Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch15 Flashcards
preganglionic neuron
first of a chain of two motor neurons in the ANS
preganglionic axon
aka preganglionic fiber, synapses with the second motor neuron, the postganglionic neuron
autonomic ganglion
preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in a perihperal _
postganglionic axon
aka postganglionic fiber, then extends to the visceral organs
sympathetic division
responsible for the fight-or-flight response
vasoconstriction
increased sympathetic input to the smooth muscle in some blood vessels stimulates contraction, producing _
parasympathetic division
“most active when the body is at rest, conerned with conserving body energy and directing vital ““housekeeping”” activities such as digestion and the elimination of feces and urine (““rest and digest””)”
thoracolumbar division
aka sympathetic fivision, fibers emerge from the thoracic and superior lumbar parts of the spinal cord
craniosacral division
aka parasympathetic division, fibers emergy from the brain and the sacral spinal cord
ciliary ganglion
postgonglionic cell bodies lie in the _, in the posterior part of the orbit just lateral to the optic nerve (oculomotor nerve III)
pterygopalatine ganglion
just posterior to the maxilla, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neuranos in the _ (facial nerve VII)
submandibular ganglion
deep to the mandibular angle, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (Facial nerve VII)
otic ganglion
inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (glossophoryngeal nerve IX)
cardiac plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ to the heart
pulmonary plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ to the lungs
esophageal plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ to the esophagus and into the stomach wall
celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ and _ to the other obdominal organs (intestines, liver, pancrease, and so on)
pelvic splanchnic nerves
axons of these preganglionic (sacral parasympathetic) neurons run in the ventral roots to the ventral rami, from which they branch to form _
inferior hypogastric plexus
these preganglionic (sacral parasymathetic) nerves then run through an autonomic plexus in the pelvic floor, the _, to reach the pelvic organs
sympathetic trunk ganglia
located along both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis
sympathetic trunks
aka symapthetic chains, long chains of sympathetic trunk ganglia linked by short nerves
white and gray rami communicantes
“(simgular communicans, ““communicating arm””, join the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the ventral rami of nearby spinal nerves; white _ lie lateral to gray _”
superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
eight spinal nerves fuse into three sympathetic trunk ganglia, the _
stellate ganglion
”"”star-shaped””, inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the _ in the superior thorax”
collateral ganglia
aka prevertebral ganglia, differ from the sympathetic trunk gangnlia in at least three ways: they are not paired and are not segmentally arranged; they occure only in the abdomen and pelvis; and they all lie anterior to the vertebral column, mostly on the large artery called the abdominal aorta
thoracic splanchnic nerves
axons pass through the adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia and travel in _ (greater, lesser, and least) to synapse in collateral ganglia in the large plexuses on the abdominal aorta<br></br>these ganglia include the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric plexus, aortic plexus, and hypogastric plexuses
postganglionic axons run in lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to plexuses on the lower aorta and in the pelvis, namely, the _, _, and _
inferior mesenteric ganglia and inferior hypogastric ganglia
other preganglionic axons pass directly to these autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia there, the _ and _
adrenal (suprarenal) gland
on the superior aspect of each kidney, and its internal portion is the adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla
major organ of the sympathetic nervous system, a specialized sympathitc ganglion containing a collection of modified postganglionic neurons that completely lack nerve processes; these neuron-derived cells secrete great quantities of two excitatory hormones into the blood of nearby capillaries during the fight-or-flight response
epinephrine
“aka adrenaline, excitatory molecule, produces the widespread excitatory effects known as a ““surge of adrenaline”””
visceral reflex arcs
visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in _ including the defecation reflex and the micturition reflex
“Raynaud’s disease”
characterized by intermittent attacks during which the skin of the fingers and toes becomes pale, then blue and painful, then red when the attack ends
achalasia of the cardia
“condition in which some defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus results in a loss of that organ’s ability to propel swallowed food inferiorly”
congenital megacolon
“or Hirshsprung’s disease, a birth defect in which the parasympathetic and enteric innervation of the distal region of the large intesting fails to develop nomally because migrating neural crest cells fail to reach this region”
referred pain
the phenomenon where people suffering from visceral pain often perceive this pain to be somatic in origin, that is, as if it originated from the skin or outer body
first of a chain of two motor neurons in the ANS
preganglionic neuron
aka preganglionic fiber, synapses with the second motor neuron, the postganglionic neuron
preganglionic axon
preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in a perihperal _
autonomic ganglion
aka postganglionic fiber, then extends to the visceral organs
postganglionic axon
responsible for the fight-or-flight response
sympathetic division
increased sympathetic input to the smooth muscle in some blood vessels stimulates contraction, producing _
vasoconstriction
“most active when the body is at rest, conerned with conserving body energy and directing vital ““housekeeping”” activities such as digestion and the elimination of feces and urine (““rest and digest””)”
parasympathetic division
aka sympathetic fivision, fibers emerge from the thoracic and superior lumbar parts of the spinal cord
thoracolumbar division
aka parasympathetic division, fibers emergy from the brain and the sacral spinal cord
craniosacral division
postgonglionic cell bodies lie in the _, in the posterior part of the orbit just lateral to the optic nerve (oculomotor nerve III)
ciliary ganglion
just posterior to the maxilla, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neuranos in the _ (facial nerve VII)
pterygopalatine ganglion
deep to the mandibular angle, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (Facial nerve VII)
submandibular ganglion
inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (glossophoryngeal nerve IX)
otic ganglion
vagus sends branches through the _ to the heart
cardiac plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ to the lungs
pulmonary plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ to the esophagus and into the stomach wall
esophageal plexus
vagus sends branches through the _ and _ to the other obdominal organs (intestines, liver, pancrease, and so on)
celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus
axons of these preganglionic (sacral parasympathetic) neurons run in the ventral roots to the ventral rami, from which they branch to form _
pelvic splanchnic nerves
these preganglionic (sacral parasymathetic) nerves then run through an autonomic plexus in the pelvic floor, the _, to reach the pelvic organs
inferior hypogastric plexus
located along both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis
sympathetic trunk ganglia
aka symapthetic chains, long chains of sympathetic trunk ganglia linked by short nerves
sympathetic trunks
“(simgular communicans, ““communicating arm””, join the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the ventral rami of nearby spinal nerves; white _ lie lateral to gray _”
white and gray rami communicantes
eight spinal nerves fuse into three sympathetic trunk ganglia, the _
superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
”"”star-shaped””, inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the _ in the superior thorax”
stellate ganglion
aka prevertebral ganglia, differ from the sympathetic trunk gangnlia in at least three ways: they are not paired and are not segmentally arranged; they occure only in the abdomen and pelvis; and they all lie anterior to the vertebral column, mostly on the large artery called the abdominal aorta
collateral ganglia
axons pass through the adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia and travel in _ (greater, lesser, and least) to synapse in collateral ganglia in the large plexuses on the abdominal aorta<br></br>these ganglia include the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
thoracic splanchnic nerves
postganglionic axons run in lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to plexuses on the lower aorta and in the pelvis, namely, the _, _, and _
inferior mesenteric plexus, aortic plexus, and hypogastric plexuses
other preganglionic axons pass directly to these autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia there, the _ and _
inferior mesenteric ganglia and inferior hypogastric ganglia
on the superior aspect of each kidney, and its internal portion is the adrenal medulla
adrenal (suprarenal) gland
major organ of the sympathetic nervous system, a specialized sympathitc ganglion containing a collection of modified postganglionic neurons that completely lack nerve processes; these neuron-derived cells secrete great quantities of two excitatory hormones into the blood of nearby capillaries during the fight-or-flight response
adrenal medulla
“aka adrenaline, excitatory molecule, produces the widespread excitatory effects known as a ““surge of adrenaline”””
epinephrine
visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in _ including the defecation reflex and the micturition reflex
visceral reflex arcs
characterized by intermittent attacks during which the skin of the fingers and toes becomes pale, then blue and painful, then red when the attack ends
“Raynaud’s disease”
“condition in which some defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus results in a loss of that organ’s ability to propel swallowed food inferiorly”
achalasia of the cardia
“or Hirshsprung’s disease, a birth defect in which the parasympathetic and enteric innervation of the distal region of the large intesting fails to develop nomally because migrating neural crest cells fail to reach this region”
congenital megacolon
the phenomenon where people suffering from visceral pain often perceive this pain to be somatic in origin, that is, as if it originated from the skin or outer body
referred pain
