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Anatomy > Anatomy_ Muscle Tables_3 > Flashcards

Anatomy_ Muscle Tables_3 Flashcards

1
Q

adductor brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–body and inferior ramus of pubis<br></br>I–linea aspera above adductor longus

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2
Q

adductor magnus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of femur

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3
Q

gluteus maximus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx<br></br>I–gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract

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4
Q

gluteus medius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium<br></br>I–by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur

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5
Q

gluteus minimus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on external surface of ilium<br></br>I–anterior border of greater trochanter of femur

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6
Q

biceps femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial tuberosity (longe head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and distal femur (short head)<br></br>I–common tendon passes downward and latterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

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7
Q

semitendinosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

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8
Q

semimembranosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial condyle of tibia; through oblique ligament of knee to lateral condyle of femur

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9
Q

piriformis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–anterolateral surface of sacrum (opposite greater sciatic notch)<br></br>I–superior border of greater trochanter of femur

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10
Q

obturator externus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–outer surface of obturator membrane, external surface of pubis and ischium, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–by a tendon into trochanteric fossa of posterior femur

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11
Q

obturator internus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–inner surface of obturator membrane, greater sciatic notch, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–greater trochanter in front of piriformis

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12
Q

gemellus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial spine (superior); ischial tuberosity (inferior)<br></br>I–greater trochanter of femur

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13
Q

quadratus femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–intertrochanteric crest of femur

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14
Q

tibialis anterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone

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15
Q

extensor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–lateral condyle of tibia; proximal three-fourths of fibula; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V via extensor expansion

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16
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal

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17
Q

extensor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–anteriomedial fibula shaft and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on distal phalanx of great toe

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18
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–head and upper portion of lateral side of fibula<br></br>I–by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

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19
Q

fibularis (peroneus) brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–distal fibula shaft<br></br>I–by tendon running behind lateral malleolus to insert on proximal end of fifth metatarsal

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20
Q

gastrocnemius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–by two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur<br></br>I–posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

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21
Q

soleus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–as for gastrocnemius (posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon)

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22
Q

plantaris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–posterior femur above lateral condyle<br></br>I–via a long, thin tendon into calcaneous or calcaneal tendon

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23
Q

popliteus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus of knee<br></br>I–proximal tibia

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24
Q

flexor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–extensive origin on the posterior tibia<br></br>I–tendon runs behind medial malleolus and splits to insert into distal phalanges of toes II-V

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25
Q

flexor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–middle part of shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe

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26
Q

tibialis posterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–superior tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV

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27
Q

extensor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–anterior part of calcaneus bone; extensor retinaculum<br></br>I–base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV

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28
Q

flexor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–calcaneal tuberosity<br></br>I–middle phalanx of toes II-IV

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29
Q

abductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum<br></br>I–proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis

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30
Q

flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–medial and lateral sides of calcaneus<br></br>I–tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole

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31
Q

flexor hallucis brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones<br></br>I–via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it

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32
Q

adductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

O–from bases of metatarsals II-IV and from sheath of fibularis longus tedon (oblique head); from a ligament across metatarsophalangeal joints (transverse head)<br></br>I–base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side

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33
Q

plantar and dorsal interossei: origin (O) and insertion (I)

A

see palmar and dorsal interossei:<br></br>O–O–the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III<br></br>I–extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot<br></br>O–sides of metatarsals<br></br>I–extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III

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34
Q

frontal belly: action

A

with aponeurosis fixed, elevates the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally

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35
Q

occipital belly: action

A

fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

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36
Q

corrugator supercilli: action

A

draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically

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37
Q

orbicularios oculi: action

A

closes eye; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly

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38
Q

zygomaticus: action

A

raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling muscle)

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39
Q

orbicularis oris: action

A

closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and whistling muscle

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40
Q

mentalis: action

A

wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip

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41
Q

platysma: action

A

tenses skin of neck (eg., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down

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42
Q

risorius: action

A

draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist of zigomaticus

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43
Q

levator labii superioris: action

A

opens libs; elevates and furrows the upper lip

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44
Q

depressor labii inferioris: action

A

depresses lower lip (as in a pout)

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45
Q

depressor anguli oris: action

A

draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally (as in a frown); zygomaticus antagonist

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46
Q

buccinator: action

A

compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking); draws corner of mouth laterally: holds food between teeth during chewing; well developed in nursing infants

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47
Q

masseter: action

A

closes jaw; elevates mandible

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48
Q

temporalis: action

A

closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible; maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep anterior part may help protract mandible

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49
Q

medial pterygoid: action

A

acts with lateral pterygoid muscle to protract mandible and to produce side-to-side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalist and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible

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50
Q

lateral pterygoid: action

A

protracts mandible and produces side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth

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51
Q

genioglossus: action

A

protracts tongue; can depress or, in cerent with other extrinsic muscles, retract tongue

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52
Q

hyoglossus: action

A

depresses tongue and draws its sides inferiorly

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53
Q

styloglossus: action

A

retracts and elevates tongue

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54
Q

digastric: action

A

open moth and depress mandible; acting together, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech

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55
Q

stylohyoid: action

A

elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating floor of mouth during swallowing

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56
Q

mylohyoid: action

A

elevates hyid bone and floor of mouth, enabling tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that forces food bolus into pharynx

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57
Q

geniohyoid: action

A

elevates and protracts the hyoid, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food during swallowing

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58
Q

sternohyoid: action

A

depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed

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59
Q

sternothyroid: action

A

depresses larynx and hyoid bone

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60
Q

omohyoid: action

A

depresses and retracts hyoid bone

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61
Q

thyrohyoid: action

A

depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed

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62
Q

sternocleidomastoid: action

A

flexes and laterally rotates the head; simultaneous contraction of both muscles causes neck flexion; acting alone, each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes head to its own side

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63
Q

scalenes: action

A

elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and rotate neck

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64
Q

splenius: action

A

extend the head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side

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65
Q

iliocostalis: action

A

extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side

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66
Q

longissimus: action

A

thtoracis and cervicis act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; acting on one side causes lateral flexion; capitis extends and rotates the head toward same side

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67
Q

spinalis: action

A

extends vertebral column

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68
Q

semispinalis: action

A

extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle of opposite side

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69
Q

quadratus lumborum: action

A

flexes vertebral column laterally when acting separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is extended, and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright posture; assists in forced inspiration

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70
Q

external intercostals: action

A

with first ribs fixed by scalene muscles, the external intercostals pull ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aid in inspiration; synergists of diaphragm

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71
Q

internal intercostals: action

A

with 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum, muscles of posterior abdominal wall, and oblique muscles of the abdominal wall, the internal intercostals draw ribs together and depress rib cage; aid in forced expiration; antagonistic to external intercostals

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72
Q

diphragm: action

A

prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure

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73
Q

external oblique: action

A

flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

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74
Q

internal oblique: action

A

as for external oblique: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

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75
Q

transversus abdominis: action

A

compresses abdominal contents

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76
Q

rectus abdominis: action

A

flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups/curls

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77
Q

levator ani: action

A

supports and maintains position of pelvic organs; resists downward throusts that accompany rises in intrapelvic pressure during coughing, vomiting, and expulsive efforts of abdominal muscles; forms sphincters at anorectal junction and vagina; lifts anal canal during defecation

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78
Q

coccygeus: action

A

supports pelvic organs; supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth

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79
Q

deep transverse perineal muscle: action

A

supports pelvic organs; steadies the perineal body

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80
Q

external urethral sphincter: action

A

constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of urination; helps support pelvic organs

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81
Q

ischocaveronsus: action

A

retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris

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82
Q

bulbospongiosus: action

A

empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis and clitoris

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83
Q

superficial transverse perineal muscle: action

A

stabilizes and strengthens the perineal body

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84
Q

pectoralis minor: action

A

with ribs fixed, protracts and rotates scapula downward; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly

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85
Q

surratus anterior: action

A

“rotates scapula upward; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching); called ““boxer’s muscle”””

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86
Q

subclavius: action

A

helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

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87
Q

trapezius: action

A

stabilizes, elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging shoulders) or can help extend head when scapula is fixed; inferior fibers depress scapula (and shoulder)

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88
Q

levator scapulae: action

A

elevates and adducts scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius; rotate scapulae downward; when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side

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89
Q

rhomboids: action

A

“stabilize scapula; act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus ““squaring shoulders””; rotate scapulae downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance; e.g., paddling a canoe)”

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90
Q

pectoralis major: action

A

prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapula (and arm) fixed, pulls rib cage upward, and thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing, and in forced inspiration

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91
Q

deltoid: action

A

prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, which adduct the arm; if only anterior fibers are active, can act powerfully in flexion and medial rotation of arm, and is therefore synergist of pectoralis major; if only posterior fibers are active, causes extension and lateral rotation of arm; active during rhythmic arm swinging movements during walking

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92
Q

latissimus dorsi: action

A

prime mover of arm extension; adduction and medial rotation of arm; it plays an important role in bringing the arm down in a power stroke, as in striking a blow, hammering, and swimming; with arms reaching overhead, it pulls the rest of the ody upward and forward, as in chin-ups

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93
Q

teres major: action

A

extends, medially rotates, and adducts the arm; synergist of latissimus dorsi

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94
Q

subscapularis: action

A

medically rotates arm; assisted by pectoralis major; hepls to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing shoulder joint

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95
Q

supraspinatus: action

A

initiates abduction of arm; stabilizes shoulder joint; helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus, as when carrying a heavy suitcase

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96
Q

infraspinatus: action

A

laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint

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97
Q

teres minor: action

A

same actions as infraspinatus muscle: laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint)

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98
Q

coracobrachialis: action

A

flexion and adduction of arm; synergist of pectoralis major

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99
Q

triceps brachii: action

A

powerful forearm extensor (prime mover, particularly medial head); antagonist of forearm flexors; long and lateral heads mainly active in extension against resistance; long head tendon may help stabilize shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction

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100
Q

anconeus: action

A

abducts ulna during forearm pronation; synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension

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101
Q

brachioradialis: action

A

synergist in forearm flexion; acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semipronated, as when carrying luggage; stabilizes the elbow during rapid flexion and extension

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102
Q

biceps brachii: action

A

flexes and supinates forearm; these actions usually occur at some time (e.g., when you open a bottle of wine it turns the corkscrew and pulls the cork); weak flexor of arm at shoulder

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103
Q

brachialis: action

A

flexes forearm (lifts ulna as biceps lifts the radius)

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104
Q

pronator teres: action

A

pronates forearm; weak flexor of forearm

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105
Q

flexor carpi radialis: action

A

powerful flexor of hand; abducts hand; weak synergist of forearm flexion

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106
Q

palmaris longus: action

A

tenses skin and fascia of falm during hand movements; weak hand flexor; weak synergist for forearm flexion

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107
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris: action

A

flexes and adducts hand with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle); stabilizes wrist during finger extension

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108
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis: action

A

flexes hand and middle phalanges of fingersII-V; the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance ar required

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109
Q

flexor pollicis longus: action

A

flexes distal phalanx of thumb

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110
Q

flexor digitorum profundus: action

A

flexes distal interphalangeal joints; slow-acting flexor of any or all fingers; assists in flexing hand

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111
Q

pronator quadratus: action

A

prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius together

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112
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus: action

A

extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts hand in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis

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113
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis: action

A

extends and abducts hand; acts synergistically with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist during finger flexion

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114
Q

extensor digitorum: action

A

prime mover of finger extension; extends hand; can abduct (flare) fingers

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115
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris: action

A

extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts hand in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris

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116
Q

supinator: action

A

assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm; works alone in slow supination; antagonist of pronator muscles

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117
Q

abductor pollicis longus: action

A

abducts and extends thumb

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118
Q

extensor pollicis brevis and longus: action

A

extends thumb

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119
Q

extensor indicis: action

A

extends index finger and assists in hand extension

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120
Q

abductor pollicis brevis: action

A

abducts thumb (at carpometacarpal joint)

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121
Q

flexor pollicis brevis: action

A

flexes thumb (at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints)

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122
Q

opponens pollicis: action

A

opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of little finger

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123
Q

adductor pollicis: action

A

adducts and helps to oppose thumb

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124
Q

abductor digiti minimi: action

A

abducts little finger at metacarpopholangeal joint<br></br>abducts and flexes little toe

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125
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis: action

A

flexes little finger[toe] at metacarpo[tarso]phalangeal joint

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126
Q

opponens digit minimi: action

A

helps in opposition: brings metacarpal V toward thumb to cup the hand

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127
Q

lumbricals: action

A

by pulling on the extensor expansion over the first phalanx, they flex fingers[toes] at metacarpo[tarso]phalongeal joints but extend fingers[toes] at interphalangeal joints<br></br>

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128
Q

palmar interossei: action

A

adduct fingers; pull fingers in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints

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129
Q

dorsal interossei: action

A

abduct fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints

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130
Q

iliacus: action

A

iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing)

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131
Q

psoas major: action

A

as above: iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing); also causes lateral flexion of vertebral column; important postural muscle

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132
Q

tensor fasciae latae: action

A

steadies trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh

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133
Q

sartorius: action

A

flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg (weak) as in a soccer kick; helps produce the cross-legged position

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134
Q

rectus femoris: action

A

extends leg and flexes thigh

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135
Q

vastus lateralis: action

A

extends leg and stabilizes knee

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136
Q

vastus medialis: action

A

extends leg; inferior fibers stabilize patella

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137
Q

vastus intermedius: action

A

extends leg

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138
Q

pectineus: action

A

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

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139
Q

gracilis: action

A

adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg, especially during walking

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140
Q

adductor longus: action

A

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

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141
Q

adductor brevis: action

A

adducts and medially rotates thigh

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142
Q

adductor magnus: action

A

anterior part adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh; posterior part is a synergist of hamstrings in thigh extension

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143
Q

gluteus maximus: action

A

major extensor of thigh; complex, powerful, and most effective when thigh is flexed and force is necessary, as in climbing stairs and running; generally inactive during standing and walking; laterally rotates and abducts thigh

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144
Q

gluteus medius: action

A

abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground

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145
Q

gluteus minimus: action

A

as for gluteus medius: abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground

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146
Q

biceps femoris: action

A

extends thigh and flexes leg; laterally rotates leg when knee is semiflexed

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147
Q

semitendinosus: action

A

extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

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148
Q

semimembranosus: action

A

extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

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149
Q

piriformis: action

A

rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

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150
Q

obturator externus: action

A

as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

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151
Q

obturator internus: action

A

as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

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152
Q

gemellus: action

A

as for piriformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

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153
Q

quadratus femoris: action

A

rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint

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154
Q

tibialis anterior: action

A

prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot; assists in supporting medial longitudinal arch of foot

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155
Q

extensor digitorum longus: action

A

prime mover of toe extension (acts mainly at metatarsophalangeal joints); dorsiflexes foot

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156
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius: action

A

dorsiflexes and everts foot

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157
Q

extensor hallucis longus: action

A

extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot

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158
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus: action

A

plantar flexes and everts foot

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159
Q

fibularis (peronius) brevis: action

A

plantar flexes and everts food

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160
Q

gastrocnemius: action

A

plantar flexes foot when leg is extended; because it also crosses knee joint, it can flex leg when foot is dorsiflexed

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161
Q

soleus: action

A

plantar flexes foot; important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running, and dancing

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162
Q

plantaris: action

A

assists in leg flexion and plantar flexion of foot

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163
Q

popliteus: action

A

flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins; with tibia fixed, rotates thigh laterally

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164
Q

flexor digitorum longus: action

A

“flantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes toes; helps foot ““grip”” ground”

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165
Q

flexor hallucis longus: action

A

“plantar flexes an inverts foot; flexes great toe at all joints; ““push off”” muscle during walking”

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166
Q

tibialis posterior: action

A

prime mover of foot inversion; plantar flexes foot; stabilizes medial longitudinal arch of foot

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167
Q

extensor digitorum brevis: action

A

helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints

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168
Q

flexor digitorum brevis: action

A

flexes toes

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169
Q

abductor hallucis: action

A

abducts great toe

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170
Q

flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): action

A

straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus

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171
Q

flexor hallucis brevis: action

A

flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

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172
Q

adductor hallucis: action

A

helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe

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173
Q

plantar and dorsal interossei: action

A

see palmar and dorsal interossei:<br></br>adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints<br></br>abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints

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174
Q

epicranius (occipitofrontalis)

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly

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175
Q

frontal belly: nerve supply

A

facial nerve (cranial VII)

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176
Q

frontal belly

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the scalp

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177
Q

occipital belly

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the scalp

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178
Q

occipital belly: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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179
Q

corrugator supercilii

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)

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180
Q

corrugator supercilii: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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181
Q

orbicularis oculi: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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182
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(orb=circular, ocul=eye)

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183
Q

zygomaticus

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>major and minor<br></br>(zygomatic=cheekbone)

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184
Q

zygomaticus: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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185
Q

orbicularis oris

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(or=mouth)

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186
Q

orbicularis oris: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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187
Q

mentalis: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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188
Q

mentalis

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(ment=chin)

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189
Q

platysma

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(platy=broad, flat)

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190
Q

platysma: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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191
Q

risorius

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(risor=laughter)

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192
Q

risorius: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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193
Q

levator labii superioris

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)

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194
Q

levator labii superioris: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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195
Q

depressor labii inferioris: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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196
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(depressor=depresses, infer=below)

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197
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)

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198
Q

depressor anguli oris: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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199
Q

buccinator

A

“muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of the face, muscles of mastication<br></br>(bucc=cheek or ““trumpeter””)”

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200
Q

buccinator: nerve supply

A

facial nerve (cranial VII)

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201
Q

masseter

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(maseter=chewer)

202
Q

masseter: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V)

203
Q

temporalis

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)

204
Q

temporalis: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

205
Q

medial pterygoid

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)

206
Q

medial pterygoid: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

207
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(lateral=away from median plane)

208
Q

lateral pterygoid: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

209
Q

genioglossus

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promotingtongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)

210
Q

genioglossus: nerve supply

A

hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)

211
Q

hyoglossus

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)

212
Q

hyoglossus: nerve supply

A

hypoglossal nerve

213
Q

styloglossus

A

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)

214
Q

styloglussus: nerve supply

A

hypoglossal nerve

215
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone

216
Q

digastric

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(di=two, gaster=belly)

217
Q

digastric: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V) for anterior belly; facial nerve (cranial VII) for posterior belly

218
Q

stylohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles

219
Q

stylohyoid: nerve supply

A

facial nerve

220
Q

mylohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(myle=molar)

221
Q

mylohyoid: nerve supply

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

222
Q

geniohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(geni=chin)<br></br>

223
Q

geniohyoid: nerve supply

A

first cervical spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)

224
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

225
Q

sternohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(sterno=sternum)

226
Q

sternohyoid: nerve supply

A

C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

227
Q

sternothyroid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(thyro=thyroid cartilage)

228
Q

sternothyroid: nerve supply

A

as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

229
Q

omohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(omo=shoulder)

230
Q

omohyoid: nerve supply

A

as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

231
Q

thyrohyoid

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles

232
Q

thyrohyoid: nerve supply

A

first cervical nerve via hypoglossal

233
Q

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

A

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>pharyngeal constrictor muscles

234
Q

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors: nerve supply

A

pharyngeal plexus [branches of vagus nerve (cranial X)]

235
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>anterolateral neck muscles<br></br>(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)

236
Q

sternocleidomastoid: nerve supply

A

accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI); cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 (ventral rami)

237
Q

scalenes

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>anterolateral neck muscles<br></br>anterior, middle, and posterior<br></br>(scalene=uneven)

238
Q

scalenes: nerve supply

A

cervical spinal nerves

239
Q

splenius

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>capitis and cervicis portions<br></br>(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)

240
Q

splenius: nerve supply

A

cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

241
Q

iliocostalis

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and neck extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions<br></br>(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)

242
Q

iliocostalis: nerve supply

A

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

243
Q

longissimus

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral culmun, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br><br></br>thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)

244
Q

longissimus: nerve supply

A

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

245
Q

spinalis

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>theracis and cervicis parts<br></br>(spin=vertibral column, spine)

246
Q

spinalis: nerve supply

A

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

247
Q

semispinalis

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions<br></br>(semi=half, thorac=thorax)

248
Q

semispinalis: nerve supply

A

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

249
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)

250
Q

quadratus lumborum: nerve supply

A

T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves (ventral rami)

251
Q

O–body and inferior ramus of pubis<br></br>I–linea aspera above adductor longus

A

adductor brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

252
Q

O–ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of femur

A

adductor magnus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

253
Q

O–dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx<br></br>I–gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract

A

gluteus maximus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

254
Q

O–between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium<br></br>I–by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur

A

gluteus medius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

255
Q

O–between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on external surface of ilium<br></br>I–anterior border of greater trochanter of femur

A

gluteus minimus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

256
Q

O–ischial tuberosity (longe head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and distal femur (short head)<br></br>I–common tendon passes downward and latterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

A

biceps femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

257
Q

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

A

semitendinosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

258
Q

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial condyle of tibia; through oblique ligament of knee to lateral condyle of femur

A

semimembranosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

259
Q

O–anterolateral surface of sacrum (opposite greater sciatic notch)<br></br>I–superior border of greater trochanter of femur

A

piriformis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

260
Q

O–outer surface of obturator membrane, external surface of pubis and ischium, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–by a tendon into trochanteric fossa of posterior femur

A

obturator externus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

261
Q

O–inner surface of obturator membrane, greater sciatic notch, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–greater trochanter in front of piriformis

A

obturator internus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

262
Q

O–ischial spine (superior); ischial tuberosity (inferior)<br></br>I–greater trochanter of femur

A

gemellus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

263
Q

O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–intertrochanteric crest of femur

A

quadratus femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

264
Q

O–lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone

A

tibialis anterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)

265
Q

O–lateral condyle of tibia; proximal three-fourths of fibula; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V via extensor expansion

A

extensor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

266
Q

O–distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal

A

fibularis (peroneus) tertius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

267
Q

O–anteriomedial fibula shaft and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on distal phalanx of great toe

A

extensor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

268
Q

O–head and upper portion of lateral side of fibula<br></br>I–by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

269
Q

O–distal fibula shaft<br></br>I–by tendon running behind lateral malleolus to insert on proximal end of fifth metatarsal

A

fibularis (peroneus) brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

270
Q

O–by two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur<br></br>I–posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A

gastrocnemius: origin (O) and insertion (I)

271
Q

O–extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–as for gastrocnemius (posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon)

A

soleus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

272
Q

O–posterior femur above lateral condyle<br></br>I–via a long, thin tendon into calcaneous or calcaneal tendon

A

plantaris: origin (O) and insertion (I)

273
Q

O–lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus of knee<br></br>I–proximal tibia

A

popliteus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

274
Q

O–extensive origin on the posterior tibia<br></br>I–tendon runs behind medial malleolus and splits to insert into distal phalanges of toes II-V

A

flexor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

275
Q

O–middle part of shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe

A

flexor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)

276
Q

O–superior tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV

A

tibialis posterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)

277
Q

O–anterior part of calcaneus bone; extensor retinaculum<br></br>I–base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV

A

extensor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

278
Q

O–calcaneal tuberosity<br></br>I–middle phalanx of toes II-IV

A

flexor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

279
Q

O–calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum<br></br>I–proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis

A

abductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

280
Q

O–medial and lateral sides of calcaneus<br></br>I–tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole

A

flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): origin (O) and insertion (I)

281
Q

O–lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones<br></br>I–via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it

A

flexor hallucis brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

282
Q

O–from bases of metatarsals II-IV and from sheath of fibularis longus tedon (oblique head); from a ligament across metatarsophalangeal joints (transverse head)<br></br>I–base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side

A

adductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)

283
Q

see palmar and dorsal interossei:<br></br>O–O–the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III<br></br>I–extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot<br></br>O–sides of metatarsals<br></br>I–extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III

A

plantar and dorsal interossei: origin (O) and insertion (I)

284
Q

with aponeurosis fixed, elevates the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally

A

frontal belly: action

285
Q

fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

A

occipital belly: action

286
Q

draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically

A

corrugator supercilli: action

287
Q

closes eye; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly

A

orbicularios oculi: action

288
Q

raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling muscle)

A

zygomaticus: action

289
Q

closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and whistling muscle

A

orbicularis oris: action

290
Q

wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip

A

mentalis: action

291
Q

tenses skin of neck (eg., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down

A

platysma: action

292
Q

draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist of zigomaticus

A

risorius: action

293
Q

opens libs; elevates and furrows the upper lip

A

levator labii superioris: action

294
Q

depresses lower lip (as in a pout)

A

depressor labii inferioris: action

295
Q

draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally (as in a frown); zygomaticus antagonist

A

depressor anguli oris: action

296
Q

compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking); draws corner of mouth laterally: holds food between teeth during chewing; well developed in nursing infants

A

buccinator: action

297
Q

closes jaw; elevates mandible

A

masseter: action

298
Q

closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible; maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep anterior part may help protract mandible

A

temporalis: action

299
Q

acts with lateral pterygoid muscle to protract mandible and to produce side-to-side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalist and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible

A

medial pterygoid: action

300
Q

protracts mandible and produces side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth

A

lateral pterygoid: action

301
Q

protracts tongue; can depress or, in cerent with other extrinsic muscles, retract tongue

A

genioglossus: action

302
Q

depresses tongue and draws its sides inferiorly

A

hyoglossus: action

303
Q

retracts and elevates tongue

A

styloglossus: action

304
Q

open moth and depress mandible; acting together, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech

A

digastric: action

305
Q

elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating floor of mouth during swallowing

A

stylohyoid: action

306
Q

elevates hyid bone and floor of mouth, enabling tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that forces food bolus into pharynx

A

mylohyoid: action

307
Q

elevates and protracts the hyoid, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food during swallowing

A

geniohyoid: action

308
Q

depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed

A

sternohyoid: action

309
Q

depresses larynx and hyoid bone

A

sternothyroid: action

310
Q

depresses and retracts hyoid bone

A

omohyoid: action

311
Q

depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed

A

thyrohyoid: action

312
Q

flexes and laterally rotates the head; simultaneous contraction of both muscles causes neck flexion; acting alone, each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes head to its own side

A

sternocleidomastoid: action

313
Q

elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and rotate neck

A

scalenes: action

314
Q

extend the head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side

A

splenius: action

315
Q

extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side

A

iliocostalis: action

316
Q

thtoracis and cervicis act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; acting on one side causes lateral flexion; capitis extends and rotates the head toward same side

A

longissimus: action

317
Q

extends vertebral column

A

spinalis: action

318
Q

extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle of opposite side

A

semispinalis: action

319
Q

flexes vertebral column laterally when acting separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is extended, and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright posture; assists in forced inspiration

A

quadratus lumborum: action

320
Q

with first ribs fixed by scalene muscles, the external intercostals pull ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aid in inspiration; synergists of diaphragm

A

external intercostals: action

321
Q

with 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum, muscles of posterior abdominal wall, and oblique muscles of the abdominal wall, the internal intercostals draw ribs together and depress rib cage; aid in forced expiration; antagonistic to external intercostals

A

internal intercostals: action

322
Q

prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure

A

diphragm: action

323
Q

flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

A

external oblique: action

324
Q

as for external oblique: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

A

internal oblique: action

325
Q

compresses abdominal contents

A

transversus abdominis: action

326
Q

flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups/curls

A

rectus abdominis: action

327
Q

supports and maintains position of pelvic organs; resists downward throusts that accompany rises in intrapelvic pressure during coughing, vomiting, and expulsive efforts of abdominal muscles; forms sphincters at anorectal junction and vagina; lifts anal canal during defecation

A

levator ani: action

328
Q

supports pelvic organs; supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth

A

coccygeus: action

329
Q

supports pelvic organs; steadies the perineal body

A

deep transverse perineal muscle: action

330
Q

constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of urination; helps support pelvic organs

A

external urethral sphincter: action

331
Q

retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris

A

ischocaveronsus: action

332
Q

empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis and clitoris

A

bulbospongiosus: action

333
Q

stabilizes and strengthens the perineal body

A

superficial transverse perineal muscle: action

334
Q

with ribs fixed, protracts and rotates scapula downward; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly

A

pectoralis minor: action

335
Q

“rotates scapula upward; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching); called ““boxer’s muscle”””

A

surratus anterior: action

336
Q

helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

A

subclavius: action

337
Q

stabilizes, elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging shoulders) or can help extend head when scapula is fixed; inferior fibers depress scapula (and shoulder)

A

trapezius: action

338
Q

elevates and adducts scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius; rotate scapulae downward; when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side

A

levator scapulae: action

339
Q

“stabilize scapula; act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus ““squaring shoulders””; rotate scapulae downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance; e.g., paddling a canoe)”

A

rhomboids: action

340
Q

prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapula (and arm) fixed, pulls rib cage upward, and thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing, and in forced inspiration

A

pectoralis major: action

341
Q

prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, which adduct the arm; if only anterior fibers are active, can act powerfully in flexion and medial rotation of arm, and is therefore synergist of pectoralis major; if only posterior fibers are active, causes extension and lateral rotation of arm; active during rhythmic arm swinging movements during walking

A

deltoid: action

342
Q

prime mover of arm extension; adduction and medial rotation of arm; it plays an important role in bringing the arm down in a power stroke, as in striking a blow, hammering, and swimming; with arms reaching overhead, it pulls the rest of the ody upward and forward, as in chin-ups

A

latissimus dorsi: action

343
Q

extends, medially rotates, and adducts the arm; synergist of latissimus dorsi

A

teres major: action

344
Q

medically rotates arm; assisted by pectoralis major; hepls to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing shoulder joint

A

subscapularis: action

345
Q

initiates abduction of arm; stabilizes shoulder joint; helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus, as when carrying a heavy suitcase

A

supraspinatus: action

346
Q

laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint

A

infraspinatus: action

347
Q

same actions as infraspinatus muscle: laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint)

A

teres minor: action

348
Q

flexion and adduction of arm; synergist of pectoralis major

A

coracobrachialis: action

349
Q

powerful forearm extensor (prime mover, particularly medial head); antagonist of forearm flexors; long and lateral heads mainly active in extension against resistance; long head tendon may help stabilize shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction

A

triceps brachii: action

350
Q

abducts ulna during forearm pronation; synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension

A

anconeus: action

351
Q

synergist in forearm flexion; acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semipronated, as when carrying luggage; stabilizes the elbow during rapid flexion and extension

A

brachioradialis: action

352
Q

flexes and supinates forearm; these actions usually occur at some time (e.g., when you open a bottle of wine it turns the corkscrew and pulls the cork); weak flexor of arm at shoulder

A

biceps brachii: action

353
Q

flexes forearm (lifts ulna as biceps lifts the radius)

A

brachialis: action

354
Q

pronates forearm; weak flexor of forearm

A

pronator teres: action

355
Q

powerful flexor of hand; abducts hand; weak synergist of forearm flexion

A

flexor carpi radialis: action

356
Q

tenses skin and fascia of falm during hand movements; weak hand flexor; weak synergist for forearm flexion

A

palmaris longus: action

357
Q

flexes and adducts hand with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle); stabilizes wrist during finger extension

A

flexor carpi ulnaris: action

358
Q

flexes hand and middle phalanges of fingersII-V; the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance ar required

A

flexor digitorum superficialis: action

359
Q

flexes distal phalanx of thumb

A

flexor pollicis longus: action

360
Q

flexes distal interphalangeal joints; slow-acting flexor of any or all fingers; assists in flexing hand

A

flexor digitorum profundus: action

361
Q

prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius together

A

pronator quadratus: action

362
Q

extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts hand in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis

A

extensor carpi radialis longus: action

363
Q

extends and abducts hand; acts synergistically with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist during finger flexion

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis: action

364
Q

prime mover of finger extension; extends hand; can abduct (flare) fingers

A

extensor digitorum: action

365
Q

extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts hand in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris

A

extensor carpi ulnaris: action

366
Q

assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm; works alone in slow supination; antagonist of pronator muscles

A

supinator: action

367
Q

abducts and extends thumb

A

abductor pollicis longus: action

368
Q

extends thumb

A

extensor pollicis brevis and longus: action

369
Q

extends index finger and assists in hand extension

A

extensor indicis: action

370
Q

abducts thumb (at carpometacarpal joint)

A

abductor pollicis brevis: action

371
Q

flexes thumb (at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints)

A

flexor pollicis brevis: action

372
Q

opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of little finger

A

opponens pollicis: action

373
Q

adducts and helps to oppose thumb

A

adductor pollicis: action

374
Q

abducts little finger at metacarpopholangeal joint<br></br>abducts and flexes little toe

A

abductor digiti minimi: action

375
Q

flexes little finger[toe] at metacarpo[tarso]phalangeal joint

A

flexor digiti minimi brevis: action

376
Q

helps in opposition: brings metacarpal V toward thumb to cup the hand

A

opponens digit minimi: action

377
Q

by pulling on the extensor expansion over the first phalanx, they flex fingers[toes] at metacarpo[tarso]phalongeal joints but extend fingers[toes] at interphalangeal joints<br></br>

A

lumbricals: action

378
Q

adduct fingers; pull fingers in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints

A

palmar interossei: action

379
Q

abduct fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints

A

dorsal interossei: action

380
Q

iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing)

A

iliacus: action

381
Q

as above: iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing); also causes lateral flexion of vertebral column; important postural muscle

A

psoas major: action

382
Q

steadies trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh

A

tensor fasciae latae: action

383
Q

flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg (weak) as in a soccer kick; helps produce the cross-legged position

A

sartorius: action

384
Q

extends leg and flexes thigh

A

rectus femoris: action

385
Q

extends leg and stabilizes knee

A

vastus lateralis: action

386
Q

extends leg; inferior fibers stabilize patella

A

vastus medialis: action

387
Q

extends leg

A

vastus intermedius: action

388
Q

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

A

pectineus: action

389
Q

adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg, especially during walking

A

gracilis: action

390
Q

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

A

adductor longus: action

391
Q

adducts and medially rotates thigh

A

adductor brevis: action

392
Q

anterior part adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh; posterior part is a synergist of hamstrings in thigh extension

A

adductor magnus: action

393
Q

major extensor of thigh; complex, powerful, and most effective when thigh is flexed and force is necessary, as in climbing stairs and running; generally inactive during standing and walking; laterally rotates and abducts thigh

A

gluteus maximus: action

394
Q

abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground

A

gluteus medius: action

395
Q

as for gluteus medius: abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground

A

gluteus minimus: action

396
Q

extends thigh and flexes leg; laterally rotates leg when knee is semiflexed

A

biceps femoris: action

397
Q

extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

A

semitendinosus: action

398
Q

extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

A

semimembranosus: action

399
Q

rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

A

piriformis: action

400
Q

as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

A

obturator externus: action

401
Q

as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

A

obturator internus: action

402
Q

as for piriformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint

A

gemellus: action

403
Q

rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint

A

quadratus femoris: action

404
Q

prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot; assists in supporting medial longitudinal arch of foot

A

tibialis anterior: action

405
Q

prime mover of toe extension (acts mainly at metatarsophalangeal joints); dorsiflexes foot

A

extensor digitorum longus: action

406
Q

dorsiflexes and everts foot

A

fibularis (peroneus) tertius: action

407
Q

extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot

A

extensor hallucis longus: action

408
Q

plantar flexes and everts foot

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus: action

409
Q

plantar flexes and everts food

A

fibularis (peronius) brevis: action

410
Q

plantar flexes foot when leg is extended; because it also crosses knee joint, it can flex leg when foot is dorsiflexed

A

gastrocnemius: action

411
Q

plantar flexes foot; important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running, and dancing

A

soleus: action

412
Q

assists in leg flexion and plantar flexion of foot

A

plantaris: action

413
Q

flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins; with tibia fixed, rotates thigh laterally

A

popliteus: action

414
Q

“flantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes toes; helps foot ““grip”” ground”

A

flexor digitorum longus: action

415
Q

“plantar flexes an inverts foot; flexes great toe at all joints; ““push off”” muscle during walking”

A

flexor hallucis longus: action

416
Q

prime mover of foot inversion; plantar flexes foot; stabilizes medial longitudinal arch of foot

A

tibialis posterior: action

417
Q

helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints

A

extensor digitorum brevis: action

418
Q

flexes toes

A

flexor digitorum brevis: action

419
Q

abducts great toe

A

abductor hallucis: action

420
Q

straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus

A

flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): action

421
Q

flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

A

flexor hallucis brevis: action

422
Q

helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe

A

adductor hallucis: action

423
Q

see palmar and dorsal interossei:<br></br>adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints<br></br>abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints

A

plantar and dorsal interossei: action

424
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly

A

epicranius (occipitofrontalis)

425
Q

facial nerve (cranial VII)

A

frontal belly: nerve supply

426
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the scalp

A

frontal belly

427
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the scalp

A

occipital belly

428
Q

facial nerve

A

occipital belly: nerve supply

429
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)

A

corrugator supercilii

430
Q

facial nerve

A

corrugator supercilii: nerve supply

431
Q

facial nerve

A

orbicularis oculi: nerve supply

432
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(orb=circular, ocul=eye)

A

orbicularis oculi

433
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>major and minor<br></br>(zygomatic=cheekbone)

A

zygomaticus

434
Q

facial nerve

A

zygomaticus: nerve supply

435
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(or=mouth)

A

orbicularis oris

436
Q

facial nerve

A

orbicularis oris: nerve supply

437
Q

facial nerve

A

mentalis: nerve supply

438
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(ment=chin)

439
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(platy=broad, flat)

440
Q

facial nerve

A

platysma: nerve supply

441
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(risor=laughter)

442
Q

facial nerve

A

risorius: nerve supply

443
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)

A

levator labii superioris

444
Q

facial nerve

A

levator labii superioris: nerve supply

445
Q

facial nerve

A

depressor labii inferioris: nerve supply

446
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(depressor=depresses, infer=below)

A

depressor labii inferioris

447
Q

muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the face<br></br>(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)

A

depressor anguli oris

448
Q

facial nerve

A

depressor anguli oris: nerve supply

449
Q

“muscles of the head, facial expression<br></br>muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of the face, muscles of mastication<br></br>(bucc=cheek or ““trumpeter””)”

A

buccinator

450
Q

facial nerve (cranial VII)

A

buccinator: nerve supply

451
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(maseter=chewer)

452
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V)

A

masseter: nerve supply

453
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)

A

temporalis

454
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

temporalis: nerve supply

455
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)

A

medial pterygoid

456
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

medial pterygoid: nerve supply

457
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles of mastication<br></br>(lateral=away from median plane)

A

lateral pterygoid

458
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

lateral pterygoid: nerve supply

459
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promotingtongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)

A

genioglossus

460
Q

hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)

A

genioglossus: nerve supply

461
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)

A

hyoglossus

462
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

hyoglossus: nerve supply

463
Q

muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement<br></br>muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)<br></br>(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)

A

styloglossus

464
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

styloglussus: nerve supply

465
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone

A

suprahyoid muscles

466
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(di=two, gaster=belly)

467
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V) for anterior belly; facial nerve (cranial VII) for posterior belly

A

digastric: nerve supply

468
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles

A

stylohyoid

469
Q

facial nerve

A

stylohyoid: nerve supply

470
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(myle=molar)

471
Q

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

mylohyoid: nerve supply

472
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>suprahyoid muscles<br></br>(geni=chin)<br></br>

A

geniohyoid

473
Q

first cervical spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)

A

geniohyoid: nerve supply

474
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

A

infrahyoid muscles

475
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(sterno=sternum)

A

sternohyoid

476
Q

C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

A

sternohyoid: nerve supply

477
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(thyro=thyroid cartilage)

A

sternothyroid

478
Q

as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

A

sternothyroid: nerve supply

479
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles<br></br>(omo=shoulder)

480
Q

as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)

A

omohyoid: nerve supply

481
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>infrahyoid muscles

A

thyrohyoid

482
Q

first cervical nerve via hypoglossal

A

thyrohyoid: nerve supply

483
Q

muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing<br></br>pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

484
Q

pharyngeal plexus [branches of vagus nerve (cranial X)]

A

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors: nerve supply

485
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>anterolateral neck muscles<br></br>(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)

A

sternocleidomastoid

486
Q

accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI); cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 (ventral rami)

A

sternocleidomastoid: nerve supply

487
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>anterolateral neck muscles<br></br>anterior, middle, and posterior<br></br>(scalene=uneven)

488
Q

cervical spinal nerves

A

scalenes: nerve supply

489
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>capitis and cervicis portions<br></br>(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)

490
Q

cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

A

splenius: nerve supply

491
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and neck extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions<br></br>(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)

A

iliocostalis

492
Q

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

A

iliocostalis: nerve supply

493
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral culmun, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br><br></br>thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)

A

longissimus

494
Q

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

A

longissimus: nerve supply

495
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>theracis and cervicis parts<br></br>(spin=vertibral column, spine)

496
Q

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

A

spinalis: nerve supply

497
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions<br></br>(semi=half, thorac=thorax)

A

semispinalis

498
Q

spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

A

semispinalis: nerve supply

499
Q

muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension<br></br>deep back muscles<br></br>(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)

A

quadratus lumborum

500
Q

T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves (ventral rami)

A

quadratus lumborum: nerve supply

Anatomy (42 decks)

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