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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch5 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch5 Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

”"”on the skin””, a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains four distinct types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, and dendritic cells”

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2
Q

keratinocytes

A

the most abundant epidermal cell; produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties

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3
Q

thick skin

A

covers the palms and soles; consists of five strata

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4
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer; also called the stratum germinativum; consists of a single row of cells, mostly stem cells representing the youngest keratinocytes; firmly attached to the underlying dermis

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5
Q

tactile epithelial cells

A

or Merkel cells; distributed sparsely among kertinocyets in the stratum basale; hemisphere-shaped; intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending and functions as a receptor for touch

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6
Q

melanocytes

A

spider-shaped; make the dark skin pigment malanin

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7
Q

melanin

A

made in membrane-walled granules and then transferred through the cell processes to bnearby keratinocytes; made from an amino acid called tyrosine

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8
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several cell layers thick, second deepest layer of epidermis

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9
Q

dendritic cells

A

star-shaped cells; found in the stratum spinosum; part of the imune system; police the outer body surface using receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens) that have invaded the epidermis, then leave the skin and travel to a nearby lymph node and initiate an immune response to all foreign cells that carry the antigen

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

thin third layer of the epidermis consists of one to five layers of flattened keratinocytes, which contain abundant pre-keratin intermidiate filaments, keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules

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11
Q

stratum lucidum

A

occurs in thick skin (palms and soles) but not thin skin; consists of a few rows flat, dead keratinocytes, identical to those at the bottom of the stratum corneum

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12
Q

stratum corneum

A

”"”horny layer””; most external layer of the epidermis; many cells thick of dead keratinocytes, flat sacs completely filled with keratin because their nuclei and organellse disintegrated upon cell death”

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13
Q

dermis

A

strong, flexible connective tissue; fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered white blood cells; collagen, elastic, and reticular fiber types; two regions: papillary dermis and the reticular dermis

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14
Q

papillary dermis

A

superficial 20% of the dermis; areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q

dermal papillae

A

fingerlike projections in the papillary dermis that extend into the overlying epidermis which extend surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

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16
Q

reticular dermis

A

80% thickness of dermis; dense irrugalr connective tissue; extracellular matrx contains thick bundles of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers that run in many different planes (mostly parallel to the skin surface)

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17
Q

dermal plexus

A

located between the subcutaneous tissue and the dermis; nourishes the subcutaneous tissue and the structures located within the deeper portions of the dermis

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18
Q

subpapillary plexus

A

lecated just below the dermal papillae; supplies the more superficial dermal structures, the dermal papillae, and the epidermis

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19
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

”"”below the skin””, aka hypodermis aka superficial fascia; consists of both areolar and [mostly] adipose connective tissue”

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20
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment that the body obtains from vegetable sources ie carrots & tomatoes; tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in the fat of the subcutaneous tissue

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21
Q

hematoma

A

general term for a clotted mass of escaped blood anywhere in the body

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22
Q

skin appendages

A

nails, hair and hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands; derive from the epithelial cells of the epidermis and extend into the dermis

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23
Q

nail

A

scalelike modification of the epdermis; built-in tools; dead, keratinized cells; hard keratine

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24
Q

hard keratin v soft keratin

A

hard keratin is toucher and more durable; the cells of hard keratin do not flake off

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25
Q

nail bed

A

nail rests on a bed of epidermis; contains only the deeper layers of the epidermis as the nail itself accounts for the topmost layer

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26
Q

nail matrix

A

actively growing part of the nail

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27
Q

lunule

A

”"”little moon””; a white crescent under the nail’s proximal region”

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28
Q

nail folds

A

lateral and proximal borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called

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29
Q

eponychium

A

”"”on the nail””, proximal nail fold projects onto th nail body as the cuticle or”

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30
Q

hair

A

flexible strand made of dead cells filled with hard keratin

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31
Q

root (hair)

A

part of hair embedded in the skin

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32
Q

shaft (hair)

A

part of hair that projects above the skin surface

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33
Q

medulla

A

central core of a hair; consists of large cells and air spaces (absent in fine hairs)

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34
Q

cortex (hair)

A

middle of three concentreic layers of keratinized cells of a hair; consists of several layers of flattened cells

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35
Q

cuticle (hair)

A

single layer of cells that overlap one another from below like shigles on a roof; outermost layer of a hair

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36
Q

hair follicles

A

extend from the epidermal surface into the dermis (hair)

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37
Q

hair bulb

A

the expanded, deep end of a hair follicle

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38
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

knot of sensory nerve endings wrapping around each hair bulb; aka root hair plexus

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39
Q

dermal papilla

A

nipplelike bit of the dermis that protrudes into each hair bulb; contains a know of capillaries that deliver substances that stimulate hair growth and supply nutrients to the growing hair

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40
Q

hair matrix

A

epithelial cells in the hair bulb just above the papilla

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41
Q

bulge (hair)

A

location in the superficial region of the extrenal root sheath for epidermal stem cells

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42
Q

arrector pili

A

”"”raiser of the hair””; smooth muscle cells running from the most sperficial part of the dermis to a deep-lying hair follicle”

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43
Q

vellus

A

vell=wool, fleece; body hair of women and children

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44
Q

terminal (har)

A

scalp; axillary (armpit) and pubic regions of both sexes at puberty; face, chest, arms, legs of men

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45
Q

male pattern baldness

A

most common type of true baldness; genetically determined; gender-influenced

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46
Q

sebaceous glands

A

”"”greasy””; skin’s oil glands occcur over the entire body except the palms and soles”

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47
Q

sebum

A

”"”animal fat””, secreted by the central cells in the alveoli accumulating oily lipids until they become engorged and burst apart”

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48
Q

holocrine secretion

A

holos=whole; process of sebum secretion; whole cells break up to form the product

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49
Q

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

A

humans have over 2.5 million distrubited over the entire skin surface, except on the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

50
Q

eccrine glands

A

”"”secreting””; more abundant type of sweat glands, most numerous on the palms, soles, and forehead; coiled version of a simple tubular gland”

51
Q

pore

A

the coiled, secretory base of a sweat gland lies in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and the duct runs superficially to open at the skin surface through a funnel-shaped ____

52
Q

apocrine glands

A

mostly confined to the axillary, anal, and genital areas; larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts open into hair follicles

53
Q

burn

A

tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, radiation, extreme friction, or certain harmful chemicals

54
Q

first-degree burn

A

only the epidermis is damaged; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain (the typical inflammatory reaction to tissue damage)

55
Q

second-degree burns

A

injury to the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis; symptoms also include blisters

56
Q

partial-thickness burns

A

first- and second-degree burns

57
Q

third-degree burns

A

aka full-thickness burns, consume the entire thickness of the skin; burned area appears white, red, or blackened; worries of fluid loss and infection

58
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant and most common of the skin cancers; cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and subjutaneous tisue, and causing tissue erosions there

59
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spionsum; one of the three most common types of lung cancer (25-30%), arises in the epithelium of the larger bronchi and tends to form masses that cavitate and bleed

60
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of molanocytes, most dangerous kind of skin cancer; derived from neural crest cells, which wander widely during embryonic development which accounts for the invasive nature

61
Q

dermatitis

A

skin inflammation

62
Q

”"”on the skin””, a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains four distinct types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, and dendritic cells”

A

epidermis

63
Q

the most abundant epidermal cell; produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties

A

keratinocytes

64
Q

covers the palms and soles; consists of five strata

A

thick skin

65
Q

deepest epidermal layer; also called the stratum germinativum; consists of a single row of cells, mostly stem cells representing the youngest keratinocytes; firmly attached to the underlying dermis

A

stratum basale

66
Q

or Merkel cells; distributed sparsely among kertinocyets in the stratum basale; hemisphere-shaped; intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending and functions as a receptor for touch

A

tactile epithelial cells

67
Q

spider-shaped; make the dark skin pigment malanin

A

melanocytes

68
Q

made in membrane-walled granules and then transferred through the cell processes to bnearby keratinocytes; made from an amino acid called tyrosine

A

melanin

69
Q

several cell layers thick, second deepest layer of epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

70
Q

star-shaped cells; found in the stratum spinosum; part of the imune system; police the outer body surface using receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens) that have invaded the epidermis, then leave the skin and travel to a nearby lymph node and initiate an immune response to all foreign cells that carry the antigen

A

dendritic cells

71
Q

thin third layer of the epidermis consists of one to five layers of flattened keratinocytes, which contain abundant pre-keratin intermidiate filaments, keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules

A

stratum granulosum

72
Q

occurs in thick skin (palms and soles) but not thin skin; consists of a few rows flat, dead keratinocytes, identical to those at the bottom of the stratum corneum

A

stratum lucidum

73
Q

”"”horny layer””; most external layer of the epidermis; many cells thick of dead keratinocytes, flat sacs completely filled with keratin because their nuclei and organellse disintegrated upon cell death”

A

stratum corneum

74
Q

strong, flexible connective tissue; fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered white blood cells; collagen, elastic, and reticular fiber types; two regions: papillary dermis and the reticular dermis

A

dermis

75
Q

superficial 20% of the dermis; areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers

A

papillary dermis

76
Q

fingerlike projections in the papillary dermis that extend into the overlying epidermis which extend surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

A

dermal papillae

77
Q

80% thickness of dermis; dense irrugalr connective tissue; extracellular matrx contains thick bundles of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers that run in many different planes (mostly parallel to the skin surface)

A

reticular dermis

78
Q

located between the subcutaneous tissue and the dermis; nourishes the subcutaneous tissue and the structures located within the deeper portions of the dermis

A

dermal plexus

79
Q

lecated just below the dermal papillae; supplies the more superficial dermal structures, the dermal papillae, and the epidermis

A

subpapillary plexus

80
Q

”"”below the skin””, aka hypodermis aka superficial fascia; consists of both areolar and [mostly] adipose connective tissue”

A

subcutaneous tissue

81
Q

yellow-orange pigment that the body obtains from vegetable sources ie carrots & tomatoes; tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in the fat of the subcutaneous tissue

A

carotene

82
Q

general term for a clotted mass of escaped blood anywhere in the body

A

hematoma

83
Q

nails, hair and hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands; derive from the epithelial cells of the epidermis and extend into the dermis

A

skin appendages

84
Q

scalelike modification of the epdermis; built-in tools; dead, keratinized cells; hard keratine

A

nail

85
Q

hard keratin is toucher and more durable; the cells of hard keratin do not flake off

A

hard keratin v soft keratin

86
Q

nail rests on a bed of epidermis; contains only the deeper layers of the epidermis as the nail itself accounts for the topmost layer

A

nail bed

87
Q

actively growing part of the nail

A

nail matrix

88
Q

”"”little moon””; a white crescent under the nail’s proximal region”

A

lunule

89
Q

lateral and proximal borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called

A

nail folds

90
Q

”"”on the nail””, proximal nail fold projects onto th nail body as the cuticle or”

A

eponychium

91
Q

flexible strand made of dead cells filled with hard keratin

A

hair

92
Q

part of hair embedded in the skin

A

root (hair)

93
Q

part of hair that projects above the skin surface

A

shaft (hair)

94
Q

central core of a hair; consists of large cells and air spaces (absent in fine hairs)

A

medulla

95
Q

middle of three concentreic layers of keratinized cells of a hair; consists of several layers of flattened cells

A

cortex (hair)

96
Q

single layer of cells that overlap one another from below like shigles on a roof; outermost layer of a hair

A

cuticle (hair)

97
Q

extend from the epidermal surface into the dermis (hair)

A

hair follicles

98
Q

the expanded, deep end of a hair follicle

A

hair bulb

99
Q

knot of sensory nerve endings wrapping around each hair bulb; aka root hair plexus

A

hair follicle receptor

100
Q

nipplelike bit of the dermis that protrudes into each hair bulb; contains a know of capillaries that deliver substances that stimulate hair growth and supply nutrients to the growing hair

A

dermal papilla

101
Q

epithelial cells in the hair bulb just above the papilla

A

hair matrix

102
Q

location in the superficial region of the extrenal root sheath for epidermal stem cells

A

bulge (hair)

103
Q

”"”raiser of the hair””; smooth muscle cells running from the most sperficial part of the dermis to a deep-lying hair follicle”

A

arrector pili

104
Q

vell=wool, fleece; body hair of women and children

A

vellus

105
Q

scalp; axillary (armpit) and pubic regions of both sexes at puberty; face, chest, arms, legs of men

A

terminal (har)

106
Q

most common type of true baldness; genetically determined; gender-influenced

A

male pattern baldness

107
Q

”"”greasy””; skin’s oil glands occcur over the entire body except the palms and soles”

A

sebaceous glands

108
Q

”"”animal fat””, secreted by the central cells in the alveoli accumulating oily lipids until they become engorged and burst apart”

A

sebum

109
Q

holos=whole; process of sebum secretion; whole cells break up to form the product

A

holocrine secretion

110
Q

humans have over 2.5 million distrubited over the entire skin surface, except on the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

A

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

111
Q

”"”secreting””; more abundant type of sweat glands, most numerous on the palms, soles, and forehead; coiled version of a simple tubular gland”

A

eccrine glands

112
Q

the coiled, secretory base of a sweat gland lies in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and the duct runs superficially to open at the skin surface through a funnel-shaped ____

A

pore

113
Q

mostly confined to the axillary, anal, and genital areas; larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts open into hair follicles

A

apocrine glands

114
Q

tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, radiation, extreme friction, or certain harmful chemicals

A

burn

115
Q

only the epidermis is damaged; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain (the typical inflammatory reaction to tissue damage)

A

first-degree burn

116
Q

injury to the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis; symptoms also include blisters

A

second-degree burns

117
Q

first- and second-degree burns

A

partial-thickness burns

118
Q

aka full-thickness burns, consume the entire thickness of the skin; burned area appears white, red, or blackened; worries of fluid loss and infection

A

third-degree burns

119
Q

least malignant and most common of the skin cancers; cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and subjutaneous tisue, and causing tissue erosions there

A

basal cell carcinoma

120
Q

arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spionsum; one of the three most common types of lung cancer (25-30%), arises in the epithelium of the larger bronchi and tends to form masses that cavitate and bleed

A

squamous cell carcinoma

121
Q

cancer of molanocytes, most dangerous kind of skin cancer; derived from neural crest cells, which wander widely during embryonic development which accounts for the invasive nature

A

melanoma

122
Q

skin inflammation

A

dermatitis

Anatomy (42 decks)

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