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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch16 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch16 Flashcards

1
Q

taste buds

A

house taste receptors, in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx, mostly on the surface of the tongue, a few others occur on the posterior region of the palate, on the inner surface of the cheeks, on the posterior wall of the pharynx, and on the epiglottis

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2
Q

papillae

A

peglike projections of the tongue mucosa in which most taste buds occur

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3
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered over the entire surface of the tongue, the taste buds are on the apical surface, small

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4
Q

vallate papillae

A

arranged in an inverted V near the back of the tongue, large, taste buds occupy the epithelium on the sides

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5
Q

foliate papilla

A

on the posterolateral surface of the tongue, the taste buds are in the side walls

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6
Q

gustatory hairs

A

project from the gustatory epithelial cells and extend through a taste pore to the surface of the epithelium

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7
Q

gustatory epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells

A

two major cell types contained in each taste bud

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8
Q

gustatory pathway

A

taste information reaches the brain stem and cerebral cortex through the _

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9
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

covers the superior nasal concha and the superior part of the nasal septum and is bathed by swirling air that has been inhaled into the nasal cavity

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10
Q

olfactory sensory neurons

A

bipolar neurons contained in the speudostratified columnar (olfactory) epithelium

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11
Q

supporting epithelial cells

A

columnar cells surrounding the olfactory sensory neurons

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12
Q

olfactory stem cells

A

short undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells that continually form new olfactory sensory neurons, at the base of the epithelium

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13
Q

olfactory cilia

A

”"”hairs””, act as the receptive structures for smell by binding odor molecules to receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane of the cilia”

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14
Q

filaments of the olfactory nerve

A

nerve bundles which penetrate the cribrifirm plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the overlying olfactory bulb of the forebrain

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15
Q

olfactory bulb

A

“the olfactory nerve axons branch profusely and synapse with neurons called mitral cells in complex synaptic clusters called glomeruli (““balls of yarn””)”

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16
Q

uncinate fits

A

olfactory hallucinations in which they perceive some imaginary odor

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17
Q

eye

A

visual organ, a spherical structure with a diameter of about 2.5 cm

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18
Q

eyebrows

A

coarse hairs in the skin on the superciliary arches, shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration running down the forehead from reaching the eyes

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19
Q

eyelids

A

aka palpebrae, thin, skin-covered folds supported internally by connective tissue structures called tarsal plates

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20
Q

palpebral fissure

A

eye slit, separates the upper and lower eye lids

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21
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

”"”a bit of flesh””, medial angle of the eyelids contains a reddish elevation called the _”

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22
Q

tarsal plates

A

give the eyelids their curved shape and serve as attachment sites for the eye-closing muscle, the orbicularis oculi

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23
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

”"”lifter of the upper eyelid””, skeletal muscle that voluntarily opens the eye”

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24
Q

eyelashes

A

projecting from the free margin of each eyelid, richly innervated by nerve endings

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25
Q

tarsal glands

A

modified sebaceous glands embedded in the tarsal plates

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26
Q

chalazion

A

”"”swelling””, infection of a tarsal gland results in an unsightly but usually painless cyst”

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27
Q

sty

A

infection of the ciliary glands causes a painful inflammation

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28
Q

conjunctiva

A

”"”joined together””, a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva and folds back over the anterior surface of the eye as the bulbar conjunctiva”

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29
Q

conjunctival sac

A

when an eye is closed, the slitlike space that forms between the eye surface and the eyelids

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30
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

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31
Q

pinkeye

A

a highly contagious form of conjunctivitis caused by bacteria or viruses

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32
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

”"”tear””, keeps the surface of the eye moist with lacrimal fluid (tears), consists of a gland and ducts that drain the lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity”

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33
Q

lacrimal punctum

A

”"”puncture””, each lid contains a tiny opening (_) at the medial angle which empties into a small tube, the lacrimal canaliculus”

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34
Q

lacrimal sac

A

“from the lacrimal canaliculus (““small canal””), the fluid drains into the _ in the medial orbital wall”

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35
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

fluid inters the _ from the lacrimal sac, then empties into the nasal cavity at the inferior nasal meatus

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36
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that destroys bacteria

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37
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

(outer), originate from the walls of the orbit and insert onto the outer surface of the eyeball, control the movement of each eye and hold the eyes in the orbits

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38
Q

common tendinous ring

A

or anular ring, at th posterior point of the orbit, origin point for the four rectus (straight) extrinsic eye muscles

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39
Q

trochlea

A

”"”pulley””, ligamentous sling suspended from the frontal bone in the anteromedial part of the orbit roof”

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40
Q

superior oblique muscle

A

“originates posteriorly near the common tendinous ring, runs anteriorly along the medial orbit wall, and then loops through the trochlea, then its tendon runs posteriorly and inserts on the eye’s posterolateral surface”

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41
Q

inferior oblique muscle

A

originates on the anteromedial part of the orbit floor and angles back to insert on the posterolateral part of the eye

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42
Q

anterior pole

A

most anterior point of the eyeball

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43
Q

posterior pole

A

most posterior point of the eyeball

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44
Q

fibrous layer

A

most external layer of the external wall of the eye, consists of dense connective tissue arranged into two different regions: sclera and cornea

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45
Q

sclera

A

”"”hard””, opaque white, hard, forms the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous layer, protects the eyeball and provides shape and a sturdy anchoring site for the extrinsic eye muscles”

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46
Q

cornea

A

anterior sixth of the fibrous layer, transparent, through which light enters the eye

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47
Q

vascular layer

A

middle coat of the eyeball, has three parts: the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris

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48
Q

choroid

A

”"”membrane””, highly vascular, darkly pigmented membrane that forms the posterior five-sixths of the vascular layer”

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49
Q

ciliary body

A

postteriorly continous with the choroid, a thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens

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50
Q

ciliary muscle

A

smooth muscle that acts to focus the lens

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51
Q

ciliary processes

A

nearest the lens, the posterior surface of the ciliary body is thrown into radiating folds called _

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52
Q

ciliary zonule

A

halo of fine fibrils that extends from around the entire circumference of the lens and attaches to the ciliary processes

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53
Q

iris

A

”"”rainbow””, visible, colored part of the eye, lies between the cornea and lens, and its base attaches to the ciliary body”

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54
Q

pupil

A

round central opening of the iris, allows light to enter the eye

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55
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

constriction of the pupils that occurs when a bright light is flashed in the eye is a protective response

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56
Q

inner layer

A

contains the retina (thin pigmented layer and a far thicker neural layer) and the optic nerve

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57
Q

pigmented layer

A

outer thin layer of the retina which lies against the choraid, single layer of flat-to-columnar melanocyes, functions to absorb light and prevent it from scattering within the eye

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58
Q

neural layer

A

thicker inner layer of the retina is a sheet of nervous tissue that contains the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells

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59
Q

optic nerve

A

axons from the ganglion cells run along the internal surface of the retina and converge posteriorly to form the _ which runs from the eye to the brain

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60
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

signal the bipolar cells when stimulated by light, are of two types (rod cells and cone cells), considered neurons but resemble tall epithelial cells turned upside down

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61
Q

rod cells

A

more sensitive to light and permit vision in dim light, provide neither sharp images nor color vision

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62
Q

cone cells

A

operate best in bright light and enable high-acuity color vision

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63
Q

ora serrata

A

”"”sawtoothed mouth””, junction where the neural layer ends at the posterior margin of the ciliary body”

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64
Q

macula lutea

A

”"”yellow spot””, lying precisely at the eye’s posterior pole”

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65
Q

fovea centralis

A

”"”central pit””, tiny pit at the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones and provides maximal visual acuity”

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66
Q

optic disc

A

a few milimeters medial to the fovea, a circular elevation where the axons of ganglion cells converge to exit the eye as the optic nerve, called the blind spot because it lacks photoreceptors

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67
Q

central artery and vein of the retina

A

supply the inner two-thirds of the retina, enter and leave the eye by running through the center of the optic nerve

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68
Q

posterior segment

A

lens and its halolike ciliary zonule divide the eye into posterior and anterior segments, filled with the clear vitreous humor

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69
Q

vitreous humor

A

(glassy), a jellylike substance that contains fine fibrils of collagen and a ground substance that binds termendous amounts of water

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70
Q

anterior segment

A

divided into an anterior chamber between the cornea and iris and a posterior cahmber between thi iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor

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71
Q

aqueous humor

A

a clear fluid sumilar to blood plasma, renewed continously and is in constant motion

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72
Q

scleral venous sinus

A

large vessel at the corneoscleral junction which returns the aqueous humor to the blood

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73
Q

lens

A

thick, transparent, biconvex disc that changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina, enclosed in a thin elastic capsule and is held in place posterior to the iris by its ciliary zonule

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74
Q

lens epithelium

A

confined to the anterior surface, consists of cuboidal cells

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75
Q

lens fibers

A

form the bulk of the lens, contain no nuclei and few organelles, transparent due to precisely folded proteins

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76
Q

refractory media

A

light-bending parts of the eye, the cornea, the lens, and the humors (most to least bending)

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77
Q

accomodation

A

adjustability that allows the eye to focus on nearby objects

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78
Q

visual pathway

A

visual information travels to the cerbral cortex trhough the main _

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79
Q

optic tract

A

axons continue in the optic tract after the axons from the medial half of each eye decussate

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80
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

most of the axons from the optic tracts go to the _ where they synapse with thalamic neurons

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81
Q

optic radiation

A

axons of those neurons then poject through the internal capsule to form the _ of fibers in the cerebral white matter

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82
Q

pretectal nuclei

A

mediate the pupillary light reflexes

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83
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

“the ““timer”” that runs our daily biorhythms and requires visual input to keep it in synchrony with the daylight-darkness cycle”

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84
Q

optic vesicles

A

paired lateral outgrouwths from the dienchephalon appearing by week 4 of the embryo

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85
Q

optic cups

A

double-layered _ formed from the hollow optic vesicles indenting

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86
Q

optic stalks

A

medial part of the outgrowths form the basis of the optic nerves (week 4)

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87
Q

lens placode

A

once a growing optic vesicle reaches the overyling surface ectoderm, it signals the ectoderm to thicken and form a _

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88
Q

lens vesicle

A

by week 5, the lens placode has invaginated to form a _

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89
Q

retinopathy of prematurity

A

a visual imparment that affects many infnts born so prematurely that they need to receive oxygen in an oxygen tent; new blood vessels start to grow extensively within the eyes, then hemorrhage, leading to retinal detachment and then blindness

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90
Q

trachoma

A

”"”rough growth””, highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva and cornea, transmitted by hand-to-eye contact, by flies that go from eye to eye, or by placing contaminated objects in or near the eye”

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91
Q

presbycusis

A

”"”old hearing””, gradual loss of hearing with age”

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92
Q

external ear

A

consists of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus

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93
Q

auricle

A

aka pinna, is the shell-shaped projection that surrounds the opening of the external acoustic meatus, mostly cartilage

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94
Q

helix (ear)

A

(rim), part of the auricle consisting of elastic cartilage covered with skin

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95
Q

lobule (ear)

A

”"”earlobe””, fleshy, dangling part of the auricle, lacks supporting cartilage”

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96
Q

tympanic membrane

A

(drum) or eardrum, thin, translucent boundary between the external ad middle ears, shaped like a flattened cone, the apex of which points medially into the middle ear cavity

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97
Q

middle ear

A

aka tympanic cavity, small, air-filled space inside the petrous part of the temporal bone, lined by a thin mucous membrane and shaped like a hockey puck standing on its side, bounded by the tympanic membrane and a wall of bone that separates it from the internal ear

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98
Q

epitympanic recess

A

midlle ear arches upward as the _, its superior boundary is the roof of the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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99
Q

mastoid antrum

A

canal leading to the mastoid air cells in the mastoid process; the posterior wall of the middle ear opens into it

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100
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

or auditory tube, links the middle ear to the pharynx; normally closed but can be opening by yawning or swallowing to equalize air pressure

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101
Q

auditory ossicles

A

transmit the vibrations of the eardrum across the cavity to a fluid in the internal ear

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102
Q

malleus

A

hammer, which looks like a club with a knob on top, lateral ossicle

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103
Q

incus

A

anvil, which resembles a tooth with two roots, middle ossicle

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104
Q

stapes

A

which looks like the stirrup of a saddle, medial ossicle, base vibrates aginst the oval window

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105
Q

tensor tympani

A

originates on the cartilage part of the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts on the malleus

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106
Q

stapedius

A

runs from the posterior wall of the middle ear the stapes, contracts (with tensor tympani) reflexively to limit the vibration of the ossicles when assaulted by very loud sounds

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107
Q

internal ear

A

aka labyrinth (maze), complex shape, lies within the thick protective walls of the petrous part of the temporal bone, consists of two main divisions (bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth)

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108
Q

bony labyrinth

A

cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone consisting of a system of twisting channels that has three parts: from posterolateral to anteromedial, simicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

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109
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

continuous series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely within the bony labyrinth and more or less follow its contours

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110
Q

oval window

A

superior window, base of the stapes vibrates against it, as does the scala vestibuli base

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111
Q

round window

A

inferior window, scala tympani ends at the _ at the base of the cochlea

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112
Q

endolymph

A

”"”internal water””, the membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid”

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113
Q

perilymph

A

”"”surrounding water””, external to the membranous labyrinth, the bony labyrinth is filled with another clear fluid, continuous with the crebrospinal fluid that fills the subarachnoid space”

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114
Q

cochlea

A

”"”snail shell””, spiraling chamber located inferiorly in the bony labyrinth”

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115
Q

modiolus

A

pillar of bone around which the cochlea coils about two and a half turns

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116
Q

osseous spiral lamina

A

spiraling projection of bone on the modiolus

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117
Q

cochlear nerve

A

cholear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), running through the bony core of the modiolus

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118
Q

scala vestibula and scala tympani

A

(scala=ladder), two perilymph-filled chambers of the bony labyrinth

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119
Q

helicotrema

A

”"”the hole in the spiral””, scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous with each other at the apex of the cochlea in a region called the _”

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120
Q

cochlear duct

A

or scala media, the part of the membranous labyrinth that contains the sensory receptors for hearing

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121
Q

vestibular membrane

A

”"”roof”” of the cochlear duct, separating it from the scala vestibuli”

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122
Q

basilar membrane

A

sheet of fibers attached to the osseous spiral lamina which together make up of the floor of the cochlear duct

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123
Q

spiral organ

A

supported by the basilar mebrane; the receptor epithelium for hearing

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124
Q

inner hair cells

A

columnar supporting cells of the tall epithelium spiral organ, receptor cells, three sterocilia arranged linearly

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125
Q

outer hair cells

A

columnar supporting cells of the tall epithelium spiral organ, three rows of receptor cells, stereocilia form a W pattern

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126
Q

tectorial membrane

A

”"”roofing membrane””, gel-like _ has sterocilia embedded in it”

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127
Q

spiral ganlion

A

house cell bodies of bipolar neurons, in the osseous spiral lamina and modiolus

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128
Q

vestibule (ear)

A

central cavity of the bony labyrinth, lies just medial to the middle ear, and the oval window is in its lateral bony wall

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129
Q

utricle

A

”"”leather bag””, egg-shaped part of the membranous labyrinth suspended within the vestibul’s perilymph, continuous with the semicircular ducts”

130
Q

saccule

A

”"”little sac””, egg-shape part of the membranous labyrinth, suspended within the vestibule’s perilympth, continuous with the cochlear duct”

131
Q

macula

A

”"”spot”” spot of sensory epithelium housed on each of utricle and saccule, contain receptor cells that monitor the position of the head when the head is held still (static equalibrium)”

132
Q

vestibular nerve

A

vestibular division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

133
Q

hair cells

A

receptors that synapse with sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve, each has many sterocilia (long microvilli) and a single kinocilium (a true cilium) protruding from its apex

134
Q

otolith membrane

A

overlying jellylike disc in with the tips of the stiff hairs (hair cells) are embedded

135
Q

otoliths

A

”"”ear stones””, heavy crystals of calcium carbonate contained in the otolith membrane”

136
Q

semicircular canals

A

lie posterior and lateral to the vestibule, each of three lies in one of the three planes of space

137
Q

ampulla

A

”"”flask””, expansion at one end of the semicircular canals”

138
Q

anterior and posterior semicircular canals

A

lie in vertical planes at right angles to each other

139
Q

lateral semicircular canal

A

lies almost horizontally

140
Q

semicircular duct

A

snaking through each semicircular canal is part of the membranous labyrinth, the _

141
Q

membranous ampulla

A

swelling in each semicurcular duct within the corresponding bony ampulla

142
Q

crista ampullaris

A

”"”crest of the ampulla””, small crest housed in each membranous ampulla, contain the receptor cells that measure rotational (angular) acceleration of the head”

143
Q

ampullary cupula

A

tall, jellylike mass that resembles a pointed cap, into which the receptor hair cells project

144
Q

auditory pathway

A

ascending, transmits auditory information primarily from the cochlear receptors of the inner hair cells to the cerbral cortex

145
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

impulses first pass through the cochlear nerve to the _ in the medulla

146
Q

superior olivary nuclei

A

from the medulla, some neurons project to the _ which lie at the junction of the medulla and pons

147
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

a fiber tract, axons ascend in the _ after the medulla/pons junction

148
Q

inferior collicus

A

auditory reflex center in the midbrain, from the lateral lemniscus to the _

149
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

inferior collicus projects to the _; axons of the thalamic neurons then project to the primary auditory cortex which provides conscious awareness of sound

150
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receives impulses from both ears since not all the fibers of the auditory pathway cross over to the other side of the brain

151
Q

equilibrium pathway

A

transmits information on the position and movements of the head via the vestibular nerve to the brain stem

152
Q

otic placode

A

thickening on the surface ectoderm (week 4) that begins to form the internal ear

153
Q

otic pit

A

otic placode invaginates to form the _

154
Q

otic vesicle

A

edges of the otic pit fuse to form the _ which detaches from the surface epithelium

155
Q

branchial groove

A

an indentation of the surface ectoderm, from which the external acoustic meatus differentiates

156
Q

motion sickness

A

common disorder of equilibrium in which particular motions lead to nausea and vomiting

157
Q

“Meniere’s syndrome”

A

membranous balyrinth is apparetly distorted by excessive amounts of endolymph; equilibrium so disturbed that standing is nearly impossible, transiet but repeated attacks of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, and tinnitus, roaring or buzzing sounds in the ears such that hearing is impaired and perhaps ultimately lost

158
Q

conduction deafness

A

occurs when sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the internal ear

159
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

results from damage to the hair cells or to any part of the auditory pathway to the brain

160
Q

cochlear implants

A

for complete sensorineural deafness, placed in the temporal bone, convert sound energy into electrical signals and deliver these signals directly to the cochlear nerve fibers

161
Q

house taste receptors, in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx, mostly on the surface of the tongue, a few others occur on the posterior region of the palate, on the inner surface of the cheeks, on the posterior wall of the pharynx, and on the epiglottis

A

taste buds

162
Q

peglike projections of the tongue mucosa in which most taste buds occur

A

papillae

163
Q

scattered over the entire surface of the tongue, the taste buds are on the apical surface, small

A

fungiform papillae

164
Q

arranged in an inverted V near the back of the tongue, large, taste buds occupy the epithelium on the sides

A

vallate papillae

165
Q

on the posterolateral surface of the tongue, the taste buds are in the side walls

A

foliate papilla

166
Q

project from the gustatory epithelial cells and extend through a taste pore to the surface of the epithelium

A

gustatory hairs

167
Q

two major cell types contained in each taste bud

A

gustatory epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells

168
Q

taste information reaches the brain stem and cerebral cortex through the _

A

gustatory pathway

169
Q

covers the superior nasal concha and the superior part of the nasal septum and is bathed by swirling air that has been inhaled into the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

170
Q

bipolar neurons contained in the speudostratified columnar (olfactory) epithelium

A

olfactory sensory neurons

171
Q

columnar cells surrounding the olfactory sensory neurons

A

supporting epithelial cells

172
Q

short undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells that continually form new olfactory sensory neurons, at the base of the epithelium

A

olfactory stem cells

173
Q

”"”hairs””, act as the receptive structures for smell by binding odor molecules to receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane of the cilia”

A

olfactory cilia

174
Q

nerve bundles which penetrate the cribrifirm plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the overlying olfactory bulb of the forebrain

A

filaments of the olfactory nerve

175
Q

“the olfactory nerve axons branch profusely and synapse with neurons called mitral cells in complex synaptic clusters called glomeruli (““balls of yarn””)”

A

olfactory bulb

176
Q

olfactory hallucinations in which they perceive some imaginary odor

A

uncinate fits

177
Q

visual organ, a spherical structure with a diameter of about 2.5 cm

A

eye

178
Q

coarse hairs in the skin on the superciliary arches, shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration running down the forehead from reaching the eyes

A

eyebrows

179
Q

aka palpebrae, thin, skin-covered folds supported internally by connective tissue structures called tarsal plates

A

eyelids

180
Q

eye slit, separates the upper and lower eye lids

A

palpebral fissure

181
Q

”"”a bit of flesh””, medial angle of the eyelids contains a reddish elevation called the _”

A

lacrimal caruncle

182
Q

give the eyelids their curved shape and serve as attachment sites for the eye-closing muscle, the orbicularis oculi

A

tarsal plates

183
Q

”"”lifter of the upper eyelid””, skeletal muscle that voluntarily opens the eye”

A

levator palpebrae superioris

184
Q

projecting from the free margin of each eyelid, richly innervated by nerve endings

A

eyelashes

185
Q

modified sebaceous glands embedded in the tarsal plates

A

tarsal glands

186
Q

”"”swelling””, infection of a tarsal gland results in an unsightly but usually painless cyst”

A

chalazion

187
Q

infection of the ciliary glands causes a painful inflammation

A

sty

188
Q

”"”joined together””, a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva and folds back over the anterior surface of the eye as the bulbar conjunctiva”

A

conjunctiva

189
Q

when an eye is closed, the slitlike space that forms between the eye surface and the eyelids

A

conjunctival sac

190
Q

inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

191
Q

a highly contagious form of conjunctivitis caused by bacteria or viruses

A

pinkeye

192
Q

”"”tear””, keeps the surface of the eye moist with lacrimal fluid (tears), consists of a gland and ducts that drain the lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity”

A

lacrimal apparatus

193
Q

”"”puncture””, each lid contains a tiny opening (_) at the medial angle which empties into a small tube, the lacrimal canaliculus”

A

lacrimal punctum

194
Q

“from the lacrimal canaliculus (““small canal””), the fluid drains into the _ in the medial orbital wall”

A

lacrimal sac

195
Q

fluid inters the _ from the lacrimal sac, then empties into the nasal cavity at the inferior nasal meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

196
Q

an enzyme that destroys bacteria

A

lysozyme

197
Q

(outer), originate from the walls of the orbit and insert onto the outer surface of the eyeball, control the movement of each eye and hold the eyes in the orbits

A

extrinsic eye muscles

198
Q

or anular ring, at th posterior point of the orbit, origin point for the four rectus (straight) extrinsic eye muscles

A

common tendinous ring

199
Q

”"”pulley””, ligamentous sling suspended from the frontal bone in the anteromedial part of the orbit roof”

A

trochlea

200
Q

“originates posteriorly near the common tendinous ring, runs anteriorly along the medial orbit wall, and then loops through the trochlea, then its tendon runs posteriorly and inserts on the eye’s posterolateral surface”

A

superior oblique muscle

201
Q

originates on the anteromedial part of the orbit floor and angles back to insert on the posterolateral part of the eye

A

inferior oblique muscle

202
Q

most anterior point of the eyeball

A

anterior pole

203
Q

most posterior point of the eyeball

A

posterior pole

204
Q

most external layer of the external wall of the eye, consists of dense connective tissue arranged into two different regions: sclera and cornea

A

fibrous layer

205
Q

”"”hard””, opaque white, hard, forms the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous layer, protects the eyeball and provides shape and a sturdy anchoring site for the extrinsic eye muscles”

A

sclera

206
Q

anterior sixth of the fibrous layer, transparent, through which light enters the eye

A

cornea

207
Q

middle coat of the eyeball, has three parts: the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris

A

vascular layer

208
Q

”"”membrane””, highly vascular, darkly pigmented membrane that forms the posterior five-sixths of the vascular layer”

A

choroid

209
Q

postteriorly continous with the choroid, a thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens

A

ciliary body

210
Q

smooth muscle that acts to focus the lens

A

ciliary muscle

211
Q

nearest the lens, the posterior surface of the ciliary body is thrown into radiating folds called _

A

ciliary processes

212
Q

halo of fine fibrils that extends from around the entire circumference of the lens and attaches to the ciliary processes

A

ciliary zonule

213
Q

”"”rainbow””, visible, colored part of the eye, lies between the cornea and lens, and its base attaches to the ciliary body”

A

iris

214
Q

round central opening of the iris, allows light to enter the eye

A

pupil

215
Q

constriction of the pupils that occurs when a bright light is flashed in the eye is a protective response

A

pupillary light reflex

216
Q

contains the retina (thin pigmented layer and a far thicker neural layer) and the optic nerve

A

inner layer

217
Q

outer thin layer of the retina which lies against the choraid, single layer of flat-to-columnar melanocyes, functions to absorb light and prevent it from scattering within the eye

A

pigmented layer

218
Q

thicker inner layer of the retina is a sheet of nervous tissue that contains the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells

A

neural layer

219
Q

axons from the ganglion cells run along the internal surface of the retina and converge posteriorly to form the _ which runs from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

220
Q

signal the bipolar cells when stimulated by light, are of two types (rod cells and cone cells), considered neurons but resemble tall epithelial cells turned upside down

A

photoreceptor cells

221
Q

more sensitive to light and permit vision in dim light, provide neither sharp images nor color vision

A

rod cells

222
Q

operate best in bright light and enable high-acuity color vision

A

cone cells

223
Q

”"”sawtoothed mouth””, junction where the neural layer ends at the posterior margin of the ciliary body”

A

ora serrata

224
Q

”"”yellow spot””, lying precisely at the eye’s posterior pole”

A

macula lutea

225
Q

”"”central pit””, tiny pit at the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones and provides maximal visual acuity”

A

fovea centralis

226
Q

a few milimeters medial to the fovea, a circular elevation where the axons of ganglion cells converge to exit the eye as the optic nerve, called the blind spot because it lacks photoreceptors

A

optic disc

227
Q

supply the inner two-thirds of the retina, enter and leave the eye by running through the center of the optic nerve

A

central artery and vein of the retina

228
Q

lens and its halolike ciliary zonule divide the eye into posterior and anterior segments, filled with the clear vitreous humor

A

posterior segment

229
Q

(glassy), a jellylike substance that contains fine fibrils of collagen and a ground substance that binds termendous amounts of water

A

vitreous humor

230
Q

divided into an anterior chamber between the cornea and iris and a posterior cahmber between thi iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor

A

anterior segment

231
Q

a clear fluid sumilar to blood plasma, renewed continously and is in constant motion

A

aqueous humor

232
Q

large vessel at the corneoscleral junction which returns the aqueous humor to the blood

A

scleral venous sinus

233
Q

thick, transparent, biconvex disc that changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina, enclosed in a thin elastic capsule and is held in place posterior to the iris by its ciliary zonule

A

lens

234
Q

confined to the anterior surface, consists of cuboidal cells

A

lens epithelium

235
Q

form the bulk of the lens, contain no nuclei and few organelles, transparent due to precisely folded proteins

A

lens fibers

236
Q

light-bending parts of the eye, the cornea, the lens, and the humors (most to least bending)

A

refractory media

237
Q

adjustability that allows the eye to focus on nearby objects

A

accomodation

238
Q

visual information travels to the cerbral cortex trhough the main _

A

visual pathway

239
Q

axons continue in the optic tract after the axons from the medial half of each eye decussate

A

optic tract

240
Q

most of the axons from the optic tracts go to the _ where they synapse with thalamic neurons

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

241
Q

axons of those neurons then poject through the internal capsule to form the _ of fibers in the cerebral white matter

A

optic radiation

242
Q

mediate the pupillary light reflexes

A

pretectal nuclei

243
Q

“the ““timer”” that runs our daily biorhythms and requires visual input to keep it in synchrony with the daylight-darkness cycle”

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

244
Q

paired lateral outgrouwths from the dienchephalon appearing by week 4 of the embryo

A

optic vesicles

245
Q

double-layered _ formed from the hollow optic vesicles indenting

A

optic cups

246
Q

medial part of the outgrowths form the basis of the optic nerves (week 4)

A

optic stalks

247
Q

once a growing optic vesicle reaches the overyling surface ectoderm, it signals the ectoderm to thicken and form a _

A

lens placode

248
Q

by week 5, the lens placode has invaginated to form a _

A

lens vesicle

249
Q

a visual imparment that affects many infnts born so prematurely that they need to receive oxygen in an oxygen tent; new blood vessels start to grow extensively within the eyes, then hemorrhage, leading to retinal detachment and then blindness

A

retinopathy of prematurity

250
Q

”"”rough growth””, highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva and cornea, transmitted by hand-to-eye contact, by flies that go from eye to eye, or by placing contaminated objects in or near the eye”

A

trachoma

251
Q

”"”old hearing””, gradual loss of hearing with age”

A

presbycusis

252
Q

consists of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus

A

external ear

253
Q

aka pinna, is the shell-shaped projection that surrounds the opening of the external acoustic meatus, mostly cartilage

A

auricle

254
Q

(rim), part of the auricle consisting of elastic cartilage covered with skin

A

helix (ear)

255
Q

”"”earlobe””, fleshy, dangling part of the auricle, lacks supporting cartilage”

A

lobule (ear)

256
Q

(drum) or eardrum, thin, translucent boundary between the external ad middle ears, shaped like a flattened cone, the apex of which points medially into the middle ear cavity

A

tympanic membrane

257
Q

aka tympanic cavity, small, air-filled space inside the petrous part of the temporal bone, lined by a thin mucous membrane and shaped like a hockey puck standing on its side, bounded by the tympanic membrane and a wall of bone that separates it from the internal ear

A

middle ear

258
Q

midlle ear arches upward as the _, its superior boundary is the roof of the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

epitympanic recess

259
Q

canal leading to the mastoid air cells in the mastoid process; the posterior wall of the middle ear opens into it

A

mastoid antrum

260
Q

or auditory tube, links the middle ear to the pharynx; normally closed but can be opening by yawning or swallowing to equalize air pressure

A

pharyngotympanic tube

261
Q

transmit the vibrations of the eardrum across the cavity to a fluid in the internal ear

A

auditory ossicles

262
Q

hammer, which looks like a club with a knob on top, lateral ossicle

A

malleus

263
Q

anvil, which resembles a tooth with two roots, middle ossicle

A

incus

264
Q

which looks like the stirrup of a saddle, medial ossicle, base vibrates aginst the oval window

A

stapes

265
Q

originates on the cartilage part of the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts on the malleus

A

tensor tympani

266
Q

runs from the posterior wall of the middle ear the stapes, contracts (with tensor tympani) reflexively to limit the vibration of the ossicles when assaulted by very loud sounds

A

stapedius

267
Q

aka labyrinth (maze), complex shape, lies within the thick protective walls of the petrous part of the temporal bone, consists of two main divisions (bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth)

A

internal ear

268
Q

cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone consisting of a system of twisting channels that has three parts: from posterolateral to anteromedial, simicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

A

bony labyrinth

269
Q

continuous series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely within the bony labyrinth and more or less follow its contours

A

membranous labyrinth

270
Q

superior window, base of the stapes vibrates against it, as does the scala vestibuli base

A

oval window

271
Q

inferior window, scala tympani ends at the _ at the base of the cochlea

A

round window

272
Q

”"”internal water””, the membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid”

A

endolymph

273
Q

”"”surrounding water””, external to the membranous labyrinth, the bony labyrinth is filled with another clear fluid, continuous with the crebrospinal fluid that fills the subarachnoid space”

A

perilymph

274
Q

”"”snail shell””, spiraling chamber located inferiorly in the bony labyrinth”

A

cochlea

275
Q

pillar of bone around which the cochlea coils about two and a half turns

A

modiolus

276
Q

spiraling projection of bone on the modiolus

A

osseous spiral lamina

277
Q

cholear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), running through the bony core of the modiolus

A

cochlear nerve

278
Q

(scala=ladder), two perilymph-filled chambers of the bony labyrinth

A

scala vestibula and scala tympani

279
Q

”"”the hole in the spiral””, scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous with each other at the apex of the cochlea in a region called the _”

A

helicotrema

280
Q

or scala media, the part of the membranous labyrinth that contains the sensory receptors for hearing

A

cochlear duct

281
Q

”"”roof”” of the cochlear duct, separating it from the scala vestibuli”

A

vestibular membrane

282
Q

sheet of fibers attached to the osseous spiral lamina which together make up of the floor of the cochlear duct

A

basilar membrane

283
Q

supported by the basilar mebrane; the receptor epithelium for hearing

A

spiral organ

284
Q

columnar supporting cells of the tall epithelium spiral organ, receptor cells, three sterocilia arranged linearly

A

inner hair cells

285
Q

columnar supporting cells of the tall epithelium spiral organ, three rows of receptor cells, stereocilia form a W pattern

A

outer hair cells

286
Q

”"”roofing membrane””, gel-like _ has sterocilia embedded in it”

A

tectorial membrane

287
Q

house cell bodies of bipolar neurons, in the osseous spiral lamina and modiolus

A

spiral ganlion

288
Q

central cavity of the bony labyrinth, lies just medial to the middle ear, and the oval window is in its lateral bony wall

A

vestibule (ear)

289
Q

”"”leather bag””, egg-shaped part of the membranous labyrinth suspended within the vestibul’s perilymph, continuous with the semicircular ducts”

A

utricle

290
Q

”"”little sac””, egg-shape part of the membranous labyrinth, suspended within the vestibule’s perilympth, continuous with the cochlear duct”

A

saccule

291
Q

”"”spot”” spot of sensory epithelium housed on each of utricle and saccule, contain receptor cells that monitor the position of the head when the head is held still (static equalibrium)”

A

macula

292
Q

vestibular division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

vestibular nerve

293
Q

receptors that synapse with sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve, each has many sterocilia (long microvilli) and a single kinocilium (a true cilium) protruding from its apex

A

hair cells

294
Q

overlying jellylike disc in with the tips of the stiff hairs (hair cells) are embedded

A

otolith membrane

295
Q

”"”ear stones””, heavy crystals of calcium carbonate contained in the otolith membrane”

A

otoliths

296
Q

lie posterior and lateral to the vestibule, each of three lies in one of the three planes of space

A

semicircular canals

297
Q

”"”flask””, expansion at one end of the semicircular canals”

A

ampulla

298
Q

lie in vertical planes at right angles to each other

A

anterior and posterior semicircular canals

299
Q

lies almost horizontally

A

lateral semicircular canal

300
Q

snaking through each semicircular canal is part of the membranous labyrinth, the _

A

semicircular duct

301
Q

swelling in each semicurcular duct within the corresponding bony ampulla

A

membranous ampulla

302
Q

”"”crest of the ampulla””, small crest housed in each membranous ampulla, contain the receptor cells that measure rotational (angular) acceleration of the head”

A

crista ampullaris

303
Q

tall, jellylike mass that resembles a pointed cap, into which the receptor hair cells project

A

ampullary cupula

304
Q

ascending, transmits auditory information primarily from the cochlear receptors of the inner hair cells to the cerbral cortex

A

auditory pathway

305
Q

impulses first pass through the cochlear nerve to the _ in the medulla

A

cochlear nuclei

306
Q

from the medulla, some neurons project to the _ which lie at the junction of the medulla and pons

A

superior olivary nuclei

307
Q

a fiber tract, axons ascend in the _ after the medulla/pons junction

A

lateral lemniscus

308
Q

auditory reflex center in the midbrain, from the lateral lemniscus to the _

A

inferior collicus

309
Q

inferior collicus projects to the _; axons of the thalamic neurons then project to the primary auditory cortex which provides conscious awareness of sound

A

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

310
Q

receives impulses from both ears since not all the fibers of the auditory pathway cross over to the other side of the brain

A

primary auditory cortex

311
Q

transmits information on the position and movements of the head via the vestibular nerve to the brain stem

A

equilibrium pathway

312
Q

thickening on the surface ectoderm (week 4) that begins to form the internal ear

A

otic placode

313
Q

otic placode invaginates to form the _

A

otic pit

314
Q

edges of the otic pit fuse to form the _ which detaches from the surface epithelium

A

otic vesicle

315
Q

an indentation of the surface ectoderm, from which the external acoustic meatus differentiates

A

branchial groove

316
Q

common disorder of equilibrium in which particular motions lead to nausea and vomiting

A

motion sickness

317
Q

membranous balyrinth is apparetly distorted by excessive amounts of endolymph; equilibrium so disturbed that standing is nearly impossible, transiet but repeated attacks of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, and tinnitus, roaring or buzzing sounds in the ears such that hearing is impaired and perhaps ultimately lost

A

“Meniere’s syndrome”

318
Q

occurs when sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the internal ear

A

conduction deafness

319
Q

results from damage to the hair cells or to any part of the auditory pathway to the brain

A

sensorineural deafness

320
Q

for complete sensorineural deafness, placed in the temporal bone, convert sound energy into electrical signals and deliver these signals directly to the cochlear nerve fibers

A

cochlear implants

Anatomy (42 decks)

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