Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch11 Flashcards
circular [pattern of fascicles]
fascicles arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings which they close by contracting, e.g. orxicularis oris muscle around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes
convergent [pattern of fascicles]
the origin of the muscle is broad and the fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion, triangular of fan-shaped muscle, the muscle fibers extend the length of the muscle from origin to insertion, e.g. pectoralis major muscle in the anterior thorax
parallel [pattern of fascicles]
long axes of the fascicles run papallel to the long axis of the muscle and the muscle fibers extend from origin to insertion, muscles are either fusiform with and expanded central belly like the biceps brachii of the arm or straplike like the sartorius muscle of the lower limb
pennate [pattern of fascicles]
the fascicles and the the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle, makes the muscle look like a feather
multipennate [pattern of fascicles]
looks like many feathers situated side by side with all the quills inserting into one large tendon, e.g. deltoid muscle
bipennate [pattern of fascicles]
fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides, e.g. rectus femoris muscle of the thigh
unipennate [pattern of fascicles]
fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, e.g. the extensor digitorum longus muscle on the anterior leg
lever
rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, the fulcrum, when a force is applied to the lever
effort
the applied force is used to move a resistance, or load
power lever
the load to be moved is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum so a small effort can move a large load
mechanical advantage
a small effort can move a large load
mechanical disadvantage
requires a large effort to move a small load
speed lever
the load arm is longer than the effort arm, so the load is moved over a greater distance and also at a greater speed
law of levers
when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage
first-class levers
the fulcrum is located between the load and the point at which the effort is applied
second-class lever
the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is applied farther away from the fulcrum than the load, e.g. wheelbarrow
third-class lever
the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is appled closer to the fulcrum that the load, e.g. forceps
prime mover
aka agonist, a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the agonist of that motion (can have two agonists)
antagonists
”"”against the leader””, muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement”
fixators
synergists that hold a bone firmly in place so that a prime mover has a stable base on which to move a body part
somitomeres
”"”somite pieces””, the first seven myotome-like structures in the head collecwively are called _”
muscle of the visceral organs
smooth or cardiac, develops from the splanchnic mesoderm around the early gut
pharyngeal arch muscles
“aka brachiomeric muscles (““gill segment””), skeletal muscles of the pharynx (throat region of the digestive tract) plus some otehr muscles in the head and neck, develop around the embryonic pharynx from the fourth to seventh somitomeres”
axial muscles
skeletal muscles of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, plus many muscles of the neck and a few in the head, lie anterior and posterior to the bod axis (vertebral column) and their main functions are moving the trunk and maintaining posture, develop from the myotomes and some somitomeres
limb muscles
upper and lower limbs arise from the ventral region as limb buds and limb muscles develop from the lateral parts of the nearby myotomes
compartments
in the limbs, dense fibrous connective tissue divides the extensor (dorsal) and flexor (ventral) muscle masses into anatomical _
palpation
”"”touching””, feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers”
posterior triangle
aka lateral cervical region, defined by the sternocleoidomastoid anteriorly, the trapezius posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly
anterior triangle
aka anterior cervical region, defined by the inferior margin of the mandible superiorly, the midline of the neck anteriorly, and the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly
midaxillary line
extends inferiorly from the center of the axilla onto the lateral thoracic wall
midclavicular line
runs from the midpoint of the clavicle and extends inferiorly to the groin, passing about 1 cm medial to the nipple
anterior superior iliac spine
most anterior point of the iliac crest, this spine is a prominent landmark that can be palpated in everyone even the overweight
inguinal ligament
indicated by a groove on the skin of the groin, runs medially from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone
linea semilunaris
”"”half-moon line””, in the skin of lean people, the lateral margin of each rectus muscle makes a groove known as the _”
posterior median furrow
vertical groove in the center of the back
supracristal line
horizontal line through the right and left superior points of each iliac crest (rougly halfway between the posterior mediun furrow and the lateral sides of the body) intersects L4 providing a simple way to locate that vertebra
base of the axilla
the groove in which the underarm hair grows
axillary folds
two thick, rounded ridges of muscle between which is the base of the axilla
anterior axillary fold
just anterior to the base of the axilla, a fold formed by the pectoralis major muscle
posterior axillary fold
formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles of the back as they course toward their insertions on teh humerus
medial bicipital groove
medial boundary of the biceps
cubital fossa (elbow)
triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow region, superior base of the triangle is formed by a horizontal line between the humeral epicondyles, and the two inferior sides of the triangel are defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres muscles
anatomical snuff box
a traiangular depression in the base of the thumb on the back of the hand when extended and pointing posteriorly, two elevated borders are defined by the tendons of the thumb abductor and extensor muscles, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the radial side and extensor pollicis longus on the olnar side, the floor of the snuff box is mainly the scaphoid bone of the wrist but the styloid process of the radius is also located here
natal cleft
aka intergluteal cleft, vertical midline groove between the two prominences of the buttocks
gluteal fold
inferior margin of each prominence is roughly horizontal, which roughly corresponds to the inferior margin of the gludeus maximus
femoral triangle
three-sided depression on the anterosuperior surface of the thigh, superior border is formed by the inguinal sigament and its two inferior borders are defined by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles
popliteal fossa
diamond-shaped hollow on the posterior of the knee, the biceps femoris forms the superolateral border, the semitendinosus and semimembranosus define the superomedial border, and the two heads of the gastrocnemius form the two inferior borders
synergists
”"”together-worker””, help the prime movers, either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undersirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce”
fascicles arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings which they close by contracting, e.g. orxicularis oris muscle around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes
circular [pattern of fascicles]
the origin of the muscle is broad and the fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion, triangular of fan-shaped muscle, the muscle fibers extend the length of the muscle from origin to insertion, e.g. pectoralis major muscle in the anterior thorax
convergent [pattern of fascicles]
long axes of the fascicles run papallel to the long axis of the muscle and the muscle fibers extend from origin to insertion, muscles are either fusiform with and expanded central belly like the biceps brachii of the arm or straplike like the sartorius muscle of the lower limb
parallel [pattern of fascicles]
the fascicles and the the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle, makes the muscle look like a feather
pennate [pattern of fascicles]
looks like many feathers situated side by side with all the quills inserting into one large tendon, e.g. deltoid muscle
multipennate [pattern of fascicles]
fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides, e.g. rectus femoris muscle of the thigh
bipennate [pattern of fascicles]
fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, e.g. the extensor digitorum longus muscle on the anterior leg
unipennate [pattern of fascicles]
rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, the fulcrum, when a force is applied to the lever
lever
the applied force is used to move a resistance, or load
effort
the load to be moved is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum so a small effort can move a large load
power lever
a small effort can move a large load
mechanical advantage
requires a large effort to move a small load
mechanical disadvantage
the load arm is longer than the effort arm, so the load is moved over a greater distance and also at a greater speed
speed lever
when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage
law of levers
the fulcrum is located between the load and the point at which the effort is applied
first-class levers
the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is applied farther away from the fulcrum than the load, e.g. wheelbarrow
second-class lever
the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is appled closer to the fulcrum that the load, e.g. forceps
third-class lever
aka agonist, a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the agonist of that motion (can have two agonists)
prime mover
”"”against the leader””, muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement”
antagonists
synergists that hold a bone firmly in place so that a prime mover has a stable base on which to move a body part
fixators
”"”somite pieces””, the first seven myotome-like structures in the head collecwively are called _”
somitomeres
smooth or cardiac, develops from the splanchnic mesoderm around the early gut
muscle of the visceral organs
“aka brachiomeric muscles (““gill segment””), skeletal muscles of the pharynx (throat region of the digestive tract) plus some otehr muscles in the head and neck, develop around the embryonic pharynx from the fourth to seventh somitomeres”
pharyngeal arch muscles
skeletal muscles of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, plus many muscles of the neck and a few in the head, lie anterior and posterior to the bod axis (vertebral column) and their main functions are moving the trunk and maintaining posture, develop from the myotomes and some somitomeres
axial muscles
upper and lower limbs arise from the ventral region as limb buds and limb muscles develop from the lateral parts of the nearby myotomes
limb muscles
in the limbs, dense fibrous connective tissue divides the extensor (dorsal) and flexor (ventral) muscle masses into anatomical _
compartments
”"”touching””, feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers”
palpation
aka lateral cervical region, defined by the sternocleoidomastoid anteriorly, the trapezius posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly
posterior triangle
aka anterior cervical region, defined by the inferior margin of the mandible superiorly, the midline of the neck anteriorly, and the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly
anterior triangle
extends inferiorly from the center of the axilla onto the lateral thoracic wall
midaxillary line
runs from the midpoint of the clavicle and extends inferiorly to the groin, passing about 1 cm medial to the nipple
midclavicular line
most anterior point of the iliac crest, this spine is a prominent landmark that can be palpated in everyone even the overweight
anterior superior iliac spine
indicated by a groove on the skin of the groin, runs medially from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone
inguinal ligament
”"”half-moon line””, in the skin of lean people, the lateral margin of each rectus muscle makes a groove known as the _”
linea semilunaris
vertical groove in the center of the back
posterior median furrow
horizontal line through the right and left superior points of each iliac crest (rougly halfway between the posterior mediun furrow and the lateral sides of the body) intersects L4 providing a simple way to locate that vertebra
supracristal line
the groove in which the underarm hair grows
base of the axilla
two thick, rounded ridges of muscle between which is the base of the axilla
axillary folds
just anterior to the base of the axilla, a fold formed by the pectoralis major muscle
anterior axillary fold
formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles of the back as they course toward their insertions on teh humerus
posterior axillary fold
medial boundary of the biceps
medial bicipital groove
triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow region, superior base of the triangle is formed by a horizontal line between the humeral epicondyles, and the two inferior sides of the triangel are defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres muscles
cubital fossa (elbow)
a traiangular depression in the base of the thumb on the back of the hand when extended and pointing posteriorly, two elevated borders are defined by the tendons of the thumb abductor and extensor muscles, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the radial side and extensor pollicis longus on the olnar side, the floor of the snuff box is mainly the scaphoid bone of the wrist but the styloid process of the radius is also located here
anatomical snuff box
aka intergluteal cleft, vertical midline groove between the two prominences of the buttocks
natal cleft
inferior margin of each prominence is roughly horizontal, which roughly corresponds to the inferior margin of the gludeus maximus
gluteal fold
three-sided depression on the anterosuperior surface of the thigh, superior border is formed by the inguinal sigament and its two inferior borders are defined by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles
femoral triangle
diamond-shaped hollow on the posterior of the knee, the biceps femoris forms the superolateral border, the semitendinosus and semimembranosus define the superomedial border, and the two heads of the gastrocnemius form the two inferior borders
popliteal fossa
”"”together-worker””, help the prime movers, either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undersirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce”
synergists
