Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch20 Flashcards
lumen
central blood-filled space of a blood vessel
tunica intima
innermost tunic of a blood vessel
endothelium
simple sqamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels
subendothelial layer
a thin layer of loose connective tissue just external to the endothelium in vessels larger than about 1mm in diameter
tunica media
middle tunic, consists primarily of circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers, between which lie circular sheets of elastic and collagen fibers
tunica externa
or tunica adventitia, layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers, cells and fibers run longitudinally; protects the vessel, further strengthens its wall, and anchors the vessel to surrounding structures
vasa vasorum
”"”vessels of the vessels””, tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins in the tunica externa of the larger arteries and veins”
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart; oxygen-rich blood for the systemic circuit, oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit
elastic arteries
largest arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches) with diameters ranging from 2.5 cm to 1 cm, sometimes called conducting arteries
muscular (distributing) arteries
lie distal to the elastic arteries and supply groups of organs, individual organs, and parts of organs, range in diameter from about 1 cm to 0.3 mm
internal elastic membrane
forms the outer layer of the tunica intima (of muscular arteries)
external elastic membrane
forms the outer layer of the tunica media (of muscular arteries)
arterioles
smallest artiers, diameters ranging from about 0.3mm to 10um, tunica media contains only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
capillaries
smallest blood vessels, diameter of 8-10 um, just large enough to enable erythrocytes to pass through in single file
intercellular clefts
gaps of unjoined membrane that allow small molecules to pass into and out of the capillary<br></br>most small molecules are exchanged through the intercellular clefts. in sinusoids, larger molecules and cells are exchanged through the wide intercellular clefts.
pericytes
spider-shaped contractile stem cells whose thin processes form a widely spaced network around the capillary, strengthen and stabilize capillary and help control permeability
continuous capillaries
most common type of capillary, tight junctions and occasional desmosomes hold the capillary endothelial cells together
fenestrated capillaries
“joined by tight junctions and contain intercellular clefts, have poors (fenestrations, or ““windows””) spanning the endothelial cells, occur only where there are exceptionally high rates of exchange of small molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue fluid (e.g. small intestine, kidneys, endocrine glands, synovial membranes of joints)”
sinusoid capillaries/sinusoids
wide, leaky capillaries, occur wherever there is an extensive exchange of large materials e.g. proteins or cells between the blood and surrounding tissue (e.g. bone marrow, spleen)
diferect diffusion through the endothelial cell membranes
carbon dioxide and oxygen seem to be the only important molecules that diffuse directly through endothelial cells, because these unchanged molecules easily diffuse through the lipid-containing membranes of cells
fenestrations
in fenestrated capillaries, the pores in the endothelial cells allow passage of many small molecules
pinocytotic vesicles
pinocytotic vesicles invaginate from the plasma membrane and migrate across the endothelial cells, transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste products into the capillary
microvascular unit
an arteriole, the capillary bed it feeds, and the venule that drains the capillary bed, together
metarteriole
with the thoroughfare channel comprise a vascular shunt that allows blood to bypass the true capillaries
precapillary sphincters
smooth muscle cells wrap around the root of each true capiilary where it leaves the metarteriole
veins
blood vessels that conduct blood from the capillaries toward the heart; oxygen-poor in the systmic circuit, oxygen-rich in the pulmonary circuit
venules
smallest veins, 8-100um in diameter
postcapillary venules
smallest venules, consist of an endothelium on which lie pericytes, function very much like capillaries
valves
prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart
skeletal muscular pump
contracting skeletal muscles press against the thin-walled veins, forcing valves proximal to the area of contration to open and propelling blood toward the heart
vascular anastomoses
”"”coming together””, where vessels unite or interconnect”
right and left pulmonary arteries
“pulmonary trunk exits the ventricle anterior to the aorta, ascends to the aorta’s left, and reaches the concavity of the aortic arch, where it branches at a T-shaped divergence into the _”
lobar arteries
each pulmonary artery penetrates the medial surface of a lung and then divides into several _ serving the lobes of the lung, three in the right lung and two in the left lung
deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb
formation of clots in the veins of the lower extremity (usually in the thigh)
venous disease
common venous disorder of the lower limb,characterized by inadequate drainage of venous blood from the limb, whose tissues become ischemic and vulnerable to damage and ulceration
aneurysm
”"”widening””, saclike widening or outpocketing of an artery (or vein) that places the vessel at risk of rupturing”
microangiopathy of diabetes
”"”small vessel disease””, common complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, elevated blood sugar levels of diabetes lead to the deposit of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of the body’s capillaries, resulting in thickened but leaky capillary walls and a slowed rate of turnover of the tissue fluid upon which tissue cells rely for oxygen and nutrients”
arteriovenous malformation
congenital condition in which capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, so that an artery continues directly into a vein; the vein weakens and forms a bulging aneurysm, which can compress nearby structures or burst to cause a stroke
arteriosclerosis
walls of orteries become thicker and stiffer, and hypertension results
atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis, small patchy thickenings called atheromans form that can intrude into the vessel lumen, making it easy for arterial spasms or a roaming blood clot to close the vessel completely
fatty streak stage
stage of atherosclerosis in which the foam cells accumulate (foam cells are smooth muscle cells that migrate from the tunica media and take up lipids)
fibrous or atherosclerotic plaques
fibrous lesions with a core of dead and dying foam cells
umbilical arteries
paired, branch from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients
umbilical vein
unpaired, returns blood to the fetus, delivering some of it to the hepatic portal vein so that its nutrients can be processed by the liver cells
ductus venosus
“shunt through which excess blood is diverted when there is too much for the fetus’s liver to process”
ligamentum arteriosum
ductus arteriosus becomes the solid _ after about 3 months postnatal
ligamentum teres
aka round ligament of liver, remnant of the umbilical vein throughout postnatal life
ligamentum venosum
“on the liver’s inferior surface, formerly the ductus venosus”
medial umbilical ligaments
umbilical arteries become _ in the anterior abdominal wall inferior to the navel
hemorrhoids
varicosities in anal veins
aorta
largest artery in the body, leaves the heart, arcs superiorly and then descends along the bodies of the vertebrae to the inferior part of the abdomen
ascending aorta
one of the great vessels leaving the heart, arises from the left ventricle and ascends for about 5cm, begins posterior to the pulmonary trunk, passes to the right of that vessel and then curves left to become the aortic arch
right and left coronary arteries
only branches of the ascending aorta, supply the wall of the heart
aortic arch
arching posteriorly and to the left, lies posterior the manubrium of the sternum
brachicephalic trunk
ascends to the right toward the base of the neck where it divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
descending aorta
runs posterior to the heart and inferiorly onthe bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, continues form the aortic arch, two parts (thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta)
thoracic aorta
descends on the bies of the thoracic vertebrae (T5-T12) just to the left of the midline
abdominal aorta
lies on the lumbar vertebral bodies in the midline, tharocic aorta T12-L4 where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries
common carotid arteries
ascend through the anterior neck just lateral to the trachea, supplies blood to most parts of the head and neck
external carotid arteries
supply most tissues of the head external to the brain and orbit
superior thyroid artery
branch of the external carotid artery to the thyroid gland and larynx
lingual artery
external carotid artery branch to the tongue
facial artery
branch of the external carotid artery to the skin and muscles of the anterior face
occipital artery
branch of the extrnal carotid artery to the posterior part of the scalp
posterior auricular artery
branch of the external caratid artery to the region around the ear
superficial temporal artery
split end of the external carotid, ascends just anterior to the ear and supplies most of the scalp
maxillary artery
split end of the external carotid artery, runs deep to the ramus of the mandible and anteriorly into teh maxillary bone passing through the chewing muscles, sends braches to the upper and lower teeth, cheeks, nasal cavity, and muscles of mastication
internal caratid arteries
supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum
ophthalmic artery
from internal carotid artery, to the eye and orbit and divides into teh anterior and middle cerebral arteries
anterior cerebral artery
anastomoses with its partner on the opposite side through a short anterior communicating artery and supplies the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
middle cerbral artery
runs trhough the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere and supplies the lateral parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
right subclavian artery
originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, following the branching of the right common carotid artery, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)
left subclavian artery
arises as the third vessel branching from the aortic arch, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)
vertebral arteries
arise from the sublavian arteries at the root of the neck, ascend through the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6 to C1 and enter the skull through the foramen magnum, send branches to the vertebrae and cervical spinal cord
basilar artery
right and left vertebral arteries join to form the unpaired _ within the crainum, which ascends along the ventral midline fo the bran stem, sending branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear
posterior cerebral arteries
basilar artery divides into a pair of _ at the border of the pons and midbrain; supply the occipital lobes plus the inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes of the cerbral hemispheres
posterior communicating arteries
connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly
cerebral arterial circle
(formerly circle of Willis), arterial anastomosis of two posterior communacating arteries and the single anterior communicating artery
thyrocervical trunk
sends two branches posteriorly over the scapula to help supply the scapular muscles, and one branch anteriorly to the inferior part of the thyroid gland (inferior thyroid artery), ascending neck branch helps supply the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord
costocervical trunk
sends a branch superiorly into the deep muscles of the neck and a branch inferiorly to supply the two most superior intercostal spaces
internal thoracic artery
(formerly internal mammary artery), supplies anterior thoracic wall, branches from the subclavian artery superiorly, then descends just lateral to the sternum and just deep to the costal cartilages
anterior intercostal arteries
branch off the internal thoracic artery at regular intervals and run horizontally to supply the ribs and the structures in the intercostal spaces
posterior intercostal arteries
supplies the posterior thoracic wall, superior wo pairs arise from the costocervical trunk, inferior nine pairs issue from the thoracic aorta
axillary artery
descends through the axilla, giving off branches: thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeual arteries, continues as the brachial artery at the teres major muscle
thoracoacromial artery
arises just inferior to the clavicle and branches to supply much of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles
lateral thoracic artery
descends along the lateral edge of pectoralis minor spplying the pectoral muscles and serratus anterior, and sends important branches to the breast
subscapular artery
serves the dorsal and ventral scapular regions and the latissimus dorsi muscle
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
wrap around the surgical neck of the humerus and help supply the deltoid muscle and shoulder joint
brachial artery
descends along the medial side of the humerus deep to the biceps muscle in the medial bicipital groove and supplies the anterior arm muscles
deep artery of the arm
(aka profunda brachii=deep brachial), wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus with the radial nerve and serves the triceps muscle
ulnar collateral arteries
several small branches sent inferiorly as the brachial artery nears the elbow, form anastomoses with branches ascending from arteries in the forearm to supply the elbow joint
radial artery
descends along the medial margin of the brachioradialis muscle, supplying muscles of the lateral anterior forearm, the lateral part of the wrist, and the thumb and index finger
ulnar artery
descends along the medial side of the anterior forearm, lies between the superficial and deep flexor muscles and sends branches to the muscles that cover the ulna
common interosseous artery
major branch of the ulnar artery, splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries, supply the deep flexor muscles, and the extensors on the posterior forearm respectively
superficial and deep palmar arches
branches of the radial and ulnar arteries join in the palm to form two horizontal arches
digital arteries
branch from the superficial and deep palmar arches, supply the fingers
inferior phrenic arteries
paired, branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of T12, just inferior to the aortic opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm, supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm
celiac trunk
short wide unparied, supplies the viscera in the superior part of the abdominal cavity e.g. branches to stomach, liver, gallblader, pancrease, spleen, and a part of the small intestine (deodenum)
left gastric artery
(gaster=stomach), branch of the celiac trunk, runs superiorly and to the left to the junction of the stomach with the espohagus where it gives off several esophageal branches and descends along the right (lesser) curvature of the J-shaped stomach
splenic artery
“branch of the celiac trunk, runs horizontally and to the left posterior to the stomach to enter the spleen passes along the superior brodrer of the pancrease and sends branches, several short branches superiorly to the stomach’s dome (short gastric arteries) and a major branch along the stomach’s left (greater) curvature”
left gastroepiploic artery
“branche of the splenic artery that runs along the stomach’s left (greater curvature)”
common hepatic artery
(hepar, hepat=liver), branch of the celiac trunk that runs to the right, divides into an ascending branch (hepatic artery proper) and a descending branch (gastroduodenal artery)
hepatic artery proper
divides into right and left branches just before entering the liver, right branch gives rise to the cystic artery to the gallbladder
right gastric artery
“arise either from the hepatic artery proper or from the common hepatic arter, runs along the stomach’s lesser curvature from the right”
gastroduodenal artery
descending branch of the common hepatic artery, runs inferiorly between the duedenum and the head of the pancreas
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
branch of the gastroduodenal artery, helps supply the pancrease and nearby duodenum
right gastroepiploic artery
“branch of the gastroduodenal artery, runs along the stomach’s greater curvature from the right”
superior mesenteric artery
large, unpaired, serves most of the intestines, arises midventrally from the aorta posterior to the pancreas at L1
intestinal arteries
supply the jejunum and ileum, arise from the left side of the superior mesenteric artery
ileocolic artery
supply the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix, emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery
right colic artery
emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the ascending colon
middle colic artery
emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the transverse colon
middle suprarenal arteries
emerge from the sides of the aorta at L1, paired, supply blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands on the superior poles of the kidneys
renal arteries
paired, supply the kidneys, stem from the sides of the aorta between vertebrae L1 and L2
testicular arteries/ovarian arteries
paired, branch from the aorta at L2
inferior mesenteric artery
final major branch of the abdominal aorta arising midventrally at L3, serves the distal halfd of the large intestine from the last part of the transverse colon to the middle part of the rectum
left colic artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery which joins with the middle colic artery on the transverse colon
sigmoidal artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
superior rectal artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
lumbar arteries
four pairs arise from the posterolateral surface of the aorta in the lumbar rugion, sugmental, run horizontally to supply the posterior abdominal wall
median sacral artery
unpaired, issues from the most inferior part of the aorta, thin, supplies the sacrum and coccyx along the midline
common iliac arteries
aorta splits at L4 into the right and left _ which supply the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall, as well as the pelvic organs and the lower limbs
internal iliac arteries
supply blood to the pelvic walls, pelvic viscera, buttocks, medial thighs, and perineum
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
branch of the internal iliac arteries, run posteriorly through the greater sciatic notch to supply the gluteal muscles
internal pudendal artery
branch of the internal iliac arteries, leaves the pelvic cavity to supply the perineum and external genitalia
obturator artery
branch of the internal iliac arteries, descends through the obturator foramen into the thigh adductor muscles
external iliac arteries
carry blood to the lower limbs, originate from the common iliac arteries in the pelvis, descends along the arcuate line of the ilium bone, enters thigh by passing deep to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery
femoral artery
descends vertically through the thigh medial to the femur and along the anterior surface of the adductor muscles
deep artery of the thigh
(or profunda femoris=deep femoral), branch of the femoral, main supplier of the thigh muscles–adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps
medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
branches of the deep femoral artery, circle the neck and upper shaft of the femur
descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery
runs along the anterior aspect of the vastus lateralis muscle and supplies it
popliteal artery
inferior continuation of the femoral artery, lies within the popliteal fossa
genicular arteries
”"”kee””, branches of the popliteal artery, circle the knee joint like horizontal hoops”
anterior tibial artery
split of the popliteal artery, runs through the anterior muscular compartment of the leg, descending along the interosseous membrane lateral to the tibia and sending branches to the extensor muscles along the way
dorsalis pedis artery
”"”artery of the dorsum of the foot””, anterior tibial artery becomes the _ at the ankle”
arcuate artery
at the base of the metatarsal bones, branches from the dornalis pedis and sends smaller branches distally along the metatarsals
posterior tibial artery
split of the popliteal artery, descends through the posteromedial part of the leg, lies directly deep to the soleus muscle
fibular (peroneal) artery
large branch of the posterior tibial artery, descends along the medial aspect of the fibula, together supply the flexor muscles in the leg
medial and lateral plantar arteries
posterior tibial artery divides on the medial side of the foot into _, serve the sole
plantar arch
lateral end is formed from the lateral plantar artery, gives rise to metatarsal and digital arteries to the toes
superior vena cava
receives systemic blood from all body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall, arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins posterior to the manubrium and descends to join the right atrium
inferior vena cava
ascends along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and is the widenst blood vessel in the body, returns blood to the heart from all body regions inferior to the diaphragm
dural venous sinuses
most veins of the brain drain into the intracranial _ which form an interconnected series of channels in the skull and lie between the two layers of crainal dura mater
superior sagittal sinus
lie in the falx cerebri between the cerebral hemisphere, drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses
inferior sagittal sinus
lie in the falx cerebri between tho ceerbral hemispheres, drains posteriorly into the straight sinus
straight sinus
drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses
transverse sinuses
run in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone, each drains into an S-shaped sinus (sigmoid sinus)
sigmoid sinus
becomes the internal jugular vein as it leaves the skull through the jugular foramen
cavernous sinuses
border the body of the sphenoid bone laterally, and each has an internal carotid artery running within it
opthalmic vein
communicates with the facial vein, and the cavernous sinus
internal jugular veins
drain almost all of the blood from the brain
faical and superficial temporal veins
feed the internal jugular veins
external jugular vein
superficial vein that descends vertically trhough the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
vertebral veins
draining only the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and small muscles in the superior neck
axygos vein
”"”unpaired””, ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies, receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins (except the first) plus the subcostal vein”
hemiazygos vein
ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right, receives the 9th-11th left posterior intercostal veins and the subcostal vein, joins the azygos vein about midthorax
accessory hemazygos vein
receives the 4th/5th-8th left posterior intercostal veins, courses right to join the azygos
deep and superficial palmar venous arches
of the hand empty into the raidal and ulnar veins of the forearm
radial and ulnar veins of the forearm
unite just inferior to the elbow joint to form the braichal vein of the arm
brachial vein
as it enters the axilla, it empties into the axillary vein
axillary vein
becomes the subclavian vein at the first rib
cephalic vein
drains the dorsal venous network superiorly, starts at the lateral side of the network then bends around the distal radius to enter the anterior forearm, ends inferior to the clavicle where it joins the axillary vein
basilic vein
“arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm, joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein”
median cubital vein
connects the basilic and cephalic veins, in the region called the cubital fossa
median vein of the forearm
ascends in the center of the forearm, its temination point at the elbow is highly variable
lumbar veins
drain the posterior abdominal wall, several pairs run horizontally with the corresponding lumbar arteries
gonadal veins
ascend along the posterior abdominal wall with the gonadal arteries, right drains into the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava at L2, the left into the left renal vein
renal veins
right and left, drain the kidneys, each lies just anterior to the corresponding renal artery
suprarenal veins
right empties into the nearby inferior vena cava, the left drains into the left renal vein, drain the adrenal glands
hepatic veins
right and left, exit the liver superiorly and empty into the most superior part of the inferior vena cava, carry all the blood that originated in the digestive organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities and arrived via the hepatic portal system
hepatic portal system
specialized part of the vascular circuit that serves a function unique to digestion: it picks up digestednutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage
hepatic portal vein
drains capillaries in the stomach and intestines, delivers the nutrient-rich blood to a second caapillary bed (liver sinusoids) through which nutrients reach liver cells for processing
portal hypertension
raised blood pressure throughout the hepatic portal system due to blockage through the liver sinusoids
posterior tibial vein
arises on the sole of the foot from the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, ascends deep within the calf muscles and receives the fibular (peroneal) vein
anterior tibial vein
superior continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot, ascends to the superior part of the leg, where it unites with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein
femoral vein
drains the thigh, popliteal vein passes through the popliteal fossa and ascends to become the _
external iliac vein
femoral vein continues superiorly deep to the inguinal ligament and becomes the _
internal iliac vein
unites with the external iliac vein in the pelvis to become the common iliac vein
dorsal venous arch
“located on the dorsal surface of the foot, gives rise to two large superficial veins, the great and small saphenous veins (““obvious””)”
great saphenous vein
longest vein in the body, ascends along the medial side of the entire limb to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament
small saphenous vein
runs along the lateral side of the food and then along the posterior calf, posterior to the knee it empties into the popliteal vein
superior mesenteric vein
this large vein ascends just to the right of the superior mesenteric artery. it drains the entire small intestine, the first half of the large intestine (ascending and transverse colon), and some of the stomach. its superior part lies posterior to the stomach and pancreas
inferior mesenteric vein
this vein ascends along the posterior abdominal wall, well tot he left of the inferior mesenteric artery. its tributaries drain the organs that are supplied by that artery–namely, the distal region of the colon and the superior rectum. it empties into the splenic vein posterior to the stomach and pancreas.
splenic vein
“even though the spleen is not a digestive organ, venous blood leaving it drains through the hepatic portal system. as a result, any microbes that escape the spleen’s infection-fighting activities are carried to the liver for destruction. it runs horizontally, posterior to the stomach and pancreas, and joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein. its tributaries correspond to the branches of the splenic artery”
central blood-filled space of a blood vessel
lumen
innermost tunic of a blood vessel
tunica intima
simple sqamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels
endothelium
a thin layer of loose connective tissue just external to the endothelium in vessels larger than about 1mm in diameter
subendothelial layer
middle tunic, consists primarily of circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers, between which lie circular sheets of elastic and collagen fibers
tunica media
or tunica adventitia, layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers, cells and fibers run longitudinally; protects the vessel, further strengthens its wall, and anchors the vessel to surrounding structures
tunica externa
”"”vessels of the vessels””, tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins in the tunica externa of the larger arteries and veins”
vasa vasorum
vessels that carry blood away from the heart; oxygen-rich blood for the systemic circuit, oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit
arteries
largest arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches) with diameters ranging from 2.5 cm to 1 cm, sometimes called conducting arteries
elastic arteries
lie distal to the elastic arteries and supply groups of organs, individual organs, and parts of organs, range in diameter from about 1 cm to 0.3 mm
muscular (distributing) arteries
forms the outer layer of the tunica intima (of muscular arteries)
internal elastic membrane
forms the outer layer of the tunica media (of muscular arteries)
external elastic membrane
smallest artiers, diameters ranging from about 0.3mm to 10um, tunica media contains only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
arterioles
smallest blood vessels, diameter of 8-10 um, just large enough to enable erythrocytes to pass through in single file
capillaries
gaps of unjoined membrane that allow small molecules to pass into and out of the capillary<br></br>most small molecules are exchanged through the intercellular clefts. in sinusoids, larger molecules and cells are exchanged through the wide intercellular clefts.
intercellular clefts
spider-shaped contractile stem cells whose thin processes form a widely spaced network around the capillary, strengthen and stabilize capillary and help control permeability
pericytes
most common type of capillary, tight junctions and occasional desmosomes hold the capillary endothelial cells together
continuous capillaries
“joined by tight junctions and contain intercellular clefts, have poors (fenestrations, or ““windows””) spanning the endothelial cells, occur only where there are exceptionally high rates of exchange of small molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue fluid (e.g. small intestine, kidneys, endocrine glands, synovial membranes of joints)”
fenestrated capillaries
wide, leaky capillaries, occur wherever there is an extensive exchange of large materials e.g. proteins or cells between the blood and surrounding tissue (e.g. bone marrow, spleen)
sinusoid capillaries/sinusoids
carbon dioxide and oxygen seem to be the only important molecules that diffuse directly through endothelial cells, because these unchanged molecules easily diffuse through the lipid-containing membranes of cells
diferect diffusion through the endothelial cell membranes
in fenestrated capillaries, the pores in the endothelial cells allow passage of many small molecules
fenestrations
pinocytotic vesicles invaginate from the plasma membrane and migrate across the endothelial cells, transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste products into the capillary
pinocytotic vesicles
an arteriole, the capillary bed it feeds, and the venule that drains the capillary bed, together
microvascular unit
with the thoroughfare channel comprise a vascular shunt that allows blood to bypass the true capillaries
metarteriole
smooth muscle cells wrap around the root of each true capiilary where it leaves the metarteriole
precapillary sphincters
blood vessels that conduct blood from the capillaries toward the heart; oxygen-poor in the systmic circuit, oxygen-rich in the pulmonary circuit
veins
smallest veins, 8-100um in diameter
venules
smallest venules, consist of an endothelium on which lie pericytes, function very much like capillaries
postcapillary venules
prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart
valves
contracting skeletal muscles press against the thin-walled veins, forcing valves proximal to the area of contration to open and propelling blood toward the heart
skeletal muscular pump
”"”coming together””, where vessels unite or interconnect”
vascular anastomoses
“pulmonary trunk exits the ventricle anterior to the aorta, ascends to the aorta’s left, and reaches the concavity of the aortic arch, where it branches at a T-shaped divergence into the _”
right and left pulmonary arteries
each pulmonary artery penetrates the medial surface of a lung and then divides into several _ serving the lobes of the lung, three in the right lung and two in the left lung
lobar arteries
formation of clots in the veins of the lower extremity (usually in the thigh)
deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb
common venous disorder of the lower limb,characterized by inadequate drainage of venous blood from the limb, whose tissues become ischemic and vulnerable to damage and ulceration
venous disease
”"”widening””, saclike widening or outpocketing of an artery (or vein) that places the vessel at risk of rupturing”
aneurysm
”"”small vessel disease””, common complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, elevated blood sugar levels of diabetes lead to the deposit of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of the body’s capillaries, resulting in thickened but leaky capillary walls and a slowed rate of turnover of the tissue fluid upon which tissue cells rely for oxygen and nutrients”
microangiopathy of diabetes
congenital condition in which capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, so that an artery continues directly into a vein; the vein weakens and forms a bulging aneurysm, which can compress nearby structures or burst to cause a stroke
arteriovenous malformation
walls of orteries become thicker and stiffer, and hypertension results
arteriosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis, small patchy thickenings called atheromans form that can intrude into the vessel lumen, making it easy for arterial spasms or a roaming blood clot to close the vessel completely
atherosclerosis
stage of atherosclerosis in which the foam cells accumulate (foam cells are smooth muscle cells that migrate from the tunica media and take up lipids)
fatty streak stage
fibrous lesions with a core of dead and dying foam cells
fibrous or atherosclerotic plaques
paired, branch from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients
umbilical arteries
unpaired, returns blood to the fetus, delivering some of it to the hepatic portal vein so that its nutrients can be processed by the liver cells
umbilical vein
“shunt through which excess blood is diverted when there is too much for the fetus’s liver to process”
ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus becomes the solid _ after about 3 months postnatal
ligamentum arteriosum
aka round ligament of liver, remnant of the umbilical vein throughout postnatal life
ligamentum teres
“on the liver’s inferior surface, formerly the ductus venosus”
ligamentum venosum
umbilical arteries become _ in the anterior abdominal wall inferior to the navel
medial umbilical ligaments
varicosities in anal veins
hemorrhoids
largest artery in the body, leaves the heart, arcs superiorly and then descends along the bodies of the vertebrae to the inferior part of the abdomen
aorta
one of the great vessels leaving the heart, arises from the left ventricle and ascends for about 5cm, begins posterior to the pulmonary trunk, passes to the right of that vessel and then curves left to become the aortic arch
ascending aorta
only branches of the ascending aorta, supply the wall of the heart
right and left coronary arteries
arching posteriorly and to the left, lies posterior the manubrium of the sternum
aortic arch
ascends to the right toward the base of the neck where it divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
brachicephalic trunk
runs posterior to the heart and inferiorly onthe bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, continues form the aortic arch, two parts (thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta)
descending aorta
descends on the bies of the thoracic vertebrae (T5-T12) just to the left of the midline
thoracic aorta
lies on the lumbar vertebral bodies in the midline, tharocic aorta T12-L4 where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries
abdominal aorta
ascend through the anterior neck just lateral to the trachea, supplies blood to most parts of the head and neck
common carotid arteries
supply most tissues of the head external to the brain and orbit
external carotid arteries
branch of the external carotid artery to the thyroid gland and larynx
superior thyroid artery
external carotid artery branch to the tongue
lingual artery
branch of the external carotid artery to the skin and muscles of the anterior face
facial artery
branch of the extrnal carotid artery to the posterior part of the scalp
occipital artery
branch of the external caratid artery to the region around the ear
posterior auricular artery
split end of the external carotid, ascends just anterior to the ear and supplies most of the scalp
superficial temporal artery
split end of the external carotid artery, runs deep to the ramus of the mandible and anteriorly into teh maxillary bone passing through the chewing muscles, sends braches to the upper and lower teeth, cheeks, nasal cavity, and muscles of mastication
maxillary artery
supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum
internal caratid arteries
from internal carotid artery, to the eye and orbit and divides into teh anterior and middle cerebral arteries
ophthalmic artery
anastomoses with its partner on the opposite side through a short anterior communicating artery and supplies the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
anterior cerebral artery
runs trhough the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere and supplies the lateral parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
middle cerbral artery
originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, following the branching of the right common carotid artery, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)
right subclavian artery
arises as the third vessel branching from the aortic arch, supplies the brain (vertebral arteries) and the neck and thoracic wall (thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks, and internal thoracic arteries)
left subclavian artery
arise from the sublavian arteries at the root of the neck, ascend through the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6 to C1 and enter the skull through the foramen magnum, send branches to the vertebrae and cervical spinal cord
vertebral arteries
right and left vertebral arteries join to form the unpaired _ within the crainum, which ascends along the ventral midline fo the bran stem, sending branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear
basilar artery
basilar artery divides into a pair of _ at the border of the pons and midbrain; supply the occipital lobes plus the inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes of the cerbral hemispheres
posterior cerebral arteries
connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly
posterior communicating arteries
(formerly circle of Willis), arterial anastomosis of two posterior communacating arteries and the single anterior communicating artery
cerebral arterial circle
sends two branches posteriorly over the scapula to help supply the scapular muscles, and one branch anteriorly to the inferior part of the thyroid gland (inferior thyroid artery), ascending neck branch helps supply the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord
thyrocervical trunk
sends a branch superiorly into the deep muscles of the neck and a branch inferiorly to supply the two most superior intercostal spaces
costocervical trunk
(formerly internal mammary artery), supplies anterior thoracic wall, branches from the subclavian artery superiorly, then descends just lateral to the sternum and just deep to the costal cartilages
internal thoracic artery
branch off the internal thoracic artery at regular intervals and run horizontally to supply the ribs and the structures in the intercostal spaces
anterior intercostal arteries
supplies the posterior thoracic wall, superior wo pairs arise from the costocervical trunk, inferior nine pairs issue from the thoracic aorta
posterior intercostal arteries
descends through the axilla, giving off branches: thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeual arteries, continues as the brachial artery at the teres major muscle
axillary artery
arises just inferior to the clavicle and branches to supply much of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles
thoracoacromial artery
descends along the lateral edge of pectoralis minor spplying the pectoral muscles and serratus anterior, and sends important branches to the breast
lateral thoracic artery
serves the dorsal and ventral scapular regions and the latissimus dorsi muscle
subscapular artery
wrap around the surgical neck of the humerus and help supply the deltoid muscle and shoulder joint
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
descends along the medial side of the humerus deep to the biceps muscle in the medial bicipital groove and supplies the anterior arm muscles
brachial artery
(aka profunda brachii=deep brachial), wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus with the radial nerve and serves the triceps muscle
deep artery of the arm
several small branches sent inferiorly as the brachial artery nears the elbow, form anastomoses with branches ascending from arteries in the forearm to supply the elbow joint
ulnar collateral arteries
descends along the medial margin of the brachioradialis muscle, supplying muscles of the lateral anterior forearm, the lateral part of the wrist, and the thumb and index finger
radial artery
descends along the medial side of the anterior forearm, lies between the superficial and deep flexor muscles and sends branches to the muscles that cover the ulna
ulnar artery
major branch of the ulnar artery, splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries, supply the deep flexor muscles, and the extensors on the posterior forearm respectively
common interosseous artery
branches of the radial and ulnar arteries join in the palm to form two horizontal arches
superficial and deep palmar arches
branch from the superficial and deep palmar arches, supply the fingers
digital arteries
paired, branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of T12, just inferior to the aortic opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm, supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm
inferior phrenic arteries
short wide unparied, supplies the viscera in the superior part of the abdominal cavity e.g. branches to stomach, liver, gallblader, pancrease, spleen, and a part of the small intestine (deodenum)
celiac trunk
(gaster=stomach), branch of the celiac trunk, runs superiorly and to the left to the junction of the stomach with the espohagus where it gives off several esophageal branches and descends along the right (lesser) curvature of the J-shaped stomach
left gastric artery
“branch of the celiac trunk, runs horizontally and to the left posterior to the stomach to enter the spleen passes along the superior brodrer of the pancrease and sends branches, several short branches superiorly to the stomach’s dome (short gastric arteries) and a major branch along the stomach’s left (greater) curvature”
splenic artery
“branche of the splenic artery that runs along the stomach’s left (greater curvature)”
left gastroepiploic artery
(hepar, hepat=liver), branch of the celiac trunk that runs to the right, divides into an ascending branch (hepatic artery proper) and a descending branch (gastroduodenal artery)
common hepatic artery
divides into right and left branches just before entering the liver, right branch gives rise to the cystic artery to the gallbladder
hepatic artery proper
“arise either from the hepatic artery proper or from the common hepatic arter, runs along the stomach’s lesser curvature from the right”
right gastric artery
descending branch of the common hepatic artery, runs inferiorly between the duedenum and the head of the pancreas
gastroduodenal artery
branch of the gastroduodenal artery, helps supply the pancrease and nearby duodenum
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
“branch of the gastroduodenal artery, runs along the stomach’s greater curvature from the right”
right gastroepiploic artery
large, unpaired, serves most of the intestines, arises midventrally from the aorta posterior to the pancreas at L1
superior mesenteric artery
supply the jejunum and ileum, arise from the left side of the superior mesenteric artery
intestinal arteries
supply the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix, emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery
ileocolic artery
emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the ascending colon
right colic artery
emerges from the right side of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies part of the transverse colon
middle colic artery
emerge from the sides of the aorta at L1, paired, supply blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands on the superior poles of the kidneys
middle suprarenal arteries
paired, supply the kidneys, stem from the sides of the aorta between vertebrae L1 and L2
renal arteries
paired, branch from the aorta at L2
testicular arteries/ovarian arteries
final major branch of the abdominal aorta arising midventrally at L3, serves the distal halfd of the large intestine from the last part of the transverse colon to the middle part of the rectum
inferior mesenteric artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery which joins with the middle colic artery on the transverse colon
left colic artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
sigmoidal artery
branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
superior rectal artery
four pairs arise from the posterolateral surface of the aorta in the lumbar rugion, sugmental, run horizontally to supply the posterior abdominal wall
lumbar arteries
unpaired, issues from the most inferior part of the aorta, thin, supplies the sacrum and coccyx along the midline
median sacral artery
aorta splits at L4 into the right and left _ which supply the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall, as well as the pelvic organs and the lower limbs
common iliac arteries
supply blood to the pelvic walls, pelvic viscera, buttocks, medial thighs, and perineum
internal iliac arteries
branch of the internal iliac arteries, run posteriorly through the greater sciatic notch to supply the gluteal muscles
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
branch of the internal iliac arteries, leaves the pelvic cavity to supply the perineum and external genitalia
internal pudendal artery
branch of the internal iliac arteries, descends through the obturator foramen into the thigh adductor muscles
obturator artery
carry blood to the lower limbs, originate from the common iliac arteries in the pelvis, descends along the arcuate line of the ilium bone, enters thigh by passing deep to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery
external iliac arteries
descends vertically through the thigh medial to the femur and along the anterior surface of the adductor muscles
femoral artery
(or profunda femoris=deep femoral), branch of the femoral, main supplier of the thigh muscles–adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps
deep artery of the thigh
branches of the deep femoral artery, circle the neck and upper shaft of the femur
medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
runs along the anterior aspect of the vastus lateralis muscle and supplies it
descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery
inferior continuation of the femoral artery, lies within the popliteal fossa
popliteal artery
”"”kee””, branches of the popliteal artery, circle the knee joint like horizontal hoops”
genicular arteries
split of the popliteal artery, runs through the anterior muscular compartment of the leg, descending along the interosseous membrane lateral to the tibia and sending branches to the extensor muscles along the way
anterior tibial artery
”"”artery of the dorsum of the foot””, anterior tibial artery becomes the _ at the ankle”
dorsalis pedis artery
at the base of the metatarsal bones, branches from the dornalis pedis and sends smaller branches distally along the metatarsals
arcuate artery
split of the popliteal artery, descends through the posteromedial part of the leg, lies directly deep to the soleus muscle
posterior tibial artery
large branch of the posterior tibial artery, descends along the medial aspect of the fibula, together supply the flexor muscles in the leg
fibular (peroneal) artery
posterior tibial artery divides on the medial side of the foot into _, serve the sole
medial and lateral plantar arteries
lateral end is formed from the lateral plantar artery, gives rise to metatarsal and digital arteries to the toes
plantar arch
receives systemic blood from all body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall, arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins posterior to the manubrium and descends to join the right atrium
superior vena cava
ascends along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and is the widenst blood vessel in the body, returns blood to the heart from all body regions inferior to the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
most veins of the brain drain into the intracranial _ which form an interconnected series of channels in the skull and lie between the two layers of crainal dura mater
dural venous sinuses
lie in the falx cerebri between the cerebral hemisphere, drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses
superior sagittal sinus
lie in the falx cerebri between tho ceerbral hemispheres, drains posteriorly into the straight sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
drains posteriorly into the transverse sinuses
straight sinus
run in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone, each drains into an S-shaped sinus (sigmoid sinus)
transverse sinuses
becomes the internal jugular vein as it leaves the skull through the jugular foramen
sigmoid sinus
border the body of the sphenoid bone laterally, and each has an internal carotid artery running within it
cavernous sinuses
communicates with the facial vein, and the cavernous sinus
opthalmic vein
drain almost all of the blood from the brain
internal jugular veins
feed the internal jugular veins
faical and superficial temporal veins
superficial vein that descends vertically trhough the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
external jugular vein
draining only the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and small muscles in the superior neck
vertebral veins
”"”unpaired””, ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies, receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins (except the first) plus the subcostal vein”
axygos vein
ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right, receives the 9th-11th left posterior intercostal veins and the subcostal vein, joins the azygos vein about midthorax
hemiazygos vein
receives the 4th/5th-8th left posterior intercostal veins, courses right to join the azygos
accessory hemazygos vein
of the hand empty into the raidal and ulnar veins of the forearm
deep and superficial palmar venous arches
unite just inferior to the elbow joint to form the braichal vein of the arm
radial and ulnar veins of the forearm
as it enters the axilla, it empties into the axillary vein
brachial vein
becomes the subclavian vein at the first rib
axillary vein
drains the dorsal venous network superiorly, starts at the lateral side of the network then bends around the distal radius to enter the anterior forearm, ends inferior to the clavicle where it joins the axillary vein
cephalic vein
“arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm, joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein”
basilic vein
connects the basilic and cephalic veins, in the region called the cubital fossa
median cubital vein
ascends in the center of the forearm, its temination point at the elbow is highly variable
median vein of the forearm
drain the posterior abdominal wall, several pairs run horizontally with the corresponding lumbar arteries
lumbar veins
ascend along the posterior abdominal wall with the gonadal arteries, right drains into the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava at L2, the left into the left renal vein
gonadal veins
right and left, drain the kidneys, each lies just anterior to the corresponding renal artery
renal veins
right empties into the nearby inferior vena cava, the left drains into the left renal vein, drain the adrenal glands
suprarenal veins
right and left, exit the liver superiorly and empty into the most superior part of the inferior vena cava, carry all the blood that originated in the digestive organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities and arrived via the hepatic portal system
hepatic veins
specialized part of the vascular circuit that serves a function unique to digestion: it picks up digestednutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage
hepatic portal system
drains capillaries in the stomach and intestines, delivers the nutrient-rich blood to a second caapillary bed (liver sinusoids) through which nutrients reach liver cells for processing
hepatic portal vein
raised blood pressure throughout the hepatic portal system due to blockage through the liver sinusoids
portal hypertension
arises on the sole of the foot from the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, ascends deep within the calf muscles and receives the fibular (peroneal) vein
posterior tibial vein
superior continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot, ascends to the superior part of the leg, where it unites with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein
anterior tibial vein
drains the thigh, popliteal vein passes through the popliteal fossa and ascends to become the _
femoral vein
femoral vein continues superiorly deep to the inguinal ligament and becomes the _
external iliac vein
unites with the external iliac vein in the pelvis to become the common iliac vein
internal iliac vein
“located on the dorsal surface of the foot, gives rise to two large superficial veins, the great and small saphenous veins (““obvious””)”
dorsal venous arch
longest vein in the body, ascends along the medial side of the entire limb to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament
great saphenous vein
runs along the lateral side of the food and then along the posterior calf, posterior to the knee it empties into the popliteal vein
small saphenous vein
this large vein ascends just to the right of the superior mesenteric artery. it drains the entire small intestine, the first half of the large intestine (ascending and transverse colon), and some of the stomach. its superior part lies posterior to the stomach and pancreas
superior mesenteric vein
this vein ascends along the posterior abdominal wall, well tot he left of the inferior mesenteric artery. its tributaries drain the organs that are supplied by that artery–namely, the distal region of the colon and the superior rectum. it empties into the splenic vein posterior to the stomach and pancreas.
inferior mesenteric vein
“even though the spleen is not a digestive organ, venous blood leaving it drains through the hepatic portal system. as a result, any microbes that escape the spleen’s infection-fighting activities are carried to the liver for destruction. it runs horizontally, posterior to the stomach and pancreas, and joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein. its tributaries correspond to the branches of the splenic artery”
splenic vein
