receives fibers from spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5, courses inferiorly through the thorax and innervates the diaphragm, providing somatic motor and sensory innervation to this most vital respiratory muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

brachial plexus

A

lies partly in the neck and partly in the axilla (armpit) and gives rise to almost all of the nerves that supply the upper limb; formed by the wentral rami of cervical nerves C5-C8 and most of the ventral ramus of T1, may recive small contributions from C4 or T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

roots of the brachial plexus

A

ventral rami C5-T1, lie deep to the sternocleidomastoid; at the lateral border of this muscle, these rami unite to form the upper, middle, and lower trunks, each of which branches into and anterior and posterior division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

lateral cord

A

anterior divisions from the upper and middle trunks give rise to the _

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

medial cord

A

anterior division from the lower trunk forms the _

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

posterior cord

A

composed of the posterior divisions of all three trunks (upper, middle, lower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

main terminal branch of the lateral cord, courses within the anterior arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

median nerve

A

innervates most muscles of the anterior forearm and the lateral palm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

ulnar nerve

A

branches off the medial cord of the brachial plexus, then descends along the medial side of the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

axillary nerve

A

branch of the posterior cord, runs posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus and innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles; its sensory fibers supply the capsule of the shoulder joint and the skin covering the inferior half of the deltoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

radial nerve

A

a contiuation of the posterior cord, is the largest branch of the brachial plexus, innervating almost the entire posterior side of the uper limb, including all the limb extensor muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

lumbar plexus

A

arises from the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L4) and lies within the psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall

77
Q

femoral nerve

A

largest terminal branch of the lumbar plexus, runs deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh

78
Q

obturator nerve

A

passes through the large obturator foramen of the pelvis, enters the medial compartment of the thigh, and innervates the adductor muscle group, plus some skin on the supermedial thigh

79
Q

sacral plexus

A

arises from spinal nerves L4-S4 and lies immediatle caudal to the lumbar plexus

80
Q

sciatic nerve

A

thickest and longest nerve in the body, supplies all of the lower limb except the anterior and medial regions of the thigh (two nerves, tibial and common fibular nerves, wrapped in a common sheath)

81
Q

tibial nerve

A

courses through the popliteal fossa and then descends through the calf deep to the soleus muscle

82
Q

common fibular nerve

A

(perone=fibula) aka common peroneal nerve, supplies most structures on the anterolateral aspect of the leg

83
Q

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

A

supplies the fibular muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg and most of the skin on the superior surface of the foot

84
Q

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

A

serves th muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg–the extensors that dorsiflex the foot

85
Q

superior and inferior gletal nerves

A

innervate the gluteal muscles

86
Q

pudendal nerve

A

”"”shameful”” innervates the muscles and skin of the perineum, helps stimulate erection, and is responsible for voluntary inhibition of defecation and urination”

87
Q

pudendal nerve block

A

injection needle is inserted just medial to the ischial tuberosity

88
Q

“Hilton’s law”

A

any nerve that innevates a muscles producing movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself (and the skin over it)

89
Q

dermatome

A

”"”skin segment””, the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous braches from a single spinal nerve”

90
Q

shingles (herpes zoster)

A

varicella-zoster viral infection of sensory neurons innervating the skin; characterized by a rash of scaly, painful blisters usually confined to a narrow strip of skin on one side of the trunk, usually to one or several adjacent dermatomes

91
Q

postherpetic neuralgia

A

a condition that occurs if the zoster virus damages the sensory nerve fibers and disrupts the sonsory pathways; sensory signals from the skin are exaggerated and even a light touch or a slight temperature change causes excruciating pain

92
Q

migraine headachs

A

“extremely painful, episodic headaches that affect 1 billion people worldwide, relate to the sensory innervation of the brain’s cerebral arteries by the trigeminal nerve: a signal from the brain stem causes the sensory nerve endings of the opthalmic division to release chemicals onto the ceral arteries that they innervate, signaling these arteries to dilate, which then compresses and irritates these sensory nerve endings causing the headache”

93
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

“refers to any pathologic condition of the peripheral nerves that disrupts nerve function; if an iddividual nerve is affected, it’s a mononeuropathy, if multiple nerves are involved, it is a polyneuropothy; symptoms vary but include paresthesia, severe pain, burning, or loss of feeling; muscle weakness or paralysis”

94
Q

ectodermal placodes

A

”"”platelike””, plate-shaped thickenings of the head ectoderm, develop into some of the special senses sensory neurons”

95
Q

pick up stimuli from inside and outside the body and then initiate impulses in sensory axons, which carry the impulse to the CNS

A

sensory receptors

96
Q

bundles of peripheral axons

A

nerves

97
Q

terminal boutons of motor neurons that innervate the effector organs, muscles, and glands

A

motor endings

98
Q

structures that pick up sensory stimuli and then initiate signals in the sensory axons; most fit into two main categories: free nerve endings of sensory neurons and complete receptor cells

A

peripheral sensory receptors

99
Q

sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body; most located at or near the body surface and include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature in the skin and most receptors of the special sense organs

A

exteroceptors

100
Q

aka veseroceptors, receive stimuli from the internal viscera e.g. digestive tube, bladder, and lungs; different ones monitor a variety of stimuli, including changes in chemical concentration, taste stimuli, the stretching of tissues, and temperature; their activation causes us to feel visceral pain, nausea, hunger, orfullness

A

interoceptors

101
Q

located in the musculoskeletal organs, e.g. skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments; monitor the degree of stretch of these locomotory organs and send input on body movemeents to the CNS

A

proprieceptors

102
Q

respond to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, stretch, and vibrations

A

mechanoreceptors

103
Q

mechanoreceptor that monitors blood pressure

A

baroreceptor

104
Q

respond to temperature changes

A

thermoreceptors

105
Q

respond to chemicals in solution (such as molecules tasted or smelled) and to changes in blood chemistry

A

chemoreceptors

106
Q

in the eye respond to light

A

photoreceptors

107
Q

(noci=harm), respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain

A

nociceptors

108
Q

nerve endings of sensory neurons that monitor touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, pain, temperatur, and proprioception; two broad groups: free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue

A

general sensory receptors

109
Q

invade almost all tissues of the body but are particularly abundant in epithelia and in the connective tissue that underlies epithelia; primarily nociceptors and thermoreceptors; monitor the affective sense, those to which people have an emotional response

A

free nerve endings

110
Q

aka Merkel discs, lie in the epidermis of the skin; each consists of a disc-shaped tactile epithelial cell innervated by a sensory nerve ending

A

epithelial tactile complexes

111
Q

continue to respond and send out action potentials even after a long period of contiual stimulation

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

112
Q

free nerve endings that wrap around hair follicles, mechanoreceptors for light touch that monitor the bending of hairs (rapidly adapting)

A

hair follicle receptors

113
Q

sensation disappears quickly even if the stimulus is maintained

A

rapidly adapting

114
Q

consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue

A

encapsulated nerve endings

115
Q

“aka Meissner’s corpuscle, a few spiraling nerve endings are surrounded by Schwann cells, which in turn are surrounded by an egg-shaped capsule of connective tissue; occur in the dermal papillae beneath the epidermis; rapidly adapting receptors for fine, discriminative touch; mainly occur in sensitive and hairless areas of the skin e.g. soles, palms, fingertips, nipples, lips”

A

tactile corpuscles

116
Q

aka Pacinian corpuscles, scattered throughout the deep connective tissues of the body e.g. in the subcutaneous tissue deep to the skin; respond only to the initial application of pressure before they tire and stop firing (rapidly adapting receptors), best suited to moitory vibration; ~0.5-1mm wide and 1-2mm long

A

lamellar corpuscles

117
Q

aka Ruffini endings, located in the dermis and elsewhere, contain an array of nerve endings enclosed in a thin, flattened capsule; adapt slowly and thus can monitory continuous pressure placed on the skin

A

bulbous corpuscles

118
Q

virtually all are encapsulated nerve endings that monitor stretch in the locomotory organs; include muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kenesthetic receptors

A

proprioceptors

119
Q

(neuromuscular spindles), measure the changing length of a muscle as that muscle contracts and is stretched back to its original length; an average muscle contains 50-100, which are embedded in the perimysium between tho fascicles

A

muscle spindles

120
Q

(intra=within, fusal=the spindal), each spindle contains several modified skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

121
Q

(extra=outside), the ordinary muscle cells outside the spindles, have more striations that the intrafusal muscle fibers

A

extrafusal muscle fibers

122
Q

aka primary sensory endings, twirl around the noncontractile middle of the intrafusal fibers innervating the spindle center; these receptors are stimulated by the rate and degree of stretch of the muscle spindle

A

anulospiral endings

123
Q

(secondary sensory endings), monitor the spindle ends (the only contractile parts of the spindle) and respond only to degree of stretch

A

flower spray endings

124
Q

spinal motor neurons that cause the entire muscle (extrafusal fibers) to generate conractile force and resist further stretch

A

alpha efferent neurons

125
Q

neurons preset the sensitivity of the spindle to stretch, most active when balance reflexes must be razor sharp

A

gamma efferent neurons

126
Q

aka Golgi tendon organs, proprioceptors located near the muscle-tendon junction, where they monitor tension within tendons; each consists of an encapsulated bundle of tendon fibers (collagen fibers) whithin wihch sensory nerve endings are intertwined; relaxation reflex is important in motor activities that involve rapid alternation between flexion and extension

A

tendon organs

127
Q

”"”movement feeling””, proprioceptors that monitor stretch in the synovial joints, specifically, they they are sensory nerve endings within the joint capsules”

A

joint kinesthetic receptors

128
Q

these rapidly adapting stretch receptors are idal for measuring acceleration and rapid movement of the joints

A

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

129
Q

these slowly adapting stretch receptors are ideal for measuring the positions of nonmoving joints and the stretch of joints that undergo slow, sustained movements

A

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

130
Q

may be pain receptors

A

free nerve endings (joints)

131
Q

their function in joints is not known

A

receptors resembling tendon organs

132
Q

“12 pairs that attach to the brain and pass through various foramina in the skull; numbered from I through XII in a rostral to coudal direction; first two pairs attach to the forebrain, the rest to the brain stem<br></br>"”Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AH!”””

A

cranial nerves

133
Q

this is the sensory nerve of smell

A

I. Olfactory

134
Q

because it develops as an outgrowth of the brain, this sensory nerve of vision is not a true nerve at all; it is more correctly called a brain tract

A

II. Optic

135
Q

”"”eye mover””, this nerve innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles–muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit”

A

III. Oculomotor

136
Q

”"”pulley””, this nerve innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit”

A

IV. Trochlear

137
Q

”"”threefold””, which refers to this nerve’s three major branches; the nerve provides general sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles”

A

V. Trigeminal

138
Q

this nerve was so named because it innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns the eye laterally)

A

VI. Abducens

139
Q

this nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression as well as other structures

A

VII. Facial

140
Q

This sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium was once called the auditory nerve

A

XIII. Vestibulocochlear

141
Q

”"”tongue and pharynx””, structures that this nerve helps to innervate”

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

142
Q

”"”vagabond”” or ““wanderer””, this nerve ““wanders”” beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen”

A

X. Vagus

143
Q

once called the spinal accessory nerve; originates from the cervical region of the spinal cord, enters the skull through the foramen magnum, and exits the skull with the vagus nerve; carries motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

XI. Accessory

144
Q

”"”below the tongue””, this nerve runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles”

A

XII. Hypoglossal

145
Q

lie along some cranial nerves (V, VII-X) just external to the bran; directly comparable to the dorsal root ganglie on teh spinal nerves

A

cranial sensory ganglia

146
Q

(I, II, VIII) that contain special sensory fibers for smell (I), vision (II), and hearing and equilibrium (VIII)

A

primarily or exclusively sensory nerves

147
Q

(III, IV, VI, XI, XII) that contain somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the eye, neck, and tongue

A

primarily motor nerves

148
Q

(V, VII, IX, X), these mixed nerves supply sensory innervation to the face (through general somatic sensory fibers) and to the mouth and viscera (general visceral sensory), including the taste buds for the sense of taste (specialy visceral sensory); these nerves also innervate pharyngeal arch muscles (somatic motor), such as the chewing mucles (V) and the muscles of facial expression (VII)

A

mixed (motor and sensory) nerves

149
Q

thirty-one pairs, each containing thousands of nerve fibers, attach to the spinal cord; named accourding to their paint of issue from the vertebral column: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)

A

spinal nerves

150
Q

attach along the whole length of the corresponding spinal cord segment

A

rootlets

151
Q

contains the axonal processes of sensory neurons arising from cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion

A

dorsal root

152
Q

contains the axonal processes of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord

A

ventral root

153
Q

supply the dorsum of the neck and the back

A

dorsal ramus/i

154
Q

supply the anterior and lateral regions of the neck and trunk, and all regions of the limbs

A

ventral ramus/i

155
Q

supply the intercostal muscles, the skin of the anterior and lateral thorax, and most of the abdominal wall inferior to the rib cage

A

intercostal nerves

156
Q

network of nerves; the ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2-T12 branch and join one another lateral to the vertebral column, forming __(es)

A

nerve plexus

157
Q

buried deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and extends into the posterior triangle of the next; formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves; forms an irregular series of interconnecting loops from which branches arise

A

cervical plexus

158
Q

(cutane=skin), carry sensory impulses from the skin (cervical plexus: skin of the neck, the back of the head, and the most superior part of the shoulder)

A

sutaneous nerves

159
Q

receives fibers from spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5, courses inferiorly through the thorax and innervates the diaphragm, providing somatic motor and sensory innervation to this most vital respiratory muscle

A

phrenic nerve

160
Q

lies partly in the neck and partly in the axilla (armpit) and gives rise to almost all of the nerves that supply the upper limb; formed by the wentral rami of cervical nerves C5-C8 and most of the ventral ramus of T1, may recive small contributions from C4 or T2

A

brachial plexus

161
Q

ventral rami C5-T1, lie deep to the sternocleidomastoid; at the lateral border of this muscle, these rami unite to form the upper, middle, and lower trunks, each of which branches into and anterior and posterior division

A

roots of the brachial plexus

162
Q

anterior divisions from the upper and middle trunks give rise to the _

A

lateral cord

163
Q

anterior division from the lower trunk forms the _

A

medial cord

164
Q

composed of the posterior divisions of all three trunks (upper, middle, lower)

A

posterior cord

165
Q

main terminal branch of the lateral cord, courses within the anterior arm

A

musculocutaneous nerve

166
Q

innervates most muscles of the anterior forearm and the lateral palm

A

median nerve

167
Q

branches off the medial cord of the brachial plexus, then descends along the medial side of the arm

A

ulnar nerve

168
Q

branch of the posterior cord, runs posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus and innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles; its sensory fibers supply the capsule of the shoulder joint and the skin covering the inferior half of the deltoid muscle

A

axillary nerve

169
Q

a contiuation of the posterior cord, is the largest branch of the brachial plexus, innervating almost the entire posterior side of the uper limb, including all the limb extensor muscles

A

radial nerve

170
Q

arises from the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L4) and lies within the psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar plexus

171
Q

largest terminal branch of the lumbar plexus, runs deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh

A

femoral nerve

172
Q

passes through the large obturator foramen of the pelvis, enters the medial compartment of the thigh, and innervates the adductor muscle group, plus some skin on the supermedial thigh

A

obturator nerve

173
Q

arises from spinal nerves L4-S4 and lies immediatle caudal to the lumbar plexus

A

sacral plexus

174
Q

thickest and longest nerve in the body, supplies all of the lower limb except the anterior and medial regions of the thigh (two nerves, tibial and common fibular nerves, wrapped in a common sheath)

A

sciatic nerve

175
Q

courses through the popliteal fossa and then descends through the calf deep to the soleus muscle

A

tibial nerve

176
Q

(perone=fibula) aka common peroneal nerve, supplies most structures on the anterolateral aspect of the leg

A

common fibular nerve

177
Q

supplies the fibular muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg and most of the skin on the superior surface of the foot

A

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

178
Q

serves the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg–the extensors that dorsiflex the foot

A

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

179
Q

innervate the gluteal muscles

A

superior and inferior gletal nerves

180
Q

”"”shameful”” innervates the muscles and skin of the perineum, helps stimulate erection, and is responsible for voluntary inhibition of defecation and urination”

A

pudendal nerve

181
Q

injection needle is inserted just medial to the ischial tuberosity

A

pudendal nerve block

182
Q

any nerve that innevates a muscles producing movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself (and the skin over it)

A

“Hilton’s law”

183
Q

”"”skin segment””, the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous braches from a single spinal nerve”

A

dermatome

184
Q

varicella-zoster viral infection of sensory neurons innervating the skin; characterized by a rash of scaly, painful blisters usually confined to a narrow strip of skin on one side of the trunk, usually to one or several adjacent dermatomes

A

shingles (herpes zoster)

185
Q

a condition that occurs if the zoster virus damages the sensory nerve fibers and disrupts the sonsory pathways; sensory signals from the skin are exaggerated and even a light touch or a slight temperature change causes excruciating pain

A

postherpetic neuralgia

186
Q

“extremely painful, episodic headaches that affect 1 billion people worldwide, relate to the sensory innervation of the brain’s cerebral arteries by the trigeminal nerve: a signal from the brain stem causes the sensory nerve endings of the opthalmic division to release chemicals onto the ceral arteries that they innervate, signaling these arteries to dilate, which then compresses and irritates these sensory nerve endings causing the headache”

A

migraine headachs

187
Q

“refers to any pathologic condition of the peripheral nerves that disrupts nerve function; if an iddividual nerve is affected, it’s a mononeuropathy, if multiple nerves are involved, it is a polyneuropothy; symptoms vary but include paresthesia, severe pain, burning, or loss of feeling; muscle weakness or paralysis”

A

peripheral neuropathy

188
Q

”"”platelike””, plate-shaped thickenings of the head ectoderm, develop into some of the special senses sensory neurons”

A

ectodermal placodes