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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch20 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch20 Flashcards

1
Q

lumen

A

central blood-filled space of a blood vessel

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2
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost tunic of a blood vessel

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3
Q

endothelium

A

simple sqamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

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4
Q

subendothelial layer

A

a thin layer of loose connective tissue just external to the endothelium in vessels larger than about 1mm in diameter

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5
Q

tunica media

A

middle tunic, consists primarily of circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers, between which lie circular sheets of elastic and collagen fibers

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6
Q

tunica externa

A

or tunica adventitia, layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers, cells and fibers run longitudinally; protects the vessel, further strengthens its wall, and anchors the vessel to surrounding structures

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7
Q

vasa vasorum

A

”"”vessels of the vessels””, tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins in the tunica externa of the larger arteries and veins”

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8
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart; oxygen-rich blood for the systemic circuit, oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches) with diameters ranging from 2.5 cm to 1 cm, sometimes called conducting arteries

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10
Q

muscular (distributing) arteries

A

lie distal to the elastic arteries and supply groups of organs, individual organs, and parts of organs, range in diameter from about 1 cm to 0.3 mm

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11
Q

internal elastic membrane

A

forms the outer layer of the tunica intima (of muscular arteries)

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12
Q

external elastic membrane

A

forms the outer layer of the tunica media (of muscular arteries)

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13
Q

arterioles

A

smallest artiers, diameters ranging from about 0.3mm to 10um, tunica media contains only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels, diameter of 8-10 um, just large enough to enable erythrocytes to pass through in single file

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15
Q

intercellular clefts

A

gaps of unjoined membrane that allow small molecules to pass into and out of the capillary<br></br>most small molecules are exchanged through the intercellular clefts. in sinusoids, larger molecules and cells are exchanged through the wide intercellular clefts.

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16
Q

pericytes

A

spider-shaped contractile stem cells whose thin processes form a widely spaced network around the capillary, strengthen and stabilize capillary and help control permeability

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17
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common type of capillary, tight junctions and occasional desmosomes hold the capillary endothelial cells together

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18
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

“joined by tight junctions and contain intercellular clefts, have poors (fenestrations, or ““windows””) spanning the endothelial cells, occur only where there are exceptionally high rates of exchange of small molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue fluid (e.g. small intestine, kidneys, endocrine glands, synovial membranes of joints)”

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19
Q

sinusoid capillaries/sinusoids

A

wide, leaky capillaries, occur wherever there is an extensive exchange of large materials e.g. proteins or cells between the blood and surrounding tissue (e.g. bone marrow, spleen)

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20
Q

diferect diffusion through the endothelial cell membranes

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen seem to be the only important molecules that diffuse directly through endothelial cells, because these unchanged molecules easily diffuse through the lipid-containing membranes of cells

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21
Q

fenestrations

A

in fenestrated capillaries, the pores in the endothelial cells allow passage of many small molecules

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22
Q

pinocytotic vesicles

A

pinocytotic vesicles invaginate from the plasma membrane and migrate across the endothelial cells, transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste products into the capillary

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23
Q

microvascular unit

A

an arteriole, the capillary bed it feeds, and the venule that drains the capillary bed, together

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24
Q

metarteriole

A

with the thoroughfare channel comprise a vascular shunt that allows blood to bypass the true capillaries

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25
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle cells wrap around the root of each true capiilary where it leaves the metarteriole

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26
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that conduct blood from the capillaries toward the heart; oxygen-poor in the systmic circuit, oxygen-rich in the pulmonary circuit

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27
Q

venules

A

smallest veins, 8-100um in diameter

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28
Q

postcapillary venules

A

smallest venules, consist of an endothelium on which lie pericytes, function very much like capillaries

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29
Q

valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart

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30
Q

skeletal muscular pump

A

contracting skeletal muscles press against the thin-walled veins, forcing valves proximal to the area of contration to open and propelling blood toward the heart

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31
Q

vascular anastomoses

A

”"”coming together””, where vessels unite or interconnect”

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32
Q

right and left pulmonary arteries

A

“pulmonary trunk exits the ventricle anterior to the aorta, ascends to the aorta’s left, and reaches the concavity of the aortic arch, where it branches at a T-shaped divergence into the _”

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33
Q

lobar arteries

A

each pulmonary artery penetrates the medial surface of a lung and then divides into several _ serving the lobes of the lung, three in the right lung and two in the left lung

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34
Q

deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb

A

formation of clots in the veins of the lower extremity (usually in the thigh)

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35
Q

venous disease

A

common venous disorder of the lower limb,characterized by inadequate drainage of venous blood from the limb, whose tissues become ischemic and vulnerable to damage and ulceration

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36
Q

aneurysm

A

”"”widening””, saclike widening or outpocketing of an artery (or vein) that places the vessel at risk of rupturing”

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37
Q

microangiopathy of diabetes

A

”"”small vessel disease””, common complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, elevated blood sugar levels of diabetes lead to the deposit of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of the body’s capillaries, resulting in thickened but leaky capillary walls and a slowed rate of turnover of the tissue fluid upon which tissue cells rely for oxygen and nutrients”

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38
Q

arteriovenous malformation

A

congenital condition in which capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, so that an artery continues directly into a vein; the vein weakens and forms a bulging aneurysm, which can compress nearby structures or burst to cause a stroke

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39
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

walls of orteries become thicker and stiffer, and hypertension results

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40
Q

atherosclerosis

A

most common form of arteriosclerosis, small patchy thickenings called atheromans form that can intrude into the vessel lumen, making it easy for arterial spasms or a roaming blood clot to close the vessel completely

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41
Q

fatty streak stage

A

stage of atherosclerosis in which the foam cells accumulate (foam cells are smooth muscle cells that migrate from the tunica media and take up lipids)

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42
Q

fibrous or atherosclerotic plaques

A

fibrous lesions with a core of dead and dying foam cells

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43
Q

umbilical arteries

A

paired, branch from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients

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44
Q

umbilical vein

A

unpaired, returns blood to the fetus, delivering some of it to the hepatic portal vein so that its nutrients can be processed by the liver cells

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45
Q

ductus venosus

A

“shunt through which excess blood is diverted when there is too much for the fetus’s liver to process”

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46
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus becomes the solid _ after about 3 months postnatal

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47
Q

ligamentum teres

A

aka round ligament of liver, remnant of the umbilical vein throughout postnatal life

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48
Q

ligamentum venosum

A

“on the liver’s inferior surface, formerly the ductus venosus”

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49
Q

medial umbilical ligaments

A

umbilical arteries become _ in the anterior abdominal wall inferior to the navel

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50
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicosities in anal veins

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51
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body, leaves the heart, arcs superiorly and then descends along the bodies of the vertebrae to the inferior part of the abdomen

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52
Q

ascending aorta

A

one of the great vessels leaving the heart, arises from the left ventricle and ascends for about 5cm, begins posterior to the pulmonary trunk, passes to the right of that vessel and then curves left to become the aortic arch

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53
Q

right and left coronary arteries

A

only branches of the ascending aorta, supply the wall of the heart

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54
Q

aortic arch

A

arching posteriorly and to the left, lies posterior the manubrium of the sternum

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55
Q

brachicephalic trunk

A

ascends to the right toward the base of the neck where it divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

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56
Q

descending aorta

A

runs posterior to the heart and inferiorly onthe bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, continues form the aortic arch, two parts (thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta)

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57
Q

thoracic aorta

A

descends on the bies of the thoracic vertebrae (T5-T12) just to the left of the midline

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58
Q

abdominal aorta

A

lies on the lumbar vertebral bodies in the midline, tharocic aorta T12-L4 where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries

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59
Q

common carotid arteries

A

ascend through the anterior neck just lateral to the trachea, supplies blood to most parts of the head and neck

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60
Q

external carotid arteries

A

supply most tissues of the head external to the brain and orbit

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61
Q

superior thyroid artery

A

branch of the external carotid artery to the thyroid gland and larynx

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62
Q

lingual artery

A

external carotid artery branch to the tongue

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63
Q

facial artery

A

branch of the external carotid artery to the skin and muscles of the anterior face

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64
Q

occipital artery

A

branch of the extrnal carotid artery to the posterior part of the scalp

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65
Q

posterior auricular artery

A

branch of the external caratid artery to the region around the ear

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66
Q

superficial temporal artery

A

split end of the external carotid, ascends just anterior to the ear and supplies most of the scalp

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67
Q

maxillary artery

A

split end of the external carotid artery, runs deep to the ramus of the mandible and anteriorly into teh maxillary bone passing through the chewing muscles, sends braches to the upper and lower teeth, cheeks, nasal cavity, and muscles of mastication

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68
Q

internal caratid arteries

A

supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum

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69
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

from internal carotid artery, to the eye and orbit and divides into teh anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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70
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

anastomoses with its partner on the opposite side through a short anterior communicating artery and supplies the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes

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71
Q

middle cerbral artery

A

runs trhough the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere and supplies the lateral parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

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72
Q

right subclavian artery

A

originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, following the branching of the right common carotid artery, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)

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73
Q

left subclavian artery

A

arises as the third vessel branching from the aortic arch, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)

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74
Q

vertebral arteries

A

arise from the sublavian arteries at the root of the neck, ascend through the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6 to C1 and enter the skull through the foramen magnum, send branches to the vertebrae and cervical spinal cord

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75
Q

basilar artery

A

right and left vertebral arteries join to form the unpaired _ within the crainum, which ascends along the ventral midline fo the bran stem, sending branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

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76
Q

posterior cerebral arteries

A

basilar artery divides into a pair of _ at the border of the pons and midbrain; supply the occipital lobes plus the inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes of the cerbral hemispheres

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77
Q

posterior communicating arteries

A

connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly

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78
Q

cerebral arterial circle

A

(formerly circle of Willis), arterial anastomosis of two posterior communacating arteries and the single anterior communicating artery

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79
Q

thyrocervical trunk

A

sends two branches posteriorly over the scapula to help supply the scapular muscles, and one branch anteriorly to the inferior part of the thyroid gland (inferior thyroid artery), ascending neck branch helps supply the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord

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80
Q

costocervical trunk

A

sends a branch superiorly into the deep muscles of the neck and a branch inferiorly to supply the two most superior intercostal spaces

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81
Q

internal thoracic artery

A

(formerly internal mammary artery), supplies anterior thoracic wall, branches from the subclavian artery superiorly, then descends just lateral to the sternum and just deep to the costal cartilages

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82
Q

anterior intercostal arteries

A

branch off the internal thoracic artery at regular intervals and run horizontally to supply the ribs and the structures in the intercostal spaces

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83
Q

posterior intercostal arteries

A

supplies the posterior thoracic wall, superior wo pairs arise from the costocervical trunk, inferior nine pairs issue from the thoracic aorta

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84
Q

axillary artery

A

descends through the axilla, giving off branches: thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeual arteries, continues as the brachial artery at the teres major muscle

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85
Q

thoracoacromial artery

A

arises just inferior to the clavicle and branches to supply much of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles

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86
Q

lateral thoracic artery

A

descends along the lateral edge of pectoralis minor spplying the pectoral muscles and serratus anterior, and sends important branches to the breast

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87
Q

subscapular artery

A

serves the dorsal and ventral scapular regions and the latissimus dorsi muscle

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88
Q

anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries

A

wrap around the surgical neck of the humerus and help supply the deltoid muscle and shoulder joint

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89
Q

brachial artery

A

descends along the medial side of the humerus deep to the biceps muscle in the medial bicipital groove and supplies the anterior arm muscles

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90
Q

deep artery of the arm

A

(aka profunda brachii=deep brachial), wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus with the radial nerve and serves the triceps muscle

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91
Q

ulnar collateral arteries

A

several small branches sent inferiorly as the brachial artery nears the elbow, form anastomoses with branches ascending from arteries in the forearm to supply the elbow joint

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92
Q

radial artery

A

descends along the medial margin of the brachioradialis muscle, supplying muscles of the lateral anterior forearm, the lateral part of the wrist, and the thumb and index finger

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93
Q

ulnar artery

A

descends along the medial side of the anterior forearm, lies between the superficial and deep flexor muscles and sends branches to the muscles that cover the ulna

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94
Q

common interosseous artery

A

major branch of the ulnar artery, splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries, supply the deep flexor muscles, and the extensors on the posterior forearm respectively

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95
Q

superficial and deep palmar arches

A

branches of the radial and ulnar arteries join in the palm to form two horizontal arches

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96
Q

digital arteries

A

branch from the superficial and deep palmar arches, supply the fingers

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97
Q

inferior phrenic arteries

A

paired, branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of T12, just inferior to the aortic opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm, supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm

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98
Q

celiac trunk

A

short wide unparied, supplies the viscera in the superior part of the abdominal cavity e.g. branches to stomach, liver, gallblader, pancrease, spleen, and a part of the small intestine (deodenum)

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99
Q

left gastric artery

A

(gaster=stomach), branch of the celiac trunk, runs superiorly and to the left to the junction of the stomach with the espohagus where it gives off several esophageal branches and descends along the right (lesser) curvature of the J-shaped stomach

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100
Q

splenic artery

A

“branch of the celiac trunk, runs horizontally and to the left posterior to the stomach to enter the spleen passes along the superior brodrer of the pancrease and sends branches, several short branches superiorly to the stomach’s dome (short gastric arteries) and a major branch along the stomach’s left (greater) curvature”

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101
Q

left gastroepiploic artery

A

“branche of the splenic artery that runs along the stomach’s left (greater curvature)”

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102
Q

common hepatic artery

A

(hepar, hepat=liver), branch of the celiac trunk that runs to the right, divides into an ascending branch (hepatic artery proper) and a descending branch (gastroduodenal artery)

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103
Q

hepatic artery proper

A

divides into right and left branches just before entering the liver, right branch gives rise to the cystic artery to the gallbladder

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104
Q

right gastric artery

A

“arise either from the hepatic artery proper or from the common hepatic arter, runs along the stomach’s lesser curvature from the right”

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105
Q

gastroduodenal artery

A

descending branch of the common hepatic artery, runs inferiorly between the duedenum and the head of the pancreas

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106
Q

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

branch of the gastroduodenal artery, helps supply the pancrease and nearby duodenum

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107
Q

right gastroepiploic artery

A

“branch of the gastroduodenal artery, runs along the stomach’s greater curvature from the right”

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108
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

large, unpaired, serves most of the intestines, arises midventrally from the aorta posterior to the pancreas at L1

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109
Q

intestinal arteries

A

supply the jejunum and ileum, arise from the left side of the superior mesenteric artery

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110
Q

ileocolic artery

A

supply the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix, emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery

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111
Q

right colic artery

A

emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the ascending colon

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112
Q

middle colic artery

A

emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the transverse colon

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113
Q

middle suprarenal arteries

A

emerge from the sides of the aorta at L1, paired, supply blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands on the superior poles of the kidneys

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114
Q

renal arteries

A

paired, supply the kidneys, stem from the sides of the aorta between vertebrae L1 and L2

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115
Q

testicular arteries/ovarian arteries

A

paired, branch from the aorta at L2

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116
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

final major branch of the abdominal aorta arising midventrally at L3, serves the distal halfd of the large intestine from the last part of the transverse colon to the middle part of the rectum

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117
Q

left colic artery

A

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery which joins with the middle colic artery on the transverse colon

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118
Q

sigmoidal artery

A

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

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119
Q

superior rectal artery

A

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

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120
Q

lumbar arteries

A

four pairs arise from the posterolateral surface of the aorta in the lumbar rugion, sugmental, run horizontally to supply the posterior abdominal wall

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121
Q

median sacral artery

A

unpaired, issues from the most inferior part of the aorta, thin, supplies the sacrum and coccyx along the midline

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122
Q

common iliac arteries

A

aorta splits at L4 into the right and left _ which supply the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall, as well as the pelvic organs and the lower limbs

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123
Q

internal iliac arteries

A

supply blood to the pelvic walls, pelvic viscera, buttocks, medial thighs, and perineum

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124
Q

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

A

branch of the internal iliac arteries, run posteriorly through the greater sciatic notch to supply the gluteal muscles

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125
Q

internal pudendal artery

A

branch of the internal iliac arteries, leaves the pelvic cavity to supply the perineum and external genitalia

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126
Q

obturator artery

A

branch of the internal iliac arteries, descends through the obturator foramen into the thigh adductor muscles

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127
Q

external iliac arteries

A

carry blood to the lower limbs, originate from the common iliac arteries in the pelvis, descends along the arcuate line of the ilium bone, enters thigh by passing deep to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery

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128
Q

femoral artery

A

descends vertically through the thigh medial to the femur and along the anterior surface of the adductor muscles

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129
Q

deep artery of the thigh

A

(or profunda femoris=deep femoral), branch of the femoral, main supplier of the thigh muscles–adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps

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130
Q

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

A

branches of the deep femoral artery, circle the neck and upper shaft of the femur

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131
Q

descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery

A

runs along the anterior aspect of the vastus lateralis muscle and supplies it

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132
Q

popliteal artery

A

inferior continuation of the femoral artery, lies within the popliteal fossa

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133
Q

genicular arteries

A

”"”kee””, branches of the popliteal artery, circle the knee joint like horizontal hoops”

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134
Q

anterior tibial artery

A

split of the popliteal artery, runs through the anterior muscular compartment of the leg, descending along the interosseous membrane lateral to the tibia and sending branches to the extensor muscles along the way

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135
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

”"”artery of the dorsum of the foot””, anterior tibial artery becomes the _ at the ankle”

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136
Q

arcuate artery

A

at the base of the metatarsal bones, branches from the dornalis pedis and sends smaller branches distally along the metatarsals

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137
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

split of the popliteal artery, descends through the posteromedial part of the leg, lies directly deep to the soleus muscle

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138
Q

fibular (peroneal) artery

A

large branch of the posterior tibial artery, descends along the medial aspect of the fibula, together supply the flexor muscles in the leg

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139
Q

medial and lateral plantar arteries

A

posterior tibial artery divides on the medial side of the foot into _, serve the sole

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140
Q

plantar arch

A

lateral end is formed from the lateral plantar artery, gives rise to metatarsal and digital arteries to the toes

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141
Q

superior vena cava

A

receives systemic blood from all body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall, arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins posterior to the manubrium and descends to join the right atrium

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142
Q

inferior vena cava

A

ascends along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and is the widenst blood vessel in the body, returns blood to the heart from all body regions inferior to the diaphragm

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143
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

most veins of the brain drain into the intracranial _ which form an interconnected series of channels in the skull and lie between the two layers of crainal dura mater

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144
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

lie in the falx cerebri between the cerebral hemisphere, drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses

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145
Q

inferior sagittal sinus

A

lie in the falx cerebri between tho ceerbral hemispheres, drains posteriorly into the straight sinus

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146
Q

straight sinus

A

drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses

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147
Q

transverse sinuses

A

run in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone, each drains into an S-shaped sinus (sigmoid sinus)

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148
Q

sigmoid sinus

A

becomes the internal jugular vein as it leaves the skull through the jugular foramen

149
Q

cavernous sinuses

A

border the body of the sphenoid bone laterally, and each has an internal carotid artery running within it

150
Q

opthalmic vein

A

communicates with the facial vein, and the cavernous sinus

151
Q

internal jugular veins

A

drain almost all of the blood from the brain

152
Q

faical and superficial temporal veins

A

feed the internal jugular veins

153
Q

external jugular vein

A

superficial vein that descends vertically trhough the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

154
Q

vertebral veins

A

draining only the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and small muscles in the superior neck

155
Q

axygos vein

A

”"”unpaired””, ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies, receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins (except the first) plus the subcostal vein”

156
Q

hemiazygos vein

A

ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right, receives the 9th-11th left posterior intercostal veins and the subcostal vein, joins the azygos vein about midthorax

157
Q

accessory hemazygos vein

A

receives the 4th/5th-8th left posterior intercostal veins, courses right to join the azygos

158
Q

deep and superficial palmar venous arches

A

of the hand empty into the raidal and ulnar veins of the forearm

159
Q

radial and ulnar veins of the forearm

A

unite just inferior to the elbow joint to form the braichal vein of the arm

160
Q

brachial vein

A

as it enters the axilla, it empties into the axillary vein

161
Q

axillary vein

A

becomes the subclavian vein at the first rib

162
Q

cephalic vein

A

drains the dorsal venous network superiorly, starts at the lateral side of the network then bends around the distal radius to enter the anterior forearm, ends inferior to the clavicle where it joins the axillary vein

163
Q

basilic vein

A

“arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm, joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein”

164
Q

median cubital vein

A

connects the basilic and cephalic veins, in the region called the cubital fossa

165
Q

median vein of the forearm

A

ascends in the center of the forearm, its temination point at the elbow is highly variable

166
Q

lumbar veins

A

drain the posterior abdominal wall, several pairs run horizontally with the corresponding lumbar arteries

167
Q

gonadal veins

A

ascend along the posterior abdominal wall with the gonadal arteries, right drains into the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava at L2, the left into the left renal vein

168
Q

renal veins

A

right and left, drain the kidneys, each lies just anterior to the corresponding renal artery

169
Q

suprarenal veins

A

right empties into the nearby inferior vena cava, the left drains into the left renal vein, drain the adrenal glands

170
Q

hepatic veins

A

right and left, exit the liver superiorly and empty into the most superior part of the inferior vena cava, carry all the blood that originated in the digestive organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities and arrived via the hepatic portal system

171
Q

hepatic portal system

A

specialized part of the vascular circuit that serves a function unique to digestion: it picks up digestednutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage

172
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

drains capillaries in the stomach and intestines, delivers the nutrient-rich blood to a second caapillary bed (liver sinusoids) through which nutrients reach liver cells for processing

173
Q

portal hypertension

A

raised blood pressure throughout the hepatic portal system due to blockage through the liver sinusoids

174
Q

posterior tibial vein

A

arises on the sole of the foot from the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, ascends deep within the calf muscles and receives the fibular (peroneal) vein

175
Q

anterior tibial vein

A

superior continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot, ascends to the superior part of the leg, where it unites with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein

176
Q

femoral vein

A

drains the thigh, popliteal vein passes through the popliteal fossa and ascends to become the _

177
Q

external iliac vein

A

femoral vein continues superiorly deep to the inguinal ligament and becomes the _

178
Q

internal iliac vein

A

unites with the external iliac vein in the pelvis to become the common iliac vein

179
Q

dorsal venous arch

A

“located on the dorsal surface of the foot, gives rise to two large superficial veins, the great and small saphenous veins (““obvious””)”

180
Q

great saphenous vein

A

longest vein in the body, ascends along the medial side of the entire limb to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament

181
Q

small saphenous vein

A

runs along the lateral side of the food and then along the posterior calf, posterior to the knee it empties into the popliteal vein

182
Q

superior mesenteric vein

A

this large vein ascends just to the right of the superior mesenteric artery. it drains the entire small intestine, the first half of the large intestine (ascending and transverse colon), and some of the stomach. its superior part lies posterior to the stomach and pancreas

183
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A

this vein ascends along the posterior abdominal wall, well tot he left of the inferior mesenteric artery. its tributaries drain the organs that are supplied by that artery–namely, the distal region of the colon and the superior rectum. it empties into the splenic vein posterior to the stomach and pancreas.

184
Q

splenic vein

A

“even though the spleen is not a digestive organ, venous blood leaving it drains through the hepatic portal system. as a result, any microbes that escape the spleen’s infection-fighting activities are carried to the liver for destruction. it runs horizontally, posterior to the stomach and pancreas, and joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein. its tributaries correspond to the branches of the splenic artery”

185
Q

central blood-filled space of a blood vessel

A

lumen

186
Q

innermost tunic of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima

187
Q

simple sqamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

A

endothelium

188
Q

a thin layer of loose connective tissue just external to the endothelium in vessels larger than about 1mm in diameter

A

subendothelial layer

189
Q

middle tunic, consists primarily of circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers, between which lie circular sheets of elastic and collagen fibers

A

tunica media

190
Q

or tunica adventitia, layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers, cells and fibers run longitudinally; protects the vessel, further strengthens its wall, and anchors the vessel to surrounding structures

A

tunica externa

191
Q

”"”vessels of the vessels””, tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins in the tunica externa of the larger arteries and veins”

A

vasa vasorum

192
Q

vessels that carry blood away from the heart; oxygen-rich blood for the systemic circuit, oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit

A

arteries

193
Q

largest arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches) with diameters ranging from 2.5 cm to 1 cm, sometimes called conducting arteries

A

elastic arteries

194
Q

lie distal to the elastic arteries and supply groups of organs, individual organs, and parts of organs, range in diameter from about 1 cm to 0.3 mm

A

muscular (distributing) arteries

195
Q

forms the outer layer of the tunica intima (of muscular arteries)

A

internal elastic membrane

196
Q

forms the outer layer of the tunica media (of muscular arteries)

A

external elastic membrane

197
Q

smallest artiers, diameters ranging from about 0.3mm to 10um, tunica media contains only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

A

arterioles

198
Q

smallest blood vessels, diameter of 8-10 um, just large enough to enable erythrocytes to pass through in single file

A

capillaries

199
Q

gaps of unjoined membrane that allow small molecules to pass into and out of the capillary<br></br>most small molecules are exchanged through the intercellular clefts. in sinusoids, larger molecules and cells are exchanged through the wide intercellular clefts.

A

intercellular clefts

200
Q

spider-shaped contractile stem cells whose thin processes form a widely spaced network around the capillary, strengthen and stabilize capillary and help control permeability

A

pericytes

201
Q

most common type of capillary, tight junctions and occasional desmosomes hold the capillary endothelial cells together

A

continuous capillaries

202
Q

“joined by tight junctions and contain intercellular clefts, have poors (fenestrations, or ““windows””) spanning the endothelial cells, occur only where there are exceptionally high rates of exchange of small molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue fluid (e.g. small intestine, kidneys, endocrine glands, synovial membranes of joints)”

A

fenestrated capillaries

203
Q

wide, leaky capillaries, occur wherever there is an extensive exchange of large materials e.g. proteins or cells between the blood and surrounding tissue (e.g. bone marrow, spleen)

A

sinusoid capillaries/sinusoids

204
Q

carbon dioxide and oxygen seem to be the only important molecules that diffuse directly through endothelial cells, because these unchanged molecules easily diffuse through the lipid-containing membranes of cells

A

diferect diffusion through the endothelial cell membranes

205
Q

in fenestrated capillaries, the pores in the endothelial cells allow passage of many small molecules

A

fenestrations

206
Q

pinocytotic vesicles invaginate from the plasma membrane and migrate across the endothelial cells, transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste products into the capillary

A

pinocytotic vesicles

207
Q

an arteriole, the capillary bed it feeds, and the venule that drains the capillary bed, together

A

microvascular unit

208
Q

with the thoroughfare channel comprise a vascular shunt that allows blood to bypass the true capillaries

A

metarteriole

209
Q

smooth muscle cells wrap around the root of each true capiilary where it leaves the metarteriole

A

precapillary sphincters

210
Q

blood vessels that conduct blood from the capillaries toward the heart; oxygen-poor in the systmic circuit, oxygen-rich in the pulmonary circuit

A

veins

211
Q

smallest veins, 8-100um in diameter

A

venules

212
Q

smallest venules, consist of an endothelium on which lie pericytes, function very much like capillaries

A

postcapillary venules

213
Q

prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart

A

valves

214
Q

contracting skeletal muscles press against the thin-walled veins, forcing valves proximal to the area of contration to open and propelling blood toward the heart

A

skeletal muscular pump

215
Q

”"”coming together””, where vessels unite or interconnect”

A

vascular anastomoses

216
Q

“pulmonary trunk exits the ventricle anterior to the aorta, ascends to the aorta’s left, and reaches the concavity of the aortic arch, where it branches at a T-shaped divergence into the _”

A

right and left pulmonary arteries

217
Q

each pulmonary artery penetrates the medial surface of a lung and then divides into several _ serving the lobes of the lung, three in the right lung and two in the left lung

A

lobar arteries

218
Q

formation of clots in the veins of the lower extremity (usually in the thigh)

A

deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb

219
Q

common venous disorder of the lower limb,characterized by inadequate drainage of venous blood from the limb, whose tissues become ischemic and vulnerable to damage and ulceration

A

venous disease

220
Q

”"”widening””, saclike widening or outpocketing of an artery (or vein) that places the vessel at risk of rupturing”

A

aneurysm

221
Q

”"”small vessel disease””, common complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, elevated blood sugar levels of diabetes lead to the deposit of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of the body’s capillaries, resulting in thickened but leaky capillary walls and a slowed rate of turnover of the tissue fluid upon which tissue cells rely for oxygen and nutrients”

A

microangiopathy of diabetes

222
Q

congenital condition in which capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, so that an artery continues directly into a vein; the vein weakens and forms a bulging aneurysm, which can compress nearby structures or burst to cause a stroke

A

arteriovenous malformation

223
Q

walls of orteries become thicker and stiffer, and hypertension results

A

arteriosclerosis

224
Q

most common form of arteriosclerosis, small patchy thickenings called atheromans form that can intrude into the vessel lumen, making it easy for arterial spasms or a roaming blood clot to close the vessel completely

A

atherosclerosis

225
Q

stage of atherosclerosis in which the foam cells accumulate (foam cells are smooth muscle cells that migrate from the tunica media and take up lipids)

A

fatty streak stage

226
Q

fibrous lesions with a core of dead and dying foam cells

A

fibrous or atherosclerotic plaques

227
Q

paired, branch from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients

A

umbilical arteries

228
Q

unpaired, returns blood to the fetus, delivering some of it to the hepatic portal vein so that its nutrients can be processed by the liver cells

A

umbilical vein

229
Q

“shunt through which excess blood is diverted when there is too much for the fetus’s liver to process”

A

ductus venosus

230
Q

ductus arteriosus becomes the solid _ after about 3 months postnatal

A

ligamentum arteriosum

231
Q

aka round ligament of liver, remnant of the umbilical vein throughout postnatal life

A

ligamentum teres

232
Q

“on the liver’s inferior surface, formerly the ductus venosus”

A

ligamentum venosum

233
Q

umbilical arteries become _ in the anterior abdominal wall inferior to the navel

A

medial umbilical ligaments

234
Q

varicosities in anal veins

A

hemorrhoids

235
Q

largest artery in the body, leaves the heart, arcs superiorly and then descends along the bodies of the vertebrae to the inferior part of the abdomen

A

aorta

236
Q

one of the great vessels leaving the heart, arises from the left ventricle and ascends for about 5cm, begins posterior to the pulmonary trunk, passes to the right of that vessel and then curves left to become the aortic arch

A

ascending aorta

237
Q

only branches of the ascending aorta, supply the wall of the heart

A

right and left coronary arteries

238
Q

arching posteriorly and to the left, lies posterior the manubrium of the sternum

A

aortic arch

239
Q

ascends to the right toward the base of the neck where it divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

A

brachicephalic trunk

240
Q

runs posterior to the heart and inferiorly onthe bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, continues form the aortic arch, two parts (thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta)

A

descending aorta

241
Q

descends on the bies of the thoracic vertebrae (T5-T12) just to the left of the midline

A

thoracic aorta

242
Q

lies on the lumbar vertebral bodies in the midline, tharocic aorta T12-L4 where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries

A

abdominal aorta

243
Q

ascend through the anterior neck just lateral to the trachea, supplies blood to most parts of the head and neck

A

common carotid arteries

244
Q

supply most tissues of the head external to the brain and orbit

A

external carotid arteries

245
Q

branch of the external carotid artery to the thyroid gland and larynx

A

superior thyroid artery

246
Q

external carotid artery branch to the tongue

A

lingual artery

247
Q

branch of the external carotid artery to the skin and muscles of the anterior face

A

facial artery

248
Q

branch of the extrnal carotid artery to the posterior part of the scalp

A

occipital artery

249
Q

branch of the external caratid artery to the region around the ear

A

posterior auricular artery

250
Q

split end of the external carotid, ascends just anterior to the ear and supplies most of the scalp

A

superficial temporal artery

251
Q

split end of the external carotid artery, runs deep to the ramus of the mandible and anteriorly into teh maxillary bone passing through the chewing muscles, sends braches to the upper and lower teeth, cheeks, nasal cavity, and muscles of mastication

A

maxillary artery

252
Q

supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum

A

internal caratid arteries

253
Q

from internal carotid artery, to the eye and orbit and divides into teh anterior and middle cerebral arteries

A

ophthalmic artery

254
Q

anastomoses with its partner on the opposite side through a short anterior communicating artery and supplies the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes

A

anterior cerebral artery

255
Q

runs trhough the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere and supplies the lateral parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

A

middle cerbral artery

256
Q

originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, following the branching of the right common carotid artery, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)

A

right subclavian artery

257
Q

arises as the third vessel branching from the aortic arch, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)

A

left subclavian artery

258
Q

arise from the sublavian arteries at the root of the neck, ascend through the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6 to C1 and enter the skull through the foramen magnum, send branches to the vertebrae and cervical spinal cord

A

vertebral arteries

259
Q

right and left vertebral arteries join to form the unpaired _ within the crainum, which ascends along the ventral midline fo the bran stem, sending branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

A

basilar artery

260
Q

basilar artery divides into a pair of _ at the border of the pons and midbrain; supply the occipital lobes plus the inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes of the cerbral hemispheres

A

posterior cerebral arteries

261
Q

connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly

A

posterior communicating arteries

262
Q

(formerly circle of Willis), arterial anastomosis of two posterior communacating arteries and the single anterior communicating artery

A

cerebral arterial circle

263
Q

sends two branches posteriorly over the scapula to help supply the scapular muscles, and one branch anteriorly to the inferior part of the thyroid gland (inferior thyroid artery), ascending neck branch helps supply the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord

A

thyrocervical trunk

264
Q

sends a branch superiorly into the deep muscles of the neck and a branch inferiorly to supply the two most superior intercostal spaces

A

costocervical trunk

265
Q

(formerly internal mammary artery), supplies anterior thoracic wall, branches from the subclavian artery superiorly, then descends just lateral to the sternum and just deep to the costal cartilages

A

internal thoracic artery

266
Q

branch off the internal thoracic artery at regular intervals and run horizontally to supply the ribs and the structures in the intercostal spaces

A

anterior intercostal arteries

267
Q

supplies the posterior thoracic wall, superior wo pairs arise from the costocervical trunk, inferior nine pairs issue from the thoracic aorta

A

posterior intercostal arteries

268
Q

descends through the axilla, giving off branches: thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeual arteries, continues as the brachial artery at the teres major muscle

A

axillary artery

269
Q

arises just inferior to the clavicle and branches to supply much of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles

A

thoracoacromial artery

270
Q

descends along the lateral edge of pectoralis minor spplying the pectoral muscles and serratus anterior, and sends important branches to the breast

A

lateral thoracic artery

271
Q

serves the dorsal and ventral scapular regions and the latissimus dorsi muscle

A

subscapular artery

272
Q

wrap around the surgical neck of the humerus and help supply the deltoid muscle and shoulder joint

A

anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries

273
Q

descends along the medial side of the humerus deep to the biceps muscle in the medial bicipital groove and supplies the anterior arm muscles

A

brachial artery

274
Q

(aka profunda brachii=deep brachial), wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus with the radial nerve and serves the triceps muscle

A

deep artery of the arm

275
Q

several small branches sent inferiorly as the brachial artery nears the elbow, form anastomoses with branches ascending from arteries in the forearm to supply the elbow joint

A

ulnar collateral arteries

276
Q

descends along the medial margin of the brachioradialis muscle, supplying muscles of the lateral anterior forearm, the lateral part of the wrist, and the thumb and index finger

A

radial artery

277
Q

descends along the medial side of the anterior forearm, lies between the superficial and deep flexor muscles and sends branches to the muscles that cover the ulna

A

ulnar artery

278
Q

major branch of the ulnar artery, splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries, supply the deep flexor muscles, and the extensors on the posterior forearm respectively

A

common interosseous artery

279
Q

branches of the radial and ulnar arteries join in the palm to form two horizontal arches

A

superficial and deep palmar arches

280
Q

branch from the superficial and deep palmar arches, supply the fingers

A

digital arteries

281
Q

paired, branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of T12, just inferior to the aortic opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm, supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm

A

inferior phrenic arteries

282
Q

short wide unparied, supplies the viscera in the superior part of the abdominal cavity e.g. branches to stomach, liver, gallblader, pancrease, spleen, and a part of the small intestine (deodenum)

A

celiac trunk

283
Q

(gaster=stomach), branch of the celiac trunk, runs superiorly and to the left to the junction of the stomach with the espohagus where it gives off several esophageal branches and descends along the right (lesser) curvature of the J-shaped stomach

A

left gastric artery

284
Q

“branch of the celiac trunk, runs horizontally and to the left posterior to the stomach to enter the spleen passes along the superior brodrer of the pancrease and sends branches, several short branches superiorly to the stomach’s dome (short gastric arteries) and a major branch along the stomach’s left (greater) curvature”

A

splenic artery

285
Q

“branche of the splenic artery that runs along the stomach’s left (greater curvature)”

A

left gastroepiploic artery

286
Q

(hepar, hepat=liver), branch of the celiac trunk that runs to the right, divides into an ascending branch (hepatic artery proper) and a descending branch (gastroduodenal artery)

A

common hepatic artery

287
Q

divides into right and left branches just before entering the liver, right branch gives rise to the cystic artery to the gallbladder

A

hepatic artery proper

288
Q

“arise either from the hepatic artery proper or from the common hepatic arter, runs along the stomach’s lesser curvature from the right”

A

right gastric artery

289
Q

descending branch of the common hepatic artery, runs inferiorly between the duedenum and the head of the pancreas

A

gastroduodenal artery

290
Q

branch of the gastroduodenal artery, helps supply the pancrease and nearby duodenum

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

291
Q

“branch of the gastroduodenal artery, runs along the stomach’s greater curvature from the right”

A

right gastroepiploic artery

292
Q

large, unpaired, serves most of the intestines, arises midventrally from the aorta posterior to the pancreas at L1

A

superior mesenteric artery

293
Q

supply the jejunum and ileum, arise from the left side of the superior mesenteric artery

A

intestinal arteries

294
Q

supply the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix, emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery

A

ileocolic artery

295
Q

emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the ascending colon

A

right colic artery

296
Q

emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the transverse colon

A

middle colic artery

297
Q

emerge from the sides of the aorta at L1, paired, supply blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands on the superior poles of the kidneys

A

middle suprarenal arteries

298
Q

paired, supply the kidneys, stem from the sides of the aorta between vertebrae L1 and L2

A

renal arteries

299
Q

paired, branch from the aorta at L2

A

testicular arteries/ovarian arteries

300
Q

final major branch of the abdominal aorta arising midventrally at L3, serves the distal halfd of the large intestine from the last part of the transverse colon to the middle part of the rectum

A

inferior mesenteric artery

301
Q

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery which joins with the middle colic artery on the transverse colon

A

left colic artery

302
Q

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

sigmoidal artery

303
Q

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

superior rectal artery

304
Q

four pairs arise from the posterolateral surface of the aorta in the lumbar rugion, sugmental, run horizontally to supply the posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar arteries

305
Q

unpaired, issues from the most inferior part of the aorta, thin, supplies the sacrum and coccyx along the midline

A

median sacral artery

306
Q

aorta splits at L4 into the right and left _ which supply the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall, as well as the pelvic organs and the lower limbs

A

common iliac arteries

307
Q

supply blood to the pelvic walls, pelvic viscera, buttocks, medial thighs, and perineum

A

internal iliac arteries

308
Q

branch of the internal iliac arteries, run posteriorly through the greater sciatic notch to supply the gluteal muscles

A

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

309
Q

branch of the internal iliac arteries, leaves the pelvic cavity to supply the perineum and external genitalia

A

internal pudendal artery

310
Q

branch of the internal iliac arteries, descends through the obturator foramen into the thigh adductor muscles

A

obturator artery

311
Q

carry blood to the lower limbs, originate from the common iliac arteries in the pelvis, descends along the arcuate line of the ilium bone, enters thigh by passing deep to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery

A

external iliac arteries

312
Q

descends vertically through the thigh medial to the femur and along the anterior surface of the adductor muscles

A

femoral artery

313
Q

(or profunda femoris=deep femoral), branch of the femoral, main supplier of the thigh muscles–adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps

A

deep artery of the thigh

314
Q

branches of the deep femoral artery, circle the neck and upper shaft of the femur

A

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

315
Q

runs along the anterior aspect of the vastus lateralis muscle and supplies it

A

descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery

316
Q

inferior continuation of the femoral artery, lies within the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal artery

317
Q

”"”kee””, branches of the popliteal artery, circle the knee joint like horizontal hoops”

A

genicular arteries

318
Q

split of the popliteal artery, runs through the anterior muscular compartment of the leg, descending along the interosseous membrane lateral to the tibia and sending branches to the extensor muscles along the way

A

anterior tibial artery

319
Q

”"”artery of the dorsum of the foot””, anterior tibial artery becomes the _ at the ankle”

A

dorsalis pedis artery

320
Q

at the base of the metatarsal bones, branches from the dornalis pedis and sends smaller branches distally along the metatarsals

A

arcuate artery

321
Q

split of the popliteal artery, descends through the posteromedial part of the leg, lies directly deep to the soleus muscle

A

posterior tibial artery

322
Q

large branch of the posterior tibial artery, descends along the medial aspect of the fibula, together supply the flexor muscles in the leg

A

fibular (peroneal) artery

323
Q

posterior tibial artery divides on the medial side of the foot into _, serve the sole

A

medial and lateral plantar arteries

324
Q

lateral end is formed from the lateral plantar artery, gives rise to metatarsal and digital arteries to the toes

A

plantar arch

325
Q

receives systemic blood from all body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall, arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins posterior to the manubrium and descends to join the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

326
Q

ascends along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and is the widenst blood vessel in the body, returns blood to the heart from all body regions inferior to the diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

327
Q

most veins of the brain drain into the intracranial _ which form an interconnected series of channels in the skull and lie between the two layers of crainal dura mater

A

dural venous sinuses

328
Q

lie in the falx cerebri between the cerebral hemisphere, drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus

329
Q

lie in the falx cerebri between tho ceerbral hemispheres, drains posteriorly into the straight sinus

A

inferior sagittal sinus

330
Q

drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses

A

straight sinus

331
Q

run in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone, each drains into an S-shaped sinus (sigmoid sinus)

A

transverse sinuses

332
Q

becomes the internal jugular vein as it leaves the skull through the jugular foramen

A

sigmoid sinus

333
Q

border the body of the sphenoid bone laterally, and each has an internal carotid artery running within it

A

cavernous sinuses

334
Q

communicates with the facial vein, and the cavernous sinus

A

opthalmic vein

335
Q

drain almost all of the blood from the brain

A

internal jugular veins

336
Q

feed the internal jugular veins

A

faical and superficial temporal veins

337
Q

superficial vein that descends vertically trhough the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

external jugular vein

338
Q

draining only the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and small muscles in the superior neck

A

vertebral veins

339
Q

”"”unpaired””, ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies, receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins (except the first) plus the subcostal vein”

A

axygos vein

340
Q

ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right, receives the 9th-11th left posterior intercostal veins and the subcostal vein, joins the azygos vein about midthorax

A

hemiazygos vein

341
Q

receives the 4th/5th-8th left posterior intercostal veins, courses right to join the azygos

A

accessory hemazygos vein

342
Q

of the hand empty into the raidal and ulnar veins of the forearm

A

deep and superficial palmar venous arches

343
Q

unite just inferior to the elbow joint to form the braichal vein of the arm

A

radial and ulnar veins of the forearm

344
Q

as it enters the axilla, it empties into the axillary vein

A

brachial vein

345
Q

becomes the subclavian vein at the first rib

A

axillary vein

346
Q

drains the dorsal venous network superiorly, starts at the lateral side of the network then bends around the distal radius to enter the anterior forearm, ends inferior to the clavicle where it joins the axillary vein

A

cephalic vein

347
Q

“arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm, joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein”

A

basilic vein

348
Q

connects the basilic and cephalic veins, in the region called the cubital fossa

A

median cubital vein

349
Q

ascends in the center of the forearm, its temination point at the elbow is highly variable

A

median vein of the forearm

350
Q

drain the posterior abdominal wall, several pairs run horizontally with the corresponding lumbar arteries

A

lumbar veins

351
Q

ascend along the posterior abdominal wall with the gonadal arteries, right drains into the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava at L2, the left into the left renal vein

A

gonadal veins

352
Q

right and left, drain the kidneys, each lies just anterior to the corresponding renal artery

A

renal veins

353
Q

right empties into the nearby inferior vena cava, the left drains into the left renal vein, drain the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal veins

354
Q

right and left, exit the liver superiorly and empty into the most superior part of the inferior vena cava, carry all the blood that originated in the digestive organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities and arrived via the hepatic portal system

A

hepatic veins

355
Q

specialized part of the vascular circuit that serves a function unique to digestion: it picks up digestednutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage

A

hepatic portal system

356
Q

drains capillaries in the stomach and intestines, delivers the nutrient-rich blood to a second caapillary bed (liver sinusoids) through which nutrients reach liver cells for processing

A

hepatic portal vein

357
Q

raised blood pressure throughout the hepatic portal system due to blockage through the liver sinusoids

A

portal hypertension

358
Q

arises on the sole of the foot from the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, ascends deep within the calf muscles and receives the fibular (peroneal) vein

A

posterior tibial vein

359
Q

superior continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot, ascends to the superior part of the leg, where it unites with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein

A

anterior tibial vein

360
Q

drains the thigh, popliteal vein passes through the popliteal fossa and ascends to become the _

A

femoral vein

361
Q

femoral vein continues superiorly deep to the inguinal ligament and becomes the _

A

external iliac vein

362
Q

unites with the external iliac vein in the pelvis to become the common iliac vein

A

internal iliac vein

363
Q

“located on the dorsal surface of the foot, gives rise to two large superficial veins, the great and small saphenous veins (““obvious””)”

A

dorsal venous arch

364
Q

longest vein in the body, ascends along the medial side of the entire limb to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament

A

great saphenous vein

365
Q

runs along the lateral side of the food and then along the posterior calf, posterior to the knee it empties into the popliteal vein

A

small saphenous vein

366
Q

this large vein ascends just to the right of the superior mesenteric artery. it drains the entire small intestine, the first half of the large intestine (ascending and transverse colon), and some of the stomach. its superior part lies posterior to the stomach and pancreas

A

superior mesenteric vein

367
Q

this vein ascends along the posterior abdominal wall, well tot he left of the inferior mesenteric artery. its tributaries drain the organs that are supplied by that artery–namely, the distal region of the colon and the superior rectum. it empties into the splenic vein posterior to the stomach and pancreas.

A

inferior mesenteric vein

368
Q

“even though the spleen is not a digestive organ, venous blood leaving it drains through the hepatic portal system. as a result, any microbes that escape the spleen’s infection-fighting activities are carried to the liver for destruction. it runs horizontally, posterior to the stomach and pancreas, and joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein. its tributaries correspond to the branches of the splenic artery”

A

splenic vein

Anatomy (42 decks)

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