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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch23 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch23 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal

A

aka gastrointestinal (GI) tract, muscular digestive tube that winds trough the body, extending from the mouth to the anus; the organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (small bowel), and large intestine (large bowel), the last of which leads to the terminal opening, or anus

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2
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth and tongue, gallbladder and large digestive glands–salivary glands, liver, and pancreas–that lie external to and are connected to the alimentary canal by ducts; the accessory digestive glands secerete saliva, bile, and digestive enzymes, all of whic contribute to the breakdown of foodstuffs

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3
Q

peritoneum

A

most extensive slippery serous membrane, located in the abdominopelvic cavity

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4
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

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5
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the body wall and is continuous with the visceral peritoneum

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6
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

slitlike potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum. the peritoneal cavity lies between the digestive organs and the abdominal body wall. it contains a lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the peritoneum and allows the digestive organs to glide easily along one anotehr and along the body wall as they move during digestion

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7
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of pertoneum–a sheet of two serous membranes fused together–that extends from the body wall to the digestive organs; hold organs in place, store fat and most important provide a route for circulatory vessels and nerves to reach the organs in the peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

falciform ligament

A

”"”sickle-shaped””, binds the anterior aspect of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm”

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9
Q

lesser omentum

A

”"”fatty skin””, runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum”

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10
Q

greater omentum

A

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall in a roundabout way

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11
Q

transverse mesocolon

A

”"”mesentery of the colon””, a nearly horizontal sheet that is fused to the underside of the greater omentum that holds the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall”

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12
Q

sigmoid mesocolon

A

mesentery that connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall

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13
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal

A

(retro=behind), initially formed within the perioneum but are located behind the peritoneum once thy are fully developed

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14
Q

intraperitoneal/peritoneal

A

digestive organs that keep their mesentery and remain surrounded by the peritoneal cavity

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15
Q

segmentation

A

rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine

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16
Q

ingestion

A

taking of food into the mouth. in humans, the upper limb, as well as the oral cavity, is important for ingestion

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17
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food through the alimentary canal. it includes swallowing, which is initiated voluntarily, and peristalsis, an involuntary process. peristalsis, the major means of propulsion thorughout the alimentary canal, involves alternate waves of cantraction and relaxation of musculature in the organ walls. its net effect is to squuze food from one organ to the next, but some mixing occurs as well

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18
Q

peristalsis

A

”"”around contraction””, the major means of propulsion throughout the alimentary canal involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of musculature in the organ walls”

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19
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

physically prepares food for digestion by enzymes breaking it into smaller pieces. mechanical processes include chewing, the churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation, the rythmic local constrictions of the intestine. segmentation mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

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20
Q

digestion

A

series of steps in which complex food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) are broken down to their cmecila building blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol). glands in the gastrointestinal tract and in the accessory organs produce enzymes and other substances and secrete them into the lumen of the alimentary canal, where they carry out digestion

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21
Q

absorption

A

transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymphatic capillaries located in the wall of the canal

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22
Q

defecation

A

elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces

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23
Q

mucosa (GI tract)

A

more complex than other mucous membranes in the body, the typical digestive mucosa contains three sublayers: a lining epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

epithelium (of the gut)

A

abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal and performs many functions related to digestion, such as absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus; this is continuous with the ducts and secretory cells of the various digestive glands, most of which lie fully within the wall and are called intrinsic glands

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25
Q

lamina propria

A

loose areolar or eticular connective tissue whose capillaries nourish the lining epithelium and absorb digested nutrients; contains most of the MALT which defends against invasion by bacteria and other microorganisms in the alimentary canal

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26
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

external to the lamina propria, a thin layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of the mucosa

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27
Q

submucosa (gut)

A

“layer of connective tissue containing major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers; its rich vascular network sends branches to all other layers of the wall; connective tissue is a type intermediate between loose areolar and dense irregular, a ““moderately dense”” connective tissue; the many elastic fibers enable the alimentary canal to return to its shape after food material passes through it”

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28
Q

muscularis externa

A

aka muscular layer, external to the submucosa; throughout most of the alimentary canal, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer whose fibers orient around the circumference of the canal (squeezes the gut tube) and an outer longitudinal layer whose fibers orient along the length of the canal (shortens the gut tube)

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29
Q

serosa

A

visceral peritoneum, outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs of the alimentary canal, formed of a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) underlain by a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

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30
Q

longitudinal layer

A

muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the organ, more externally located

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31
Q

circular layer

A

deeper, fibers run around the circumference of the organ

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32
Q

dense bodies

A

along the tension-resisting intermediate filaments lie _ at regular intervals that anchor the thin filaments, correspond to the Z discs of skeletal muscle

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33
Q

enteric nervous system

A

(enteric=gut), smooth muscle and glands of the alimentary canal are controlled largely by the independent _

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34
Q

myenteric nerve plexus

A

”"”intestinal muscle””, in the muscularis externa between the circular and longitudinal layers, innervates the muscularis externa to control peristalsis and segmentation”

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35
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

lies within the submucosa, nerve fibers extend inward and signal the glands in the mucosa to secrete and the muscularis mucosae to contract

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36
Q

oral cavity

A

or mouth, mucosa-lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly

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37
Q

oral orifice

A

anterior opening of the oral cavity

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38
Q

oral vestibule

A

”"”porch””, the slit between the teeth and the cheeks (or lips)”

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39
Q

oral cavity proper

A

the region of the mouth that lies internal to the teeth

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40
Q

lips/labia

A

thick flaps extending from the inferior boundary of the nose to the superior boundary of the chin

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41
Q

cheeks

A

help keep food inside the mouth during chewing, composed of a core of skeletal muscle covered by skin

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42
Q

labial frenulum

A

”"”little bridle of the lip””, median fold that connects the internal aspect of each lip to the gum”

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43
Q

palatoglossal arches

A

anchors the soft palate to the tongue

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44
Q

palatopharyngeal arches

A

anchors the soft palate to the wall of the oropharynx

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45
Q

lingual frenulum

A

fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the tongue secures the tongue tothe floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements

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46
Q

ankyloglossia

A

”"”fused tongue””, congenital condition in which the lingual frenulum is abnormally short or extends exceptionally far anteriorly”

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47
Q

filiform papillae

A

”"”thread-shaped””, conical, paointed, kerativized, roughen the tongue enabling it to grasp and manipulate food during chewing”

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48
Q

terminal sulcus

A

groove which marks the border between the mouth and pharynx

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49
Q

teeth

A

lie in sockets (alveoli) in the gum-covered margins of the mandible and maxilla

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50
Q

deciduous teeth

A

”"”falling off””, primary dentition (child teeth)”

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51
Q

permanent teeth

A

last permanent teeth, the wisdom teeth, emergy between the ages of 17 and 25 years

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52
Q

incisors

A

chisel-shaped, adapted for nipping off pieces of food

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53
Q

canines

A

cuspids, eyeteeth, cone-shaped, tear and pierce

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54
Q

premolars and molars

A

“(bicuspids), ““millstones””, have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding food”

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55
Q

crown (tooth)

A

each tooth has two main regions, the exposed _ and the roots, covered by a layer of enamel

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56
Q

root(s) (tooth)

A

each tooth has two main regions, the crown and the _ in the socket

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57
Q

neck (tooth)

A

the crown and the root meet near the gum line

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58
Q

enamel

A

“hardest substance in the body, lacks cells of vessels, 99% of its mass consists of densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in force-resisting rods or prisms oriented perpendicular to the tooth’s surface”

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59
Q

dentin/tentine

A

underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth, bonelike tissue with mineral and collagen components but is harder than bone and lacks internal blood vessels

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60
Q

dentinal tubules

A

dentin contains unique radial striations

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61
Q

pulp cavity

A

in the center of the tooth is filled with dental pulp

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62
Q

(dental) pulp

A

“a loose connective tissue containing the tooth’s vessels and nerves, supplies nutrients for the tooth’s hard tissues and provides for tooth sensation”

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63
Q

root canal

A

part of the pulp cavity in the root

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64
Q

apical foramen (tooth)

A

opening into the root canal at the tip of each root

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65
Q

root canal therapy

A

all of the pulp is drilled out, and the pulp cavity is sterized and filled with an artificial, inert material before the tooth is capped

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66
Q

cement

A

external surface of the tooth root is covered by a ccalcified conective tissue

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67
Q

periodontal ligament

A

“or periodontium, ““around the tooth””, anchors the tooth in the bony socket of the jaw”

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68
Q

gingiva

A

gum

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69
Q

cavities or caries

A

”"”rottenness””, result from a gradual demineralization of the enamel and dentin by bacterial action”

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70
Q

dental plaque

A

a film of sugar, bacteria, and other debris that adheres to the theeth, whose accumulation begins the decay process

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71
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva, a complex mixture of water, ions, mucus, and enzymes that performs many functions: it moustens the mouth, dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted, wets food, and binds the food together into a bolus

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72
Q

parotid gland

A

(par=near, otid=the ear), largest major gland is a compound acinar gland, lies anterior to teh ear, between the masseter muscle and the skin

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73
Q

parotid duct

A

runs parallel to the zygomatic arch, penetrates the muscle of the cheek, and opens into the mouth lateral to the second upper molar, secretion is stimulated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

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74
Q

submandibular gland

A

“compound tubuloacinar gland, lies along the medial surface of the mandibular body, just anterior to the angle of the mandible, duct opens in the floor of the mouth directly lateral to the nogue’s lingual frenulum”

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75
Q

sublingual gland

A

also a tubuloacinar gland, lies in the flor of the oral cavity inferior to the tongue, 10-12 ducts open into the mouth directly superior to the gland, innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

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76
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach

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77
Q

cardial orifice

A

abdominal part of the esophagus joins the stomach at the _

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78
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

acts to close off the lumen and prevent regurgitation of acidic stomach juices into the esophagus

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79
Q

stomach

A

J-shaped, widest part of the alimentary canal, temporary storage tank in which food is churned and turned ninto a paste called chyme

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80
Q

pepsin

A

protein-digesting enzyme that can function only under acidic conditions

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81
Q

fundus

A

“stumach’s dome, tucked under the diaphragm”

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82
Q

pyloric part

A

“funnel-shaped end of the stomach’s pody, composed of the wider pyloric antrum (““cave””) and the narrower pyloric canal”

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83
Q

pylorus

A

”"”gatekeeper””, terminus of the stomach”

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84
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

controls the entry of chyme into the intestine

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85
Q

greater curvature

A

convex left surface of the stomach

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86
Q

lesser curvature

A

concave right margin of the stomach

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87
Q

rugae

A

”"”wrinkles””, internal surface of the empty stomach contains numerous longitudinal folds of mocusa which flatten as the stomach fills; the resulting expansion in volume accommodates the increasing quantity of food within the stomach”

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88
Q

gastric pits

A

open into the tubular gastric glands, surface of the stomach mucosa is dotted with millions of cup-shaped _

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89
Q

gastric glands

A

in the fundus fundus and body contain three types of secretory cells: mucous neck cells, parietal (exyntic) cells, and chief (zymogenic) cells

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90
Q

pepsinogen

A

enzymatic protein which is activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the apical region of the gland

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91
Q

gastric intrensic factor

A

protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine

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92
Q

mucous neck cells

A

occur in the upper ends or necks of the gastric glands secrete a different type of mucus from that secreted by the surface mucus cells; specific function of this mucus is not known

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93
Q

parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

“occur mainly in the middle regions of the glands, produce the stomach’s hydrochloric acid (HCl) by pumping hydrogen and cloride ions into the lumen of the gland; also secrete gastric intrinsic factor”

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94
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

”"”gut endocrine””, hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal; these cells release their hormones into the capillaries of the underlying lamina propria; one of these hormones, gastrin, signals parietal cells to secrete HCl when food enters the stomach; most enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin are in the stomach’s pyloric region.<br></br>hormones also to signal the gallbladder to release stored bile and the pancrease to secrete digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate-rich juice to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum”

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95
Q

undifferentiated stem cells

A

located throughout the stomach, at the junction ofthe gastric glands and gastric pits, divide continuously replacing the entire lining epithelium of mucus-secreting cells every 3-7 days

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96
Q

small intestine

A

longest part of the alimentary canal and the site of most enzymatic digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients

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97
Q

duedenum

A

”"”twelve fingerwidths long””, shortest subdivios of the small intestine, receives digestive enzymes from the pancrease via the main pancreatic duct and bile from the liver and gallbladder via the bile duct”

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98
Q

jejunum

A

”"”empty””, contributes almost 40% of the length of the small intestine, forms superior left part of the sausagelike coils that hang from the posterior abdomen by the mesentery and is framed by the large intestine”

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99
Q

ileum

A

”"”twisted intestine””, contributes almost 60% of the length of the small intestine, forms the inferior right part of sausagelike coils that hang from the posterior abdomen by the mesentery and are framed by the large intestine”

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100
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

”"”flask from the liver and pancreas””, bulb inside the wall of the duedenum made of the main pancreatic duct and the bile duct that opens into the duedenum via a mound called the major duodenal papilla”

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101
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture

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102
Q

enterocytes

A

absorptive cells, primary make-up of the simple columnar epithelium covering the villa, specialized for absorbing digested nutrients

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103
Q

lacteal

A

wide lymphatic capillary inside the core of lamina propria in each villus (with a network of blood capillaries)

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104
Q

microvilli

A

on apical surface of the absorptive enterocytes, amplify the absorptive surface, the plasma membrane contains enzymes that complete the final stages of the breakdown of nutrient molecules

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105
Q

goblet cells

A

these cells secrete onto the internal surface of the intestine a coat of mucus that lubricates the chyme and forms a protective barrier that prevents enzymatic digestion of the intestinal wall.

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106
Q

intestinal crypts

A

invaginations between the villi lined with epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juice, a watery liquid that mixes with chyme in the intestinal lumen; also contains undifferentiated epithelial cells and mature Paneth cells

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107
Q

undifferentiated epithelial cells

A

line the intestinal crypts and renew the mucosal epithelium by dividing rapidly and moving contiuously onto the villi. these are among the most quickly dividing cells of the body, completely renewing the inner epithelium of the small intesting every 3-6 days

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108
Q

Paneth cells

A

found at the base of the crypt. these epithelial cells secrete enzymes that destroy certain bacteria and may help determine which kinds of bacteria live in the intestinal lumen. the permanent bacterial residents of the intetinal lumen, called the intestinal flora, manufacture some essential vitamins, which the intestines absorb.

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109
Q

duedenal glands

A

compound, tubular, whose ducts open into the intestinal crypts, in the submucosa in the duodenum only

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110
Q

large intestine

A

last major organ in the alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the digested mass, resulting in semisolid feces

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111
Q

mass peristaltic movements

A

pass over the colon a few times a day to force the feces powerfully toward the rectum

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112
Q

teniae (taeniae) coli

A

”"”ribbons of the colon””, three longitudinal strips, spaced at equal intervals around the circumference of the cecum and colon, thickenings of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa”

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113
Q

haustra

A

”"”to draw up””, sacs puckered from the large intestine”

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114
Q

epiploic appendages

A

”"”membrane-covered””, aka omental appendices, fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the intestine (significance unknown)”

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115
Q

ileocecal valve

A

“formed by two raised edges of the mucosa, surrounds the opening of the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum’s medial wall internally”

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116
Q

transverse colon

A

extends itraperitoneal to the left across the peritoneal cavity, directly anterior to the spleen it bends acutely downard at the left colic (splenic) flexure

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117
Q

descending colon

A

descends along the left side of the posterior abdominal wall in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

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118
Q

sigmoid colon

A

inferiorly the colon becomes intraperitoneal and enters the true pelvis while S-shaped

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119
Q

right colic flexure

A

aka hepatic flexure, bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

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120
Q

left colic flexure

A

aka splenic flexure, bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon

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121
Q

rectum

A

descends along the inferior half of the sacrum in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

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122
Q

rectal valves

A

three transverse folds of the rectum which prevent feces from being passed along with flatus (gas)

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123
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis, contracts involuntarily

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124
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, contracts voluntarily to inhibit defecation

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125
Q

colonocytes

A

absorptive cells of the large intestine that take in water and electrolytes

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126
Q

bile

A

green alkaline liqued that is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the duodenum; bile salts emulsif fats in the small intestine

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127
Q

diaphragmatic surface

A

of the liver faces anteriorly and superiorly

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128
Q

visceral surface

A

of the liver faces posteroinferiorly

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129
Q

bare area

A

superior part of the liver is fused to the diaphragm and is therefore devoid of peritoneum

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130
Q

quadrate lobe and caudate lobe

A

part of the left lobe of the liver, visible on the visceral surface just to the right of the fissure

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131
Q

porta hepatis

A

”"”gateway to the liver””, where most of the major vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver”

132
Q

right and left hepatic ducts

A

carry bile from the respective liver lobes, exit from the porta hepatis and fuse to form the common hepatic duct

133
Q

common hepatic duct

A

extends inferiorly toward the duodenum

134
Q

round ligament of liver/ligamentum teres

A

“in the fissure’s inferior half, the remnant of the umbilical vein in the fetus, ascends to the liver from the navel, within the inferior margin of the falciform ligament”

135
Q

liver lobules

A

over a million each about the size of a sesame seed, shaped like a hexagonal solid and consists of plates of liver cells, or heptocytes, radiating out from a central vein

136
Q

portal triad

A

at almost every corder of the lobule, contains three main vessels: a portal arteriole that is a branch of the hepatic artery, a portale venule that is a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct which carries bile away from the liver lobules

137
Q

liver sinusoids

A

large capillaries between the plates of hepatocytes, near the portal triads, these sinusoids receive blood from both the portal arteriole and venule and carry this blood inward to reach the central vein

138
Q

stellate macrophages/hepatic macrophages

A

in the walls of the sinusoids, destroy bacteria and other foreign particles in the blood flowing past them

139
Q

bile canaliculi

A

”"”little canals””, tiny intercellular spaces or channels that lie between adjacent hepatocytes, carry bile outward through each lobule, emptying into the blie ducts in the portal triads”

140
Q

gallbladder

A

muscular sac, resting in a shallow depression on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver, stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

141
Q

cystic duct

A

“gallbladder’s duct, joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the bile duct, which empties into the duedenum”

142
Q

main pancreatic duct

A

extends through the length of the pancrease, joins the bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla and empties into the deudenum at the major duedenal papilla

143
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

lies in the head of the pancreas and either drains into the main duct or drains directly into the duodenum

144
Q

acinar cells

A

make, store, and secrete at least 22 kind sof pancreatic enzymes capable of digesting the various categories of foodstuffs

145
Q

zymogen granules

A

”"”fermenting””, intracellular secretory granules that store the enzymes from the acinar cells in inactive form”

146
Q

gastric ulcers/duodenal ulcers

A

craterlike erosions of the mucosa in any region of the alimentary canal that is exposed to stomach secretions (e.g. stomach or deodenum)

147
Q

intestinal obstuction

A

any hindrance to the movement of chyme or feces through the intestine, most are mechanical

148
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

noncontagious, periodic inflammation of the intestinal wall characterized by chronic leukocyte infiltration of this wall, symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal bleeding

149
Q

hepatitis

A

general term for any inflammation of the liver, largely of viral origin

150
Q

viral hepatitis

A

most types lead to fluelike symptoms and jaundice, major types are A, B, C, and G

151
Q

vitelline duct

A

”"”yolk””, initially, the middle region of the primitive gut is open to the yolk sac trhough the _, a key landmark that divides the embryonic gut into three basic regions: foregut, supperior to it, midgut, open to it, and hindgut, inferior to it”

152
Q

foregut

A

develops into the first segment of the digestive system, from the pharynx to the point in the duodenum where the bile duct enters. the celiac trunk supplies blood to the obdominal foregut and its derivatives: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

153
Q

midgut

A

becomes the segment beginning at the duedenum and extending to a point two-thirds of the way olng the transverse colon. the superior mesenteric artery supplies the derivatives of it

154
Q

hindgut

A

fors the rest of the large intestine. the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the organs of it

155
Q

allantois

A

”"”sausage””, tubelike outpocketing that joins the caudal part of the early hindgut”

156
Q

cloaca

A

”"”sewer””, expanded junction between the hundgut and the allantois, gives rise to the rectum and most of the anal canal among other structures”

157
Q

oral membrane

A

in the moth region of the embryo, the endoderm-lined gut touches the surface ectoderm to form an _

158
Q

stomodeum

A

”"”on the way to becoming the mouth””, depression in which the oral membrane lies”

159
Q

cloacal membrane

A

at the end of the hindgut, endoderm meets ectoderm to form the _

160
Q

proctodeum

A

”"”on the way to becoming the anus””, pit which hold s the cloacal membrane”

161
Q

primitive intestinal loop

A

midgut elongtaes into the _ during weeks 4 and 5

162
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the alimentary canal, symptoms include nausea, vomiting, cramps, loss of appetite, or diarrhea

163
Q

laparoscopy

A

”"”flank viewing””, the use of an endoscope inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the anterior abdominal wall, typically to asses the condition of the digestive organs and the pelvic reproductive organs in women”

164
Q

aka gastrointestinal (GI) tract, muscular digestive tube that winds trough the body, extending from the mouth to the anus; the organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (small bowel), and large intestine (large bowel), the last of which leads to the terminal opening, or anus

A

alimentary canal

165
Q

teeth and tongue, gallbladder and large digestive glands–salivary glands, liver, and pancreas–that lie external to and are connected to the alimentary canal by ducts; the accessory digestive glands secerete saliva, bile, and digestive enzymes, all of whic contribute to the breakdown of foodstuffs

A

accessory digestive organs

166
Q

most extensive slippery serous membrane, located in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

peritoneum

167
Q

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

A

visceral peritoneum

168
Q

lines the body wall and is continuous with the visceral peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum

169
Q

slitlike potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum. the peritoneal cavity lies between the digestive organs and the abdominal body wall. it contains a lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the peritoneum and allows the digestive organs to glide easily along one anotehr and along the body wall as they move during digestion

A

peritoneal cavity

170
Q

double layer of pertoneum–a sheet of two serous membranes fused together–that extends from the body wall to the digestive organs; hold organs in place, store fat and most important provide a route for circulatory vessels and nerves to reach the organs in the peritoneal cavity

A

mesentery

171
Q

”"”sickle-shaped””, binds the anterior aspect of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm”

A

falciform ligament

172
Q

”"”fatty skin””, runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum”

A

lesser omentum

173
Q

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall in a roundabout way

A

greater omentum

174
Q

”"”mesentery of the colon””, a nearly horizontal sheet that is fused to the underside of the greater omentum that holds the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall”

A

transverse mesocolon

175
Q

mesentery that connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall

A

sigmoid mesocolon

176
Q

(retro=behind), initially formed within the perioneum but are located behind the peritoneum once thy are fully developed

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

177
Q

digestive organs that keep their mesentery and remain surrounded by the peritoneal cavity

A

intraperitoneal/peritoneal

178
Q

rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine

A

segmentation

179
Q

taking of food into the mouth. in humans, the upper limb, as well as the oral cavity, is important for ingestion

A

ingestion

180
Q

movement of food through the alimentary canal. it includes swallowing, which is initiated voluntarily, and peristalsis, an involuntary process. peristalsis, the major means of propulsion thorughout the alimentary canal, involves alternate waves of cantraction and relaxation of musculature in the organ walls. its net effect is to squuze food from one organ to the next, but some mixing occurs as well

A

propulsion

181
Q

”"”around contraction””, the major means of propulsion throughout the alimentary canal involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of musculature in the organ walls”

A

peristalsis

182
Q

physically prepares food for digestion by enzymes breaking it into smaller pieces. mechanical processes include chewing, the churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation, the rythmic local constrictions of the intestine. segmentation mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

A

mechanical breakdown

183
Q

series of steps in which complex food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) are broken down to their cmecila building blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol). glands in the gastrointestinal tract and in the accessory organs produce enzymes and other substances and secrete them into the lumen of the alimentary canal, where they carry out digestion

A

digestion

184
Q

transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymphatic capillaries located in the wall of the canal

A

absorption

185
Q

elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces

A

defecation

186
Q

more complex than other mucous membranes in the body, the typical digestive mucosa contains three sublayers: a lining epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae

A

mucosa (GI tract)

187
Q

abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal and performs many functions related to digestion, such as absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus; this is continuous with the ducts and secretory cells of the various digestive glands, most of which lie fully within the wall and are called intrinsic glands

A

epithelium (of the gut)

188
Q

loose areolar or eticular connective tissue whose capillaries nourish the lining epithelium and absorb digested nutrients; contains most of the MALT which defends against invasion by bacteria and other microorganisms in the alimentary canal

A

lamina propria

189
Q

external to the lamina propria, a thin layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

190
Q

“layer of connective tissue containing major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers; its rich vascular network sends branches to all other layers of the wall; connective tissue is a type intermediate between loose areolar and dense irregular, a ““moderately dense”” connective tissue; the many elastic fibers enable the alimentary canal to return to its shape after food material passes through it”

A

submucosa (gut)

191
Q

aka muscular layer, external to the submucosa; throughout most of the alimentary canal, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer whose fibers orient around the circumference of the canal (squeezes the gut tube) and an outer longitudinal layer whose fibers orient along the length of the canal (shortens the gut tube)

A

muscularis externa

192
Q

visceral peritoneum, outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs of the alimentary canal, formed of a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) underlain by a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

serosa

193
Q

muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the organ, more externally located

A

longitudinal layer

194
Q

deeper, fibers run around the circumference of the organ

A

circular layer

195
Q

along the tension-resisting intermediate filaments lie _ at regular intervals that anchor the thin filaments, correspond to the Z discs of skeletal muscle

A

dense bodies

196
Q

(enteric=gut), smooth muscle and glands of the alimentary canal are controlled largely by the independent _

A

enteric nervous system

197
Q

”"”intestinal muscle””, in the muscularis externa between the circular and longitudinal layers, innervates the muscularis externa to control peristalsis and segmentation”

A

myenteric nerve plexus

198
Q

lies within the submucosa, nerve fibers extend inward and signal the glands in the mucosa to secrete and the muscularis mucosae to contract

A

submucosal nerve plexus

199
Q

or mouth, mucosa-lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly

A

oral cavity

200
Q

anterior opening of the oral cavity

A

oral orifice

201
Q

”"”porch””, the slit between the teeth and the cheeks (or lips)”

A

oral vestibule

202
Q

the region of the mouth that lies internal to the teeth

A

oral cavity proper

203
Q

thick flaps extending from the inferior boundary of the nose to the superior boundary of the chin

A

lips/labia

204
Q

help keep food inside the mouth during chewing, composed of a core of skeletal muscle covered by skin

A

cheeks

205
Q

”"”little bridle of the lip””, median fold that connects the internal aspect of each lip to the gum”

A

labial frenulum

206
Q

anchors the soft palate to the tongue

A

palatoglossal arches

207
Q

anchors the soft palate to the wall of the oropharynx

A

palatopharyngeal arches

208
Q

fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the tongue secures the tongue tothe floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements

A

lingual frenulum

209
Q

”"”fused tongue””, congenital condition in which the lingual frenulum is abnormally short or extends exceptionally far anteriorly”

A

ankyloglossia

210
Q

”"”thread-shaped””, conical, paointed, kerativized, roughen the tongue enabling it to grasp and manipulate food during chewing”

A

filiform papillae

211
Q

groove which marks the border between the mouth and pharynx

A

terminal sulcus

212
Q

lie in sockets (alveoli) in the gum-covered margins of the mandible and maxilla

A

teeth

213
Q

”"”falling off””, primary dentition (child teeth)”

A

deciduous teeth

214
Q

last permanent teeth, the wisdom teeth, emergy between the ages of 17 and 25 years

A

permanent teeth

215
Q

chisel-shaped, adapted for nipping off pieces of food

A

incisors

216
Q

cuspids, eyeteeth, cone-shaped, tear and pierce

A

canines

217
Q

“(bicuspids), ““millstones””, have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding food”

A

premolars and molars

218
Q

each tooth has two main regions, the exposed _ and the roots, covered by a layer of enamel

A

crown (tooth)

219
Q

each tooth has two main regions, the crown and the _ in the socket

A

root(s) (tooth)

220
Q

the crown and the root meet near the gum line

A

neck (tooth)

221
Q

“hardest substance in the body, lacks cells of vessels, 99% of its mass consists of densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in force-resisting rods or prisms oriented perpendicular to the tooth’s surface”

A

enamel

222
Q

underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth, bonelike tissue with mineral and collagen components but is harder than bone and lacks internal blood vessels

A

dentin/tentine

223
Q

dentin contains unique radial striations

A

dentinal tubules

224
Q

in the center of the tooth is filled with dental pulp

A

pulp cavity

225
Q

“a loose connective tissue containing the tooth’s vessels and nerves, supplies nutrients for the tooth’s hard tissues and provides for tooth sensation”

A

(dental) pulp

226
Q

part of the pulp cavity in the root

A

root canal

227
Q

opening into the root canal at the tip of each root

A

apical foramen (tooth)

228
Q

all of the pulp is drilled out, and the pulp cavity is sterized and filled with an artificial, inert material before the tooth is capped

A

root canal therapy

229
Q

external surface of the tooth root is covered by a ccalcified conective tissue

A

cement

230
Q

“or periodontium, ““around the tooth””, anchors the tooth in the bony socket of the jaw”

A

periodontal ligament

231
Q

gum

A

gingiva

232
Q

”"”rottenness””, result from a gradual demineralization of the enamel and dentin by bacterial action”

A

cavities or caries

233
Q

a film of sugar, bacteria, and other debris that adheres to the theeth, whose accumulation begins the decay process

A

dental plaque

234
Q

produce saliva, a complex mixture of water, ions, mucus, and enzymes that performs many functions: it moustens the mouth, dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted, wets food, and binds the food together into a bolus

A

salivary glands

235
Q

(par=near, otid=the ear), largest major gland is a compound acinar gland, lies anterior to teh ear, between the masseter muscle and the skin

A

parotid gland

236
Q

runs parallel to the zygomatic arch, penetrates the muscle of the cheek, and opens into the mouth lateral to the second upper molar, secretion is stimulated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

A

parotid duct

237
Q

“compound tubuloacinar gland, lies along the medial surface of the mandibular body, just anterior to the angle of the mandible, duct opens in the floor of the mouth directly lateral to the nogue’s lingual frenulum”

A

submandibular gland

238
Q

also a tubuloacinar gland, lies in the flor of the oral cavity inferior to the tongue, 10-12 ducts open into the mouth directly superior to the gland, innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

A

sublingual gland

239
Q

muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach

A

esophagus

240
Q

abdominal part of the esophagus joins the stomach at the _

A

cardial orifice

241
Q

acts to close off the lumen and prevent regurgitation of acidic stomach juices into the esophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

242
Q

J-shaped, widest part of the alimentary canal, temporary storage tank in which food is churned and turned ninto a paste called chyme

A

stomach

243
Q

protein-digesting enzyme that can function only under acidic conditions

A

pepsin

244
Q

“stumach’s dome, tucked under the diaphragm”

A

fundus

245
Q

“funnel-shaped end of the stomach’s pody, composed of the wider pyloric antrum (““cave””) and the narrower pyloric canal”

A

pyloric part

246
Q

”"”gatekeeper””, terminus of the stomach”

A

pylorus

247
Q

controls the entry of chyme into the intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

248
Q

convex left surface of the stomach

A

greater curvature

249
Q

concave right margin of the stomach

A

lesser curvature

250
Q

”"”wrinkles””, internal surface of the empty stomach contains numerous longitudinal folds of mocusa which flatten as the stomach fills; the resulting expansion in volume accommodates the increasing quantity of food within the stomach”

A

rugae

251
Q

open into the tubular gastric glands, surface of the stomach mucosa is dotted with millions of cup-shaped _

A

gastric pits

252
Q

in the fundus fundus and body contain three types of secretory cells: mucous neck cells, parietal (exyntic) cells, and chief (zymogenic) cells

A

gastric glands

253
Q

enzymatic protein which is activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the apical region of the gland

A

pepsinogen

254
Q

protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine

A

gastric intrensic factor

255
Q

occur in the upper ends or necks of the gastric glands secrete a different type of mucus from that secreted by the surface mucus cells; specific function of this mucus is not known

A

mucous neck cells

256
Q

“occur mainly in the middle regions of the glands, produce the stomach’s hydrochloric acid (HCl) by pumping hydrogen and cloride ions into the lumen of the gland; also secrete gastric intrinsic factor”

A

parietal (oxyntic) cells

257
Q

”"”gut endocrine””, hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal; these cells release their hormones into the capillaries of the underlying lamina propria; one of these hormones, gastrin, signals parietal cells to secrete HCl when food enters the stomach; most enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin are in the stomach’s pyloric region.<br></br>hormones also to signal the gallbladder to release stored bile and the pancrease to secrete digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate-rich juice to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum”

A

enteroendocrine cells

258
Q

located throughout the stomach, at the junction ofthe gastric glands and gastric pits, divide continuously replacing the entire lining epithelium of mucus-secreting cells every 3-7 days

A

undifferentiated stem cells

259
Q

longest part of the alimentary canal and the site of most enzymatic digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients

A

small intestine

260
Q

”"”twelve fingerwidths long””, shortest subdivios of the small intestine, receives digestive enzymes from the pancrease via the main pancreatic duct and bile from the liver and gallbladder via the bile duct”

A

duedenum

261
Q

”"”empty””, contributes almost 40% of the length of the small intestine, forms superior left part of the sausagelike coils that hang from the posterior abdomen by the mesentery and is framed by the large intestine”

A

jejunum

262
Q

”"”twisted intestine””, contributes almost 60% of the length of the small intestine, forms the inferior right part of sausagelike coils that hang from the posterior abdomen by the mesentery and are framed by the large intestine”

A

ileum

263
Q

”"”flask from the liver and pancreas””, bulb inside the wall of the duedenum made of the main pancreatic duct and the bile duct that opens into the duedenum via a mound called the major duodenal papilla”

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

264
Q

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture

A

villi

265
Q

absorptive cells, primary make-up of the simple columnar epithelium covering the villa, specialized for absorbing digested nutrients

A

enterocytes

266
Q

wide lymphatic capillary inside the core of lamina propria in each villus (with a network of blood capillaries)

A

lacteal

267
Q

on apical surface of the absorptive enterocytes, amplify the absorptive surface, the plasma membrane contains enzymes that complete the final stages of the breakdown of nutrient molecules

A

microvilli

268
Q

these cells secrete onto the internal surface of the intestine a coat of mucus that lubricates the chyme and forms a protective barrier that prevents enzymatic digestion of the intestinal wall.

A

goblet cells

269
Q

invaginations between the villi lined with epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juice, a watery liquid that mixes with chyme in the intestinal lumen; also contains undifferentiated epithelial cells and mature Paneth cells

A

intestinal crypts

270
Q

line the intestinal crypts and renew the mucosal epithelium by dividing rapidly and moving contiuously onto the villi. these are among the most quickly dividing cells of the body, completely renewing the inner epithelium of the small intesting every 3-6 days

A

undifferentiated epithelial cells

271
Q

found at the base of the crypt. these epithelial cells secrete enzymes that destroy certain bacteria and may help determine which kinds of bacteria live in the intestinal lumen. the permanent bacterial residents of the intetinal lumen, called the intestinal flora, manufacture some essential vitamins, which the intestines absorb.

A

Paneth cells

272
Q

compound, tubular, whose ducts open into the intestinal crypts, in the submucosa in the duodenum only

A

duedenal glands

273
Q

last major organ in the alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the digested mass, resulting in semisolid feces

A

large intestine

274
Q

pass over the colon a few times a day to force the feces powerfully toward the rectum

A

mass peristaltic movements

275
Q

”"”ribbons of the colon””, three longitudinal strips, spaced at equal intervals around the circumference of the cecum and colon, thickenings of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa”

A

teniae (taeniae) coli

276
Q

”"”to draw up””, sacs puckered from the large intestine”

A

haustra

277
Q

”"”membrane-covered””, aka omental appendices, fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the intestine (significance unknown)”

A

epiploic appendages

278
Q

“formed by two raised edges of the mucosa, surrounds the opening of the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum’s medial wall internally”

A

ileocecal valve

279
Q

extends itraperitoneal to the left across the peritoneal cavity, directly anterior to the spleen it bends acutely downard at the left colic (splenic) flexure

A

transverse colon

280
Q

descends along the left side of the posterior abdominal wall in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

A

descending colon

281
Q

inferiorly the colon becomes intraperitoneal and enters the true pelvis while S-shaped

A

sigmoid colon

282
Q

aka hepatic flexure, bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

A

right colic flexure

283
Q

aka splenic flexure, bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon

A

left colic flexure

284
Q

descends along the inferior half of the sacrum in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

A

rectum

285
Q

three transverse folds of the rectum which prevent feces from being passed along with flatus (gas)

A

rectal valves

286
Q

smooth muscle thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis, contracts involuntarily

A

internal anal sphincter

287
Q

skeletal muscle, contracts voluntarily to inhibit defecation

A

external anal sphincter

288
Q

absorptive cells of the large intestine that take in water and electrolytes

A

colonocytes

289
Q

green alkaline liqued that is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the duodenum; bile salts emulsif fats in the small intestine

A

bile

290
Q

of the liver faces anteriorly and superiorly

A

diaphragmatic surface

291
Q

of the liver faces posteroinferiorly

A

visceral surface

292
Q

superior part of the liver is fused to the diaphragm and is therefore devoid of peritoneum

A

bare area

293
Q

part of the left lobe of the liver, visible on the visceral surface just to the right of the fissure

A

quadrate lobe and caudate lobe

294
Q

”"”gateway to the liver””, where most of the major vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver”

A

porta hepatis

295
Q

carry bile from the respective liver lobes, exit from the porta hepatis and fuse to form the common hepatic duct

A

right and left hepatic ducts

296
Q

extends inferiorly toward the duodenum

A

common hepatic duct

297
Q

“in the fissure’s inferior half, the remnant of the umbilical vein in the fetus, ascends to the liver from the navel, within the inferior margin of the falciform ligament”

A

round ligament of liver/ligamentum teres

298
Q

over a million each about the size of a sesame seed, shaped like a hexagonal solid and consists of plates of liver cells, or heptocytes, radiating out from a central vein

A

liver lobules

299
Q

at almost every corder of the lobule, contains three main vessels: a portal arteriole that is a branch of the hepatic artery, a portale venule that is a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct which carries bile away from the liver lobules

A

portal triad

300
Q

large capillaries between the plates of hepatocytes, near the portal triads, these sinusoids receive blood from both the portal arteriole and venule and carry this blood inward to reach the central vein

A

liver sinusoids

301
Q

in the walls of the sinusoids, destroy bacteria and other foreign particles in the blood flowing past them

A

stellate macrophages/hepatic macrophages

302
Q

”"”little canals””, tiny intercellular spaces or channels that lie between adjacent hepatocytes, carry bile outward through each lobule, emptying into the blie ducts in the portal triads”

A

bile canaliculi

303
Q

muscular sac, resting in a shallow depression on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver, stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

A

gallbladder

304
Q

“gallbladder’s duct, joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the bile duct, which empties into the duedenum”

A

cystic duct

305
Q

extends through the length of the pancrease, joins the bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla and empties into the deudenum at the major duedenal papilla

A

main pancreatic duct

306
Q

lies in the head of the pancreas and either drains into the main duct or drains directly into the duodenum

A

accessory pancreatic duct

307
Q

make, store, and secrete at least 22 kind sof pancreatic enzymes capable of digesting the various categories of foodstuffs

A

acinar cells

308
Q

”"”fermenting””, intracellular secretory granules that store the enzymes from the acinar cells in inactive form”

A

zymogen granules

309
Q

craterlike erosions of the mucosa in any region of the alimentary canal that is exposed to stomach secretions (e.g. stomach or deodenum)

A

gastric ulcers/duodenal ulcers

310
Q

any hindrance to the movement of chyme or feces through the intestine, most are mechanical

A

intestinal obstuction

311
Q

noncontagious, periodic inflammation of the intestinal wall characterized by chronic leukocyte infiltration of this wall, symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal bleeding

A

inflammatory bowel disease

312
Q

general term for any inflammation of the liver, largely of viral origin

A

hepatitis

313
Q

most types lead to fluelike symptoms and jaundice, major types are A, B, C, and G

A

viral hepatitis

314
Q

”"”yolk””, initially, the middle region of the primitive gut is open to the yolk sac trhough the _, a key landmark that divides the embryonic gut into three basic regions: foregut, supperior to it, midgut, open to it, and hindgut, inferior to it”

A

vitelline duct

315
Q

develops into the first segment of the digestive system, from the pharynx to the point in the duodenum where the bile duct enters. the celiac trunk supplies blood to the obdominal foregut and its derivatives: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

A

foregut

316
Q

becomes the segment beginning at the duedenum and extending to a point two-thirds of the way olng the transverse colon. the superior mesenteric artery supplies the derivatives of it

A

midgut

317
Q

fors the rest of the large intestine. the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the organs of it

A

hindgut

318
Q

”"”sausage””, tubelike outpocketing that joins the caudal part of the early hindgut”

A

allantois

319
Q

”"”sewer””, expanded junction between the hundgut and the allantois, gives rise to the rectum and most of the anal canal among other structures”

A

cloaca

320
Q

in the moth region of the embryo, the endoderm-lined gut touches the surface ectoderm to form an _

A

oral membrane

321
Q

”"”on the way to becoming the mouth””, depression in which the oral membrane lies”

A

stomodeum

322
Q

at the end of the hindgut, endoderm meets ectoderm to form the _

A

cloacal membrane

323
Q

”"”on the way to becoming the anus””, pit which hold s the cloacal membrane”

A

proctodeum

324
Q

midgut elongtaes into the _ during weeks 4 and 5

A

primitive intestinal loop

325
Q

inflammation of the alimentary canal, symptoms include nausea, vomiting, cramps, loss of appetite, or diarrhea

A

gastroenteritis

326
Q

”"”flank viewing””, the use of an endoscope inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the anterior abdominal wall, typically to asses the condition of the digestive organs and the pelvic reproductive organs in women”

A

laparoscopy

Anatomy (42 decks)

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