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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch18 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch18 Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A

transport medium for carrying nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products to and from our body tissues

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2
Q

hematocrit

A

”"”blood fraction””, percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes<br></br>47+-5% in healthy men, 42+-5% in healthy women, averages 45%”

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3
Q

buffy coat

A

thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasa, contains leukocytes and platelets

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4
Q

blood plasma

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, contains over 100 different kinds of molecules, plus three main proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

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5
Q

albumin

A

helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues

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6
Q

globulins

A

include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper

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7
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein, one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting

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8
Q

formed elements of blood

A

aka blood cells, neither erythrocytes nor platelets are true cells (erythrocytes lack nuclei and organellse and platelets are merely cell fragements); most of the formed elements cannot divide, they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time (hours to months) before being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

aka red blood cells (RBCs), small, oxygen-transporting cells ~7.5um, by far the most numerous formed element, ~25t in a healthy adult

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10
Q

leukocytes

A

“aka white blood cells (WBCs), crucial to the body’s defense against disease, roughly spherical in shape, complete cells, 4800-11000/cubic mm”

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11
Q

diapedesis

A

”"”leaping through””, process wherein leukocytes leave the cappillaries by actively squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls”

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12
Q

leukocytosis

A

a leukocyte count exceeding 11000 per cubic mm indicates infection or inflammation; the patient is said to have _

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13
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, contain many obvious granules

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14
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, lack obvious granules

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15
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant class of leukocyte, destroy bacteria, nucleus consists of 2-6 lobes interconnected by very thin therads of chromatin

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16
Q

pus

A

forms in areas of bacteral infection, is composed of dead neutrophils and other leukocytes, plus tissue debris and dead bacteria

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17
Q

eosinophils

A

usually has two lobes interconnected by a broad band, play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens after the allergens are bound to antibodies

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18
Q

lymphocytes

A

each recognizes and acts against a specific foreign molecule; two main classes of T cells and B cells

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19
Q

antigen

A

”"”induce against””, molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte”

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20
Q

T cells

A

bind to antigens that are presented by special proteins that occur only on the membranes of eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

B cells

A

differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

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22
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to the antigen and thus mark the foreign cell for destruction by macrophages

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23
Q

monocytes

A

nucleus often bent into kidney or horseshoe, and nuclear chromatin is not as condensed (dark) as that in symphocites, use tho bloodstream to reach the connective tissues, transform into macrophages

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24
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that move by amoeboid motion through connective tissue and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris

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25
Q

platelets

A

aka thrombocytes (clotting cells), disc-shaped plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes; plug small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding

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26
Q

clotting

A

a sequence of chemical reactions in blood plasma that ultimately generates a network of tough fibrin strands among the accumulated platelets

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27
Q

clot

A

mass consisting of fibrin strands, platelets, and any blood cells that are trapped by the strands

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28
Q

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

A

(hemo, hemato=blood, poeisis=to make), the process by which blood cells are formed

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29
Q

bone marrow

A

occupies the interior of all bones; two types of bone marrow, red and yellow

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30
Q

yellow marrow

A

dormant, makes blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis

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31
Q

red marrow

A

actively generates blood cells; red hue derives from the immature erythrocytes int contains

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32
Q

hemopoietic stem cell

A

all blood cells arise from one cell type; in response to growth signals from the nearby reticular cells, they dividue continuously, both to renew themselves and to produce lines of progenitor cells that lead to the various blood cells

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33
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

give rise to lymphocytes

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34
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

give rise to all blood cells except lymphocytes

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35
Q

proerythroblasts

A

”"”earliest red-formers””, committed cells in the line that forms erythrocytes, avidly accumalate iron for future production of hemoglobin”

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36
Q

basophilic erythroblasts

A

ribosome-producing factories, on which hemoglobin is made and accumulates during the next two stages: polychromatic erythroblast and orthochromatic erythroblast

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37
Q

reticulocyte

A

a young erythrocyte that contains a network of blue-staining material representing clumps of ribosomes that remain after the other organelles are extruded, enter the bloodstream and begin the task of trasporting oxygen

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38
Q

myeloblasts

A

committed cells in each granulocyte line

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39
Q

promyelocytes

A

myeloblasts that have accumlated lysosomes

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40
Q

mylocyte

A

stage three when the distinctive granules of each granulocyte appear, cell division ceases

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41
Q

metamyelocyte

A

“nucleus stops functioning and bends into a thick ““horseshoe”””

42
Q

band cells

A

neutrophils with horseshoe nuclei

43
Q

monoblasts

A

committed cells in the line leading to monocytes

44
Q

promonocytes

A

monoblasts enlarge and obtain more lysosomes as they become _ and then monocytes

45
Q

megakaryoblasts

A

immature _ undergo repeated mitoses, but no cytoplasmic division occurs and their nuclei never completely separate after mitosis

46
Q

megakaryocyte

A

”"”big nucleus cell””, giant cell that has a large, multilobed nucleus containing many times the normal number of chromosomes”

47
Q

anemia

A

”"”lacking blood””, any condition in which erythrocyte levels or hemoplobin concentrations are low, such that the blood’s capacity for corrying oxygen is diminished”

48
Q

sickle cell disease

A

results from a defect in the hemoplobin molecule that causes the abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize when the concentration of exygen in the blood is low or the erythrocytes become dehydrated, as during exercise or anxiety; this causes the circulating erythrocytes to distort into the shape of a crescent; these deformed erythrocytes are rigid, fragile, and easily destroyed

49
Q

leukemia

A

a form of cancer resulting from the uncontrolled proliferation of a leukocyte-forming cell line in the bone marrow; classified according to the cell line involved as either lymphoblastic (from immature lymphocytes) or myeloblastic (from immature cells of the myeloid loid), and the rate of progression as either acute or chronic

50
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

”"”lack of platelets””, an abnormally low concentration of platelets in the blood”

51
Q

graft-versus-host disease

A

“transplated immune system stem cells can potentially attack the recipient’s tissues”

52
Q

transport medium for carrying nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products to and from our body tissues

A

blood

53
Q

”"”blood fraction””, percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes<br></br>47+-5% in healthy men, 42+-5% in healthy women, averages 45%”

A

hematocrit

54
Q

thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasa, contains leukocytes and platelets

A

buffy coat

55
Q

straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, contains over 100 different kinds of molecules, plus three main proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

A

blood plasma

56
Q

helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues

A

albumin

57
Q

include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper

A

globulins

58
Q

plasma protein, one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

59
Q

aka blood cells, neither erythrocytes nor platelets are true cells (erythrocytes lack nuclei and organellse and platelets are merely cell fragements); most of the formed elements cannot divide, they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time (hours to months) before being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow

A

formed elements of blood

60
Q

aka red blood cells (RBCs), small, oxygen-transporting cells ~7.5um, by far the most numerous formed element, ~25t in a healthy adult

A

erythrocytes

61
Q

“aka white blood cells (WBCs), crucial to the body’s defense against disease, roughly spherical in shape, complete cells, 4800-11000/cubic mm”

A

leukocytes

62
Q

”"”leaping through””, process wherein leukocytes leave the cappillaries by actively squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls”

A

diapedesis

63
Q

a leukocyte count exceeding 11000 per cubic mm indicates infection or inflammation; the patient is said to have _

A

leukocytosis

64
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, contain many obvious granules

A

granulocytes

65
Q

lymphocytes, monocytes, lack obvious granules

A

agranulocytes

66
Q

most abundant class of leukocyte, destroy bacteria, nucleus consists of 2-6 lobes interconnected by very thin therads of chromatin

A

neutrophils

67
Q

forms in areas of bacteral infection, is composed of dead neutrophils and other leukocytes, plus tissue debris and dead bacteria

A

pus

68
Q

usually has two lobes interconnected by a broad band, play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens after the allergens are bound to antibodies

A

eosinophils

69
Q

each recognizes and acts against a specific foreign molecule; two main classes of T cells and B cells

A

lymphocytes

70
Q

”"”induce against””, molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte”

A

antigen

71
Q

bind to antigens that are presented by special proteins that occur only on the membranes of eukaryotic cells

A

T cells

72
Q

differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

A

B cells

73
Q

proteins that bind to the antigen and thus mark the foreign cell for destruction by macrophages

A

antibodies

74
Q

nucleus often bent into kidney or horseshoe, and nuclear chromatin is not as condensed (dark) as that in symphocites, use tho bloodstream to reach the connective tissues, transform into macrophages

A

monocytes

75
Q

phagocytic cells that move by amoeboid motion through connective tissue and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris

A

macrophages

76
Q

aka thrombocytes (clotting cells), disc-shaped plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes; plug small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding

A

platelets

77
Q

a sequence of chemical reactions in blood plasma that ultimately generates a network of tough fibrin strands among the accumulated platelets

A

clotting

78
Q

mass consisting of fibrin strands, platelets, and any blood cells that are trapped by the strands

A

clot

79
Q

(hemo, hemato=blood, poeisis=to make), the process by which blood cells are formed

A

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

80
Q

occupies the interior of all bones; two types of bone marrow, red and yellow

A

bone marrow

81
Q

dormant, makes blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis

A

yellow marrow

82
Q

actively generates blood cells; red hue derives from the immature erythrocytes int contains

A

red marrow

83
Q

all blood cells arise from one cell type; in response to growth signals from the nearby reticular cells, they dividue continuously, both to renew themselves and to produce lines of progenitor cells that lead to the various blood cells

A

hemopoietic stem cell

84
Q

give rise to lymphocytes

A

lymphoid stem cells

85
Q

give rise to all blood cells except lymphocytes

A

myeloid stem cells

86
Q

”"”earliest red-formers””, committed cells in the line that forms erythrocytes, avidly accumalate iron for future production of hemoglobin”

A

proerythroblasts

87
Q

ribosome-producing factories, on which hemoglobin is made and accumulates during the next two stages: polychromatic erythroblast and orthochromatic erythroblast

A

basophilic erythroblasts

88
Q

a young erythrocyte that contains a network of blue-staining material representing clumps of ribosomes that remain after the other organelles are extruded, enter the bloodstream and begin the task of trasporting oxygen

A

reticulocyte

89
Q

committed cells in each granulocyte line

A

myeloblasts

90
Q

myeloblasts that have accumlated lysosomes

A

promyelocytes

91
Q

stage three when the distinctive granules of each granulocyte appear, cell division ceases

A

mylocyte

92
Q

“nucleus stops functioning and bends into a thick ““horseshoe”””

A

metamyelocyte

93
Q

neutrophils with horseshoe nuclei

A

band cells

94
Q

committed cells in the line leading to monocytes

A

monoblasts

95
Q

monoblasts enlarge and obtain more lysosomes as they become _ and then monocytes

A

promonocytes

96
Q

immature _ undergo repeated mitoses, but no cytoplasmic division occurs and their nuclei never completely separate after mitosis

A

megakaryoblasts

97
Q

”"”big nucleus cell””, giant cell that has a large, multilobed nucleus containing many times the normal number of chromosomes”

A

megakaryocyte

98
Q

”"”lacking blood””, any condition in which erythrocyte levels or hemoplobin concentrations are low, such that the blood’s capacity for corrying oxygen is diminished”

A

anemia

99
Q

results from a defect in the hemoplobin molecule that causes the abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize when the concentration of exygen in the blood is low or the erythrocytes become dehydrated, as during exercise or anxiety; this causes the circulating erythrocytes to distort into the shape of a crescent; these deformed erythrocytes are rigid, fragile, and easily destroyed

A

sickle cell disease

100
Q

a form of cancer resulting from the uncontrolled proliferation of a leukocyte-forming cell line in the bone marrow; classified according to the cell line involved as either lymphoblastic (from immature lymphocytes) or myeloblastic (from immature cells of the myeloid loid), and the rate of progression as either acute or chronic

A

leukemia

101
Q

”"”lack of platelets””, an abnormally low concentration of platelets in the blood”

A

thrombocytopenia

102
Q

“transplated immune system stem cells can potentially attack the recipient’s tissues”

A

graft-versus-host disease

Anatomy (42 decks)

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