Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch12 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory input

A

the nervous system uses its milliosn of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. each of these changes is called a stimulus, and the gathered information is called _

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2
Q

intergration

A

the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what sohuld be done at each moment, a process called _

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3
Q

motor output

A

the nervous system dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands; the response is called _

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the cranium and the vertebral canal respectively. the CNS is the integrating and comman center of the nervous system: it receives incoming sensory signals, interprets these signals, and dictates motor responses based on past experiences, reflexes, and current conditions

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the part of the nervous sytem outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

ganglia

A

areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered

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7
Q

sonsory/afferent division

A

signals are picked up by sensory receptors located throughout the body and carrie by nerve fibers of the PNS into the CNS

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8
Q

motor/efferent division

A

signals are carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers of the PNS to innervate the muscles and glands, causing these organs either to contract or to secrete

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9
Q

somatic sensory

A

the sensory innervation of the outer tube: skin, body wall, and limbs

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10
Q

visceral sensory

A

the sensory innervation of the viscera

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11
Q

somatic motor

A

or voluntary motor, the motor innervation of the outer tube, specifically skeletal muscles

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12
Q

visceral motor

A

aka autonomic nervous system (ANS), the involuntary motor innervation of the inner tube, specifically soomth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, as well as some outer tube structuers: arrector pili muscles, smooth muscle in the vessels, and sweat glands

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13
Q

general somatic senses

A

sense whose receptors are spread widely throughout the outer tube of the body

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14
Q

proprioception

A

”"”sensing one’s own body””, a sense that detects the amount of ste]retch in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules”

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15
Q

special somatic senses

A

somatic senses whose receptors are confined to relatively small areas rather than spread widely throughout the body

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16
Q

equilibrium

A

balance, using receptors in the inner ear, a special sense

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17
Q

general visceral senses

A

incledue stretch, pain, and temperature, which can be felt widely in the digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs, and other viscera

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18
Q

special visceral senses

A

taste and smell, aka chemical sense, have their sensory receptors localized to the tongue and nasal cavity

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19
Q

nervous tissue parts

A

neurons, the excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals<br></br>neuroglia, nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons

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20
Q

neurons/nerve cells

A

basic strutural units of the nervous system

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21
Q

neurilemma

A

plasma membrane (for nerve cells)

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22
Q

nerve impulses

A

aka action potenials, a reversal of electrical charge that travels rapidly along the neuronal membrane

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23
Q

neurons have a number of special functional characteristics

A

neurons are highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another. these signals are transmitted along the plasma membrane, or neurilemma, in the form of nerve impulses, or action potentials. basically, an impulse is a reversal of electrical charge that tranels rapidly along the neuronal membrane<br></br>neurons have extreme longevity. they can live and function for a lifetime, over 100 years<br></br>neurons do not divide. as the fetal neurons assume their roles as communication links in the nervous system, they lose their ability to undergo mitosis. there can be a high price for this characteristic of neurons, for they cannot replace themselves if destroyed. there are some exceptions to this rule; neural stem cells have been identified in certain areas of the CNS<br></br>neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen

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24
Q

cell body (neuron)

A

all consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

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25
Q

chromatophilic substance

A

large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes that stain darkly with basic dyes

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26
Q

neurofibrils

A

bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) that run in a network between the chromatophilic substance

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27
Q

processes (neuron)

A

extend from the cell bodies; of two types, dentrites and axons

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28
Q

axon hillock

A

cone-shaped region of the cell body from which arises the axon

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29
Q

nerve fiber

A

any long axon

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30
Q

axon collaterals

A

occasional branches along the length of an axon

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31
Q

terminal arborization

A

end of the axon where it usually branches profusely

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32
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that conducts signals toward a synapse

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33
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse

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34
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

most synapses (called _) occur between the terminal boutons of one neuron and the dentrites of another neuron

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35
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

many synapses occur between axons and neuron cell bodies

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36
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs filled with neurotransmitters, the molecules that transmit signals across the synapse

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37
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have more than two processes, nearly all in the body, usually have numerous dendrites and a single axon

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38
Q

bipolar neurons

A

have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body, mostly serve as sensory neurons

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39
Q

unipolar neurons

A

have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body and divides like an inverted T into two long branches, generally start as bipolar neurons whose processes fuse together during development, aka pseudounipolar neurons

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40
Q

central process

A

one branch of the single process of a unipolar neuron, runs centrally into the CNS

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41
Q

peripheral process

A

one branch of the single process of the unipolar neuron, extends peripherally to the receptors

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42
Q

sensory neurons

A

aka afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of the PNS, transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptors in the PNS, most are pseudounipolar

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43
Q

interneurons

A

lie between motor and sensory neurons, confined entirely to the CNS, link together into chans that form complex neuronal pathways, make up 99.98% of the neurons of the body

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44
Q

astrocytes

A

”"”star cells””, most abundant glial cells of the CNS, regulate neurotransmitter levels by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity, signal increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain, control the ionic environment around neurons”

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45
Q

microglial cells

A

smalles and lest abundant neuroglia of the CNS, phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS

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46
Q

ependymal cells

A

”"”wrapping garment””, form a simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain, provide a fairly permeable layer between tho cerebrospinal fluid that fills this cavity and tissue fluid that bathes the cells of the CNS, bear cilia that help circulate the cerbrospinal fluid”

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47
Q

obigondendrocytes

A

”"”few-branch cells””, line up in small groups and wrape their cell precess around the thicker axons in the CNS producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths”

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48
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

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49
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons

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50
Q

myelin sheaths

A

produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, segmented structures that are composed of the lipoprotein myelin and surround the thicker axons of the body

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51
Q

myelin

A

lipoprotein that makes up myelin sheaths

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52
Q

myelin sheath gaps

A

aka nodes of Ranvier, occur at regular intervals about 1 mm apart; in myelinated axons, nerve impulses do not travel along the myelin-covered regions of the axonal membrane but instead jump from the membrane of one myelin sheath gap to the next in a way that greatly speeds impulse conduction

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53
Q

nonmyelinated axons

A

thin, slowly conducting axons lack a myelin sheath

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54
Q

gray matter

A

gray-collored zone that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the CNS; the site where neuron cell bodies are clustered; more specifically, the gray matter of the CNS is a mixture of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short, nonmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia; synapes occur in the gray matter

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55
Q

white matter

A

contains no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons and neuroglia; consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS

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56
Q

tracts

A

within white matter, axons, traveling to similar destinations form axon bundles

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57
Q

cortex

A

in two regions of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) there is an additional layer of gray matter located superficially, the _

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58
Q

nerve

A

cablelike organ in the peripheral nervous system, each consists of many axoins arranged in parallel bundles and enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue

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59
Q

endoneurium

A

a delicate layer of loose connective tissue covering the Schwann cells

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60
Q

fascicles

A

groups of axons bound into bundles called nerve _ by a wrapping of connective tissue called the perneurium

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61
Q

perineurium

A

wrapping of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fascicles

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62
Q

epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve

63
Q

reflex arcs

A

simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviors and reflect the basic structural plan of the nervous system

64
Q

reflexes

A

rapid, automatic motor responses to stimuli

65
Q

reflex components

A

1) the receptor is the side where the stimulus acts. receptors are located at the terminal end of the peripheral process of a sensory neuron<br></br>2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS<br></br>3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain<br></br>4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector<br></br>5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

66
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the moter neuron, there is only one synapse in this reflex arc (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)

67
Q

polysynaptic reflexes

A

one or more interneurons are part of the reflex pathway between the sensory and motor neurons (e.g. withdrawal reflexes are three-neuron polysnynaptic reflexes)

68
Q

diverging circuit

A

one presynaptic neuron synapes with several other neurons

69
Q

cenverging circuit

A

when many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (e.g. when a single motor neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory impulses from many other neurons)

70
Q

reverberating circuit

A

one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit; a branch off the axon of one neuron circles back and synapses with a previous neuron in the circuit

71
Q

in series

A

neurons that synapse one-on-one in a sequence are joined _

72
Q

serial processing

A

precessing done by neurons in series

73
Q

in parallel

A

information from a single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways

74
Q

parallel processing

A

occurs when a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions

75
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting neuronal signals in the CNS and leading to sensory disorders and weakened musculature

76
Q

neuroepithelial cells

A

the neural tube becomes the CNS; its walls begin as a layer of pseudostratified _

77
Q

alar plate and basal plate

A

just external to the neuroepithelium, the neuroblasts cluster into an _ and a _, the future gray matter; the neuroblasts of the alar plate b ecome interneurons which remain in the CNS, the neuroblasts of the basal plate become motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out to the effector organs

78
Q

the nervous system uses its milliosn of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. each of these changes is called a stimulus, and the gathered information is called _

A

sensory input

79
Q

the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what sohuld be done at each moment, a process called _

A

intergration

80
Q

the nervous system dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands; the response is called _

A

motor output

81
Q

consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the cranium and the vertebral canal respectively. the CNS is the integrating and comman center of the nervous system: it receives incoming sensory signals, interprets these signals, and dictates motor responses based on past experiences, reflexes, and current conditions

A

central nervous system

82
Q

the part of the nervous sytem outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

83
Q

areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered

A

ganglia

84
Q

signals are picked up by sensory receptors located throughout the body and carrie by nerve fibers of the PNS into the CNS

A

sonsory/afferent division

85
Q

signals are carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers of the PNS to innervate the muscles and glands, causing these organs either to contract or to secrete

A

motor/efferent division

86
Q

the sensory innervation of the outer tube: skin, body wall, and limbs

A

somatic sensory

87
Q

the sensory innervation of the viscera

A

visceral sensory

88
Q

or voluntary motor, the motor innervation of the outer tube, specifically skeletal muscles

A

somatic motor

89
Q

aka autonomic nervous system (ANS), the involuntary motor innervation of the inner tube, specifically soomth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, as well as some outer tube structuers: arrector pili muscles, smooth muscle in the vessels, and sweat glands

A

visceral motor

90
Q

sense whose receptors are spread widely throughout the outer tube of the body

A

general somatic senses

91
Q

”"”sensing one’s own body””, a sense that detects the amount of ste]retch in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules”

A

proprioception

92
Q

somatic senses whose receptors are confined to relatively small areas rather than spread widely throughout the body

A

special somatic senses

93
Q

balance, using receptors in the inner ear, a special sense

A

equilibrium

94
Q

incledue stretch, pain, and temperature, which can be felt widely in the digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs, and other viscera

A

general visceral senses

95
Q

taste and smell, aka chemical sense, have their sensory receptors localized to the tongue and nasal cavity

A

special visceral senses

96
Q

neurons, the excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals<br></br>neuroglia, nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons

A

nervous tissue parts

97
Q

basic strutural units of the nervous system

A

neurons/nerve cells

98
Q

plasma membrane (for nerve cells)

A

neurilemma

99
Q

aka action potenials, a reversal of electrical charge that travels rapidly along the neuronal membrane

A

nerve impulses

100
Q

neurons are highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another. these signals are transmitted along the plasma membrane, or neurilemma, in the form of nerve impulses, or action potentials. basically, an impulse is a reversal of electrical charge that tranels rapidly along the neuronal membrane<br></br>neurons have extreme longevity. they can live and function for a lifetime, over 100 years<br></br>neurons do not divide. as the fetal neurons assume their roles as communication links in the nervous system, they lose their ability to undergo mitosis. there can be a high price for this characteristic of neurons, for they cannot replace themselves if destroyed. there are some exceptions to this rule; neural stem cells have been identified in certain areas of the CNS<br></br>neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen

A

neurons have a number of special functional characteristics

101
Q

all consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

A

cell body (neuron)

102
Q

large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes that stain darkly with basic dyes

A

chromatophilic substance

103
Q

bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) that run in a network between the chromatophilic substance

A

neurofibrils

104
Q

extend from the cell bodies; of two types, dentrites and axons

A

processes (neuron)

105
Q

cone-shaped region of the cell body from which arises the axon

A

axon hillock

106
Q

any long axon

A

nerve fiber

107
Q

occasional branches along the length of an axon

A

axon collaterals

108
Q

end of the axon where it usually branches profusely

A

terminal arborization

109
Q

neuron that conducts signals toward a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

110
Q

neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

111
Q

most synapses (called _) occur between the terminal boutons of one neuron and the dentrites of another neuron

A

axodendritic synapses

112
Q

many synapses occur between axons and neuron cell bodies

A

axosomatic synapses

113
Q

membrane-bound sacs filled with neurotransmitters, the molecules that transmit signals across the synapse

A

synaptic vesicles

114
Q

have more than two processes, nearly all in the body, usually have numerous dendrites and a single axon

A

multipolar neurons

115
Q

have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body, mostly serve as sensory neurons

A

bipolar neurons

116
Q

have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body and divides like an inverted T into two long branches, generally start as bipolar neurons whose processes fuse together during development, aka pseudounipolar neurons

A

unipolar neurons

117
Q

one branch of the single process of a unipolar neuron, runs centrally into the CNS

A

central process

118
Q

one branch of the single process of the unipolar neuron, extends peripherally to the receptors

A

peripheral process

119
Q

aka afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of the PNS, transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptors in the PNS, most are pseudounipolar

A

sensory neurons

120
Q

lie between motor and sensory neurons, confined entirely to the CNS, link together into chans that form complex neuronal pathways, make up 99.98% of the neurons of the body

A

interneurons

121
Q

”"”star cells””, most abundant glial cells of the CNS, regulate neurotransmitter levels by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity, signal increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain, control the ionic environment around neurons”

A

astrocytes

122
Q

smalles and lest abundant neuroglia of the CNS, phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS

A

microglial cells

123
Q

”"”wrapping garment””, form a simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain, provide a fairly permeable layer between tho cerebrospinal fluid that fills this cavity and tissue fluid that bathes the cells of the CNS, bear cilia that help circulate the cerbrospinal fluid”

A

ependymal cells

124
Q

”"”few-branch cells””, line up in small groups and wrape their cell precess around the thicker axons in the CNS producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths”

A

obigondendrocytes

125
Q

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

A

satellite cells

126
Q

surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons

A

Schwann cells

127
Q

produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, segmented structures that are composed of the lipoprotein myelin and surround the thicker axons of the body

A

myelin sheaths

128
Q

lipoprotein that makes up myelin sheaths

A

myelin

129
Q

aka nodes of Ranvier, occur at regular intervals about 1 mm apart; in myelinated axons, nerve impulses do not travel along the myelin-covered regions of the axonal membrane but instead jump from the membrane of one myelin sheath gap to the next in a way that greatly speeds impulse conduction

A

myelin sheath gaps

130
Q

thin, slowly conducting axons lack a myelin sheath

A

nonmyelinated axons

131
Q

gray-collored zone that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the CNS; the site where neuron cell bodies are clustered; more specifically, the gray matter of the CNS is a mixture of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short, nonmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia; synapes occur in the gray matter

A

gray matter

132
Q

contains no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons and neuroglia; consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS

A

white matter

133
Q

within white matter, axons, traveling to similar destinations form axon bundles

A

tracts

134
Q

in two regions of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) there is an additional layer of gray matter located superficially, the _

A

cortex

135
Q

cablelike organ in the peripheral nervous system, each consists of many axoins arranged in parallel bundles and enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue

A

nerve

136
Q

a delicate layer of loose connective tissue covering the Schwann cells

A

endoneurium

137
Q

groups of axons bound into bundles called nerve _ by a wrapping of connective tissue called the perneurium

A

fascicles

138
Q

wrapping of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fascicles

A

perineurium

139
Q

tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve

A

epineurium

140
Q

simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviors and reflect the basic structural plan of the nervous system

A

reflex arcs

141
Q

rapid, automatic motor responses to stimuli

A

reflexes

142
Q

1) the receptor is the side where the stimulus acts. receptors are located at the terminal end of the peripheral process of a sensory neuron<br></br>2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS<br></br>3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain<br></br>4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector<br></br>5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

A

reflex components

143
Q

no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the moter neuron, there is only one synapse in this reflex arc (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)

A

monosynaptic reflex

144
Q

one or more interneurons are part of the reflex pathway between the sensory and motor neurons (e.g. withdrawal reflexes are three-neuron polysnynaptic reflexes)

A

polysynaptic reflexes

145
Q

one presynaptic neuron synapes with several other neurons

A

diverging circuit

146
Q

when many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (e.g. when a single motor neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory impulses from many other neurons)

A

cenverging circuit

147
Q

one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit; a branch off the axon of one neuron circles back and synapses with a previous neuron in the circuit

A

reverberating circuit

148
Q

neurons that synapse one-on-one in a sequence are joined _

A

in series

149
Q

precessing done by neurons in series

A

serial processing

150
Q

information from a single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways

A

in parallel

151
Q

occurs when a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions

A

parallel processing

152
Q

progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting neuronal signals in the CNS and leading to sensory disorders and weakened musculature

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

153
Q

the neural tube becomes the CNS; its walls begin as a layer of pseudostratified _

A

neuroepithelial cells

154
Q

just external to the neuroepithelium, the neuroblasts cluster into an _ and a _, the future gray matter; the neuroblasts of the alar plate b ecome interneurons which remain in the CNS, the neuroblasts of the basal plate become motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out to the effector organs

A

alar plate and basal plate