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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch10 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch10 Flashcards

1
Q

myofilaments

A

specific types of microfilaments that are responsible for the shortening of muscle cells; there are two kinds, one containing the protein actin and the other containing the protein myosin

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2
Q

contractility

A

muscle tissue contracts forcefully, muscle cells contain myofilaments

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3
Q

excitability

A

“nerve signals or other stimula excite muscle cells, causing electrical impulses to travel along the cells’ plasma membrane and initiate contraction in muscle cells”

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4
Q

extensibility

A

muscle tissue can be stretched

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5
Q

elasticity

A

after being stretched, muscle tissue recoils passively and resumes its resting length

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6
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cells

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7
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

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8
Q

skeletal muscles

A

discrete organs that attach to and move the skeleton

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9
Q

striated muscle

A

has dark and light stripes extending transversely across its muscle cells, visible when the tissue is viewed histologically

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10
Q

epimysium

A

an outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

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11
Q

perimysium

A

a layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

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12
Q

fascicle

A

a group of muscle fibers

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13
Q

endomysium

A

within a fascile, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers

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14
Q

tendon

A

all three sheaths converge to form the _, the connective tissue structure that joins skeletal muscles to bones

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15
Q

origin

A

attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone (but can sometimes switch), in the limbs by convention is the more proximal attachment of the muscle

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16
Q

insertion

A

attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone (but can sometimes switch), by convention in the limbs is the more distal attachment

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17
Q

aponeurosis

A

flat sheet formed by the connective tissue extending well beyond the end of the muscle fibers (indirect attachments)

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18
Q

myofibrils

A

unbranched cylinders that are present in large numberso making up more than 80% of the sacroplasm, specialized contractile organelles unique to muscle tissue, contain myofilaments

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19
Q

sarcomeres

A

”"”muscle segments””, basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle”

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20
Q

Z discs/Z lines

A

boundaries at the two ends of each sarcomere

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21
Q

thin (actin) filaments

A

many fine myofilaments attached to each Z disc and extending toward the center of the sarcomere

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22
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein found on the thin filament, forms a thin strand that spirals around the actin molecule

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23
Q

troponin

A

regulatory protein found on the thin filament, attaches the tropomyosin strand to the actin molecule

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24
Q

thick (myosin) filaments

A

consist largely of myosin molecules, contain ATPase,cylindracial bundle in the center of the sarcomere and overlapping the inner ends of the thin filaments

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25
Q

A band

A

region of each sarcomere of dark bands created by the full length of the thick filaments in the sarcomeres along with the inner ends of the thin filaments which overlap the thick filaments, anisotropic

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26
Q

H zone

A

the centarl part of an A band, where no thin filaments reach

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27
Q

M line

A

center of the H zone, contains tiny rods that hold the thick filaments together

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28
Q

I bands

A

two regions on either side of the A band, regions that contain only thin filaments, light portions, isotrapic

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29
Q

titin

A

springlike molecule in sarcomeres that resists overstretching

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30
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum whose interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril

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31
Q

terminal cisterns

A

form larger, perpendicular cross channels over the junction between each A band in a myobibril and its adjacent I bands (A-I junctions), stores large quantities of calcium ions

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32
Q

T tubules

A

transverse tubules, deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that run between each pair of terminal cisterns

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33
Q

triad

A

complex of the T tubule flanked by two terminal cisterns at the A-I junction

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34
Q

motor neurons

A

nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers

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35
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

aka motor end plate, the point at which the nerve ending and fiber meet

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36
Q

terminal boutons

A

aka axon terminals, clusters of enlargements a the end of the axonal process that stores chemical messenger molecules, neurotransmitters

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37
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space separating terminal boutons from the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

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38
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

39
Q

recruitment

A

the addition of motor units to accomplish a movement

40
Q

oxidative fibers

A

muscle fibers that predominantly produce ATP aerobically

41
Q

glycolytic fibers

A

muscle fibers that make ATP anaerobically via glycolysis

42
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases that generally appear in childhood, the affected muscles enlarge with fat and connective tissue while the muscle fibers degenerate

43
Q

Ducheene muscular dystrophy

A

most common and most serious form of muscular dystrophy

44
Q

myotonic dystrophy

A

inherited and slow-progressing, symptoms include skeletal-muscle spasms followed by muscle weakness and abnormal heart rhythm

45
Q

myofascial pain syndrom

A

pain is caused by tightened bands of muscle fibers that twitch when the skin over them is touched, the sensitive areas of skin are called trigger points

46
Q

fibromyalgia

A

mysterious chronic-pain syndrome of unknown cause, symptoms include severe musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep abnormalities, and headache

47
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle leads to a decrease in muscular strength, usually by 50% by age 80

48
Q

specific types of microfilaments that are responsible for the shortening of muscle cells; there are two kinds, one containing the protein actin and the other containing the protein myosin

A

myofilaments

49
Q

muscle tissue contracts forcefully, muscle cells contain myofilaments

A

contractility

50
Q

“nerve signals or other stimula excite muscle cells, causing electrical impulses to travel along the cells’ plasma membrane and initiate contraction in muscle cells”

A

excitability

51
Q

muscle tissue can be stretched

A

extensibility

52
Q

after being stretched, muscle tissue recoils passively and resumes its resting length

A

elasticity

53
Q

plasma membrane of muscle cells

A

sarcolemma

54
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

55
Q

discrete organs that attach to and move the skeleton

A

skeletal muscles

56
Q

has dark and light stripes extending transversely across its muscle cells, visible when the tissue is viewed histologically

A

striated muscle

57
Q

an outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

58
Q

a layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

A

perimysium

59
Q

a group of muscle fibers

A

fascicle

60
Q

within a fascile, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers

A

endomysium

61
Q

all three sheaths converge to form the _, the connective tissue structure that joins skeletal muscles to bones

A

tendon

62
Q

attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone (but can sometimes switch), in the limbs by convention is the more proximal attachment of the muscle

A

origin

63
Q

attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone (but can sometimes switch), by convention in the limbs is the more distal attachment

A

insertion

64
Q

flat sheet formed by the connective tissue extending well beyond the end of the muscle fibers (indirect attachments)

A

aponeurosis

65
Q

unbranched cylinders that are present in large numberso making up more than 80% of the sacroplasm, specialized contractile organelles unique to muscle tissue, contain myofilaments

A

myofibrils

66
Q

”"”muscle segments””, basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle”

A

sarcomeres

67
Q

boundaries at the two ends of each sarcomere

A

Z discs/Z lines

68
Q

many fine myofilaments attached to each Z disc and extending toward the center of the sarcomere

A

thin (actin) filaments

69
Q

regulatory protein found on the thin filament, forms a thin strand that spirals around the actin molecule

A

tropomyosin

70
Q

regulatory protein found on the thin filament, attaches the tropomyosin strand to the actin molecule

A

troponin

71
Q

consist largely of myosin molecules, contain ATPase,cylindracial bundle in the center of the sarcomere and overlapping the inner ends of the thin filaments

A

thick (myosin) filaments

72
Q

region of each sarcomere of dark bands created by the full length of the thick filaments in the sarcomeres along with the inner ends of the thin filaments which overlap the thick filaments, anisotropic

A

A band

73
Q

the centarl part of an A band, where no thin filaments reach

A

H zone

74
Q

center of the H zone, contains tiny rods that hold the thick filaments together

A

M line

75
Q

two regions on either side of the A band, regions that contain only thin filaments, light portions, isotrapic

A

I bands

76
Q

springlike molecule in sarcomeres that resists overstretching

A

titin

77
Q

elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum whose interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

78
Q

form larger, perpendicular cross channels over the junction between each A band in a myobibril and its adjacent I bands (A-I junctions), stores large quantities of calcium ions

A

terminal cisterns

79
Q

transverse tubules, deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that run between each pair of terminal cisterns

A

T tubules

80
Q

complex of the T tubule flanked by two terminal cisterns at the A-I junction

A

triad

81
Q

nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers

A

motor neurons

82
Q

aka motor end plate, the point at which the nerve ending and fiber meet

A

neuromuscular junction

83
Q

aka axon terminals, clusters of enlargements a the end of the axonal process that stores chemical messenger molecules, neurotransmitters

A

terminal boutons

84
Q

space separating terminal boutons from the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

A

synaptic cleft

85
Q

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

86
Q

the addition of motor units to accomplish a movement

A

recruitment

87
Q

muscle fibers that predominantly produce ATP aerobically

A

oxidative fibers

88
Q

muscle fibers that make ATP anaerobically via glycolysis

A

glycolytic fibers

89
Q

a group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases that generally appear in childhood, the affected muscles enlarge with fat and connective tissue while the muscle fibers degenerate

A

muscular dystrophy

90
Q

most common and most serious form of muscular dystrophy

A

Ducheene muscular dystrophy

91
Q

inherited and slow-progressing, symptoms include skeletal-muscle spasms followed by muscle weakness and abnormal heart rhythm

A

myotonic dystrophy

92
Q

pain is caused by tightened bands of muscle fibers that twitch when the skin over them is touched, the sensitive areas of skin are called trigger points

A

myofascial pain syndrom

93
Q

mysterious chronic-pain syndrome of unknown cause, symptoms include severe musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep abnormalities, and headache

A

fibromyalgia

94
Q

loss of muscle leads to a decrease in muscular strength, usually by 50% by age 80

A

sarcopenia

Anatomy (42 decks)

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